Global Conflict Research Articles

Social and Information Determinants of Modern Non-Classical Methods of Changing Political Regimes (Strategic Dimensions)

The erosion of strategic geopolitical stability in all parts of the world is definitely having a strong negative impact on the social sustainability of our planet. Lack of clear rules of political and economic behavior and the growth of confrontation in international relations lead to a total disorientation of global modern social system. Dominant in this direction are not only current wars and permanent threats of local and global conflict situations, but also the non-conventional (information) technologies, methods and means of changing the political regimes. Despite the terminological diversity in this field, in the last few years there has been a need to fill the „blank space“ in understanding their nature and metrics. The need for a new meaningful definition of the specific political and economic, technological, social and information solutions and implications appeared mostly in social practice. In the present analysis, our attempt is to give a new interpretation to this specific measuring mechanism of the relations between individual states, which has an extraordinary degree of influence on contemporary social, economic and political relations and processes. In our opinion, the appropriate linguistic construction of this “benchmarkˮ is “Saltation diffusion penetrationˮ (SDP). SDP is a “phenomenonˮ that is becoming a dangerous tool for exerting and realizing socio-political and economic tension. Its real manifestations strike the determinants of a social system, its basic (democratic) state principles, and last but not least are a direct threat to its security.

Analysis Of The Normandy Landings Operation In The Second World War From The Perspective Of Comparative Military Resources Between The Allied And Germany

World War II was a global conflict involving multiple nations, with significant impacts on the world. One notable event in the history of this war was the Normandy Landings, which served as a turning point in the Allied effort to liberate Europe from German control. This paper aims to analyze the background and comparative perspective of the military resources between the Allied forces and Germany in the Normandy Landings operation, using a qualitative method that relies on literature studies as a source to gain an accurate understanding of the events. World War II occurred as a result of the ambitions of the defeated countries in World War I. The Normandy Landings operation was a defensive assault by the Allies to maintain their presence in the Western region and prevent it from falling under the Axis allianc. The Normandy landing operation carried out by the Allies with good preparation, strategy, and superiority in defense equipment resources became a factor in the victory for the Allies.

Tactical Landscapes

Desert landscapes serve as a site for the dynamic interplay of competing historical and geopolitical narratives. In Kuwait, tribal, colonial, and global conflicts across the hinterland have mobilized state planning efforts, articulating a geospatial division between urban and desert life. Concurrently, visioning tools such as hand-drawn maps and satellite imagery have not only shaped the understanding of this desert, but have been shaped by it. Through an examination of the forces that have driven its transformation, this landscape is shown as both product and producer of cultural, social, and political complexity. The contemporary desert exists as a patchwork, the result of a disparate collection of essential narratives projected onto the territory.

The consequences of Sudan’s armed conflict on public health: a closer look at the devastating impact

The consequences of Sudan’s armed conflict on public health: a closer look at the devastating impact

Enabling circularity for food safety: the rooftop farming model

Population growth, environmental change, urbanization, consumption patterns, waste, the global political climate, conflicts, and infectious diseases all exert a strain on global food security. Access to sufficient and nutritious food is becoming increasingly problematic, particularly for individuals living in less developed and developing countries. More individuals are becoming aware of the significance of developing a "Green Economy" approach to ensure global food security. A multifaceted strategy is required to ensure global food security. This study emphasizes the need for regional self-sufficiency for the transition to a green economy, and as a model proposal, it is suggested that it would be beneficial to encourage and develop farming operations on the roofs of residential, commercial, and public housing in urban regions. Rooftop farming, as one of the urban agriculture practices, can be utilized as a strategic instrument to achieve a variety of key aims, including enhancing the local economy, reducing inequality, internalizing responsible production and consumption by society, improving the quality of urban life, and more. Furthermore, because of the novel production processes seen in urban agriculture, circularity in production and consumption, a key component of the transition to a green economy, can be realized. "Self-sufficiency" is one of the concepts underlined in this study. The study also includes real cases highlighting the potential benefits of rooftop farming.

On the policy relevance of agricultural economics

Abstract The past decade has seen the transition of agricultural economics from perceived irrelevance to being seen as key to saving the world from an array of grand challenges. These challenges include global climate change, non-communicable diseases, hunger and poverty. These challenges require international cooperation. Such cooperation is undermined by global conflicts in which agricultural trade is disrupted either to incentivise policy change or through conflict. The world is vulnerable if trade can be exploited for political power or disrupted by other actions taken for political power. Agricultural economists are uniquely situated to address these issues.

Economic Constraction Vs Mental Beggars During the Covid 19 Pandemic 2021

The covid pandemic period that occurred until the end of 2021 changed many aspects of human life. There was a global psychological shock and had to change habits suddenly into polemics. Changing habits is not an easy thing, it requires great effort to want to follow the rules of new normal life. The 19th pandemic period became a rationalization of the economic situation of a group of people who felt they had the right to receive social assistance from the government. This was because a preconceived mental formation was a mental formation formed by the soul asking for material deficiency. The government provides social assistance funds in dealing with the economy in Indonesia with the intention of providing assistance to help people affected by the pandemic. Many companies are laying off workers on a large scale which has led to increased unemployment. The state of global conflict in all aspects, especially the economic aspect, which causes economic contraction, but with social assistance, a beggar mentality is even triggered. The assistance funds provided are not to open a business as a substitute for a profession because they are unemployed due to being affected by the pandemic by becoming entrepreneurs. hope that every month they will receive aid funds from the government. There is also a mistargeting of the distribution of social assistance funds and many receive it even though it is not their right to receive social assistance funds.

A Review: Keystone Environmental Problems are the Labyrinth Root causes that Resonate together with Socioeconomic Factors on Igniting Global Conflicts and Warfare


 When mitigating a man-made environmental problem, if it results in the permanent disappearance of one or more other environmental problems, then that mitigated problem can be considered a keystone environmental problem. Based on the aforesaid definition, eight environmental problems have been identified, such as population explosion, air pollution, deforestation, water pollution, scarcity and salination, overexploitation of natural resources, urbanisation (including industrialization, urban sprawl and settlements), intensive farming, and the global energy crisis. It has also been found that there is a significant relationship between these keystone environmental problems and global conflicts. For instance, according to the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), over the last six decades, globally, more than 40% of the internal conflicts have been caused by overexploitation of natural resources, which is a known keystone environmental issue. Thus, the importance of identifying the role of keystone environmental problems in igniting global environmental conflicts and warfare has been widely realised. This study was conducted using qualitative content analysis methodology reveals that labyrinth established by root keystone environmental problems resonates together with socio-economic factors conflagrate global environmental conflicts and warfare, such as Cauvery River conflict between Tamil Nadu and Kerala States in South India, conflict from trespassing fishermen poaching in waters of neighbouring country from both India and Sri Lanka, Environmental Conflict in Northeast India and Bangladesh due to flooding (natural disaster) caused by climate change led to migration, West bank water crisis between Israel and Palestine, Russia’s invasion into Ukraine in 2022, Alto Cenepa war, Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) crisis between Ethiopia and Egypt, environmental conflicts in Philippines, conflict for land resources in Ethiopia, environmental conflict in Mexico, environmental conflict in Peru, Northeast India, Pakistan, Israel (Gaza), conflict of Mauritania and Senegal, Israel-Palestine (West bank), Somalia- Ethiopia, El Salvador-Honduras, Conflict between Kenyan tribes, dispute between North and South Sudan, and transboundary air pollution (causing acid rain) issue between the USA and Canada.
 Keywords: environment, environmental problems, environmental conflicts, keystone environmental problems, primary environmental problems, wars

The impact of geopolitical relations on the evolution of cobalt trade network from the perspective of industrial chain

The turbulent international situation in recent years has aroused a profound impact on global cobalt trade, so it is necessary to investigate the influence of geopolitical relations on cobalt trade. This study divides the geopolitical network into cooperation network and conflict network. Besides, the evolution of global cobalt trade network is studied from the perspective of the whole industry chain. Furthermore, the impact of geopolitical relations on the evolution of cobalt trade network is studied based on QAP method and ERGM. The results show that (1) The scale of geopolitical cooperation network is larger than that of conflict network, while more and more countries have participated in the global geopolitical conflict in recent years; (2) The cooperation network has significant positive impact only on the evolution of midstream and downstream, and the conflict network has the opposite impact on them, indicating that geopolitical cooperation will promote the formation of new trade relations; (3) The influence on the evolution of cobalt trade network increases first and then decreases over time. This paper suggests that countries should pay special attention to geopolitical cooperation and establish more cooperation with countries with high political stability.

Design and Development of a Novel 3-D Printed External Fixation Device for Fracture Stabilization

BackgroundAn external fixator is an orthopaedic device used to stabilize long bone fractures after high energy trauma. These devices are external to the body and fixed to metal pins going into non-injured areas of bone. They serve a mechanical function to maintain length, prevent bending, and resist torque forces about the fracture area. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe a design and prototyping process creating a low-cost entirely 3-D printed external fixator for fracture stabilization of extremity fractures. The secondary objective of this manuscript is to facilitate future advancements, modifications, and innovations in this area of 3-D printing in medicine.MethodsThis manuscript describes the computer aided design process using desktop fused deposition modeling to create a 3-D printed external fixator system designed for fracture stabilization. The device was created using the orthopaedic goals for fracture stabilization with external fixation. However, special modifications and considerations had to be accounted for given the limitations of desktop fused deposition modeling and 3-D printing with plastic polymers.ResultsThe presented device accomplishes the goals of creating a construct that can be attached to 5.0 mm metal pins, allows for modularity in placement orientations, and facilitates adjustable lengths for fracture care. Furthermore, the device provides length stability, prevention of bending, and resists torque forces. The device can be printed on a desktop 3-D printer using standard low-cost polylactic acid filament. The print time is less than two days and can be completed on one print bed platform.ConclusionsThe presented device is a potential alternative for fracture stabilization. The concept of a desktop 3-D printed external fixator design and method of production allows for numerous diverse applications. This includes assisting areas with remote or limited access to advanced medical care and large-scale natural disasters or global conflicts where large volumes of fractures exceed the local medical supply chain capabilities. The presented device creates a foundation for future devices and innovations in this fracture care space. Further research is needed on mechanical testing and clinical outcomes with this design and initiative in fracture care before clinical application.

Risk measurement and application of the international carbon market in the era of global conflict: A data-driven study using FCM

The accurate measurement and effective estimation of carbon market risk are crucial for practitioners and policymakers to mobilize resources toward the transition to a climate-resilient economy, particularly in a new era of global conflict. However, existing studies that have explored factors contributing to carbon market risk primarily relied on experience or subjective judgment in selecting risk-related factors. Such approaches undermine the estimation accuracy while making it difficult to ascertain causal inferences related to the risk spillover. To fill the gap, we adopted a data-driven factor analysis strategy by introducing the Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCM) model to establish a carbon market network and identify risk-related factors. We then evaluate the carbon market's risk level and spillover effects using combined econometric methods and explore their application in portfolio management. We report three main findings. First, based on our sample of 3217 observations between 2008 and 2022, five factors influencing carbon market risk emerged from the FCM, including OIL, COAL, SP500ENERGY, SPCLEANENERGY, and GPR. Second, we find a notable rise in risk spillover from GPR to EUA during the Russia-Ukraine conflict and an escalation of total cross-market spillover during extreme events. Third, our study presents new evidence on the hedging effect for EUA of the SP500ENERGY before the Russia-Ukraine conflict and of the SPCLEANENERGY during the conflict. Finally, implications are discussed for policymakers and investors.

Indonesian market demand patterns for food commodity sources of carbohydrates in facing the global food crisis

Global food consumption tends to rise more quickly than supply. This has to do with important global issues like population growth. Additionally, global conflicts are going to hinder the distribution of food. Indonesia has an enormous opportunity of anticipating these circumstances considering its promise as one of the largest supplies of food worldwide. Rice is still the staple food in Indonesia, but the dynamics of society are under threat from wheat food. It is possible to create strategy plans to deal with potential food scarcity by understanding the behavior of food demand trends for big carbohydrate sources like corn, cassava, sweet potatoes (as a substitution), and the development of wheat as a beneficial food. The results of the study indicate that rice, corn, cassava, and sweet potatoes—food commodities that are major sources of carbohydrates—are inelastic, which means that their prices are not affected by variations in demand. The community still relies on rice as the primary food source. Cross elasticity >0 in these non-wheat food commodities indicates mutually beneficial replacement among the foods that are sources of carbohydrates. That is, with the dynamics of an increase in income, for example, it will also increase consumption. The results of the study also demonstrate that wheat food items are only a complementary, not a staple food needed, thus concerns about wheat's dominance as a food component in industrial products actually have no impact on local food. The availability of high-yielding varieties of rice, corn, cassava, and sweet potatoes, the implementation of food reserves by the Indonesian National Logistics Agency (Bulog) from the government center to the regions, food diversification, changing preferences, and creating an awareness of local food pride with massive education are some of the anticipatory steps taken in response to the global food crisis.

On Our Own Terms: Development and Indigeneity in Cold War Guatemala. By Sarah Foss

On Our Own Terms is excellent. In this well-researched book, Sarah Foss assesses the global Cold War through the experiences of Indigenous Guatemalans and the state and military actors who studied, categorized, and conceived of “development” projects to transform them. What was “development” in Guatemala? Readers learn that development was a process, a history, a social construction, a response to the Cold War, a counterinsurgency tool, a nation-building project, and often top-down but always collaborative. Case studies in the departments of El Quiché, Alta Verapaz, and Sacatepéquez show how, to paraphrase, the Guatemalan state “used” development (20). Two arguments are at the book’s core. First, “while for the Guatemalan state, development projects were intended to curb political instability and ensure national progress, this top-down homogenizing project was not neatly implemented, as local-level staff and mid-level bureaucrats reworked it and applied it to different contexts” (1-2). The book’s second argument is that Indigenous people were active in determining the meanings and implementation of development projects. It was not modernization, per se, that “development’s intended recipients” rejected, but “rather parts of the process like top-down impositions and the hierarchies that it imposed” (43-44). By connecting development projects to the ideological anxieties of the Cold War, Foss places Indigenous people who lived far from Guatemala City and Washington, DC, at the global conflict’s heart. These arguments are important. The case studies, particularly the chapters on Magdalena Milpas Altas (Chapter 3) and Ixcán Grande (Chapter 6), stand out.

The Position and Actions of the People’s Republic of China Regarding the Russian-Ukrainian War

The article reveals the position and actions of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) regarding the Russian-Ukrainian war after February 24, 2022. The main leitmotifs of the PRC leadership’s statements on the international arena also look dualistic. On the one hand, the leader of the People’s Republic of China, Xi Jinping, attests to the need to stop the war as soon as possible; together with French President F. Macron calls to respect the territorial integrity of Ukraine and resolve the conflict through negotiations. But on the other hand, Beijing votes in favor of Russia in the UN, and Chinese state media supports Moscow’s position.
 Currently, the Russian-Ukrainian war, which is a global geopolitical conflict, is viewed by China as a “window of opportunity”. Beijing longs to create its own economic macro-region in East Asia, while competing for global leadership with the United States, whose focus is currently more concentrated on the security of Europe as a whole in the context of Russian aggression against Ukraine.
 Russia’s aggression against Ukraine caused the general spectrum of the “Taiwan problem” to play with new “colors”. The next aggravation of relations between the US and the PRC regarding the “Taiwan issue” took place in the spring of 2022. However, an open armed confrontation between the US and the PRC regarding the resolution of the “Taiwan issue” currently seems unlikely, and sharp political statements by the leaders of both the PRC and the US is an illustration to both the citizens of their countries and to their allies that they have the situation under control and are ready to use any means necessary to achieve their long-term national interests.
 Suffering losses nowadays as a result of Russia’s war against Ukraine, China is quite logically advocating an end to this armed confrontation, at the same time, this crisis has opened up certain strategic opportunities for the PRC that Beijing can take advantage of in the long term.

(042) Perceptions, Attitudes, and Lived Experiences of Syrian Women Refugees Regarding Sexual and Reproductive Rights

Abstract Introduction The relationship between conflict and the deterioration of women’s sexual and reproductive rights has been long established in the literature. However, the effect of conflict on women who become refugees is a growing field of research. Recent studies have shown that the experiences of living in conflict zones, prior to becoming refugees, impacts women’s sexual and reproductive health considerably. Reproductive sexual health and rights are particularly more challenging for refugee women as they constitute a new type of population rather than a temporary condition. In fact, international attention to reproductive sexual health needs of refugee women increased over past thirty years with the increasing global conflicts and crisis. Objective General objective: • To close a gap in scholarship on the lived experiences of women refugees from Syria’s attainment of reproductive rights, and to identify the multi-level factors that impact upon this attainment of these rights, with a specific focus on gender-based violence. Specific objectives: • Discover the specific needs and concerns of refugee women seeking to attain their reproductive rights and freedom from gender-based violence; • Engage decision makers in dialogues about how to tackle the vulnerability of refugee women and girls vis-à-vis reproductive rights, and gender-based violence, about how to implement a gendered perspective when designing policies to assist and empower women and girl refugees, and to increase their access to sexual and reproductive health services; Provide information to healthcare providers and humanitarian actors in the problems and recommendations, as told by service recipients themselves; Methods The research is qualitative in nature. It combined several qualitative methods of data collection, including face-to-face interviews, focus groups, and participant observation. Results Results of focus group discussions revealed that women are aware of various forms of violence inflicted upon them by husbands, health services, and community. They experience physical violence, sexual violence, and cope with it in fear and silence to avoid retaliation from husband (marrying another woman), and from her family. Women refugees reported also barriers to access healthcare services like discrimination, mistreatment, and shaming, which seriously affected seeking care for reproductive and sexual health problems. Street harassment was also reported at different levels (taxi drivers, stores, host community). Survivors of violence used few coping mechanism basically being passive, seeking secretly reproductive health care (OCPS, IUDs, meds), and focusing on their children. Conclusions Women refugees are subjected to all form of violence and they need immediate and log term support in terms of empowering them to speak against abuse, freedom to chose to work or not, and education which should be supervised by the international agencies like UNHCR who must be watchful of GBV and sexual violence befalling on the women refugees. Health care providers need to be more culturally sensitive and provide dignified care to those women. Disclosure No

War and conflict escalation in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, natural disasters, food, and economic crises: A critical public health issue

Shockwaves have been felt all over the world as a result of war, inflation, food shortages, and the Coronavirus disease of 2019 pandemic’s long tail. Financial markets have been extremely volatile since the start of the conflict, and commodity markets are in disarray. In the European Union, the United States, and many other nations, inflation has reached its highest level in decades, with global conflicts adding to the upward pressure on food and energy prices. However, the global economic slowdown, sharp decline in financial asset values, decline in imports and exports, contraction of industrial production, rise in inflation, decrease in wages, rise in unemployment, the collapse of social security, and numerous natural calamities tear down not only the economic sector but also the health sector, which has already been grossly mistreated by the pandemic.

From COVID to conflict: Understanding the deriving forces of environment and implications for natural resources

In the contemporary world, the importance of natural resources is increasing day by day especially due to extraordinary circumstances, i.e., COVID-19 and global conflicts. The abundance of natural resource is considered competitive advantage and crucial for sustainable development. However, the role of natural resources can be questionable especially if its impact on the economy is negative. Sustainable use of natural resources is currently the biggest challenge for governance. Following these footprints, the study aims to revisit a novel perspective of natural resources in the context of global conflicts using data from Asian economies for the period of 1996–2020. In this pursuit, this study investigates how governance balances macroeconomic variables with sustainable development to account for effective climate change adaptation, mitigation efforts and integral to control conflicts. The second-generation test of CIPS and CADF are used to deal with cross-sectional dependence issues and Westerlund cointegration to estimate long-run relationships. Furthermore, the long-run coefficients are estimated by the PMG estimator using dynamic panel ARDL approach. The findings confirm that surpassing the threshold level of governance is essential to promote environmental quality and preservation of natural resources. The region needs to promote steward policy for resources. This can take the form of nationalizing resource assets, increasing taxes and royalties on resource extraction to ensure sustainable development. The handlers need to design polices supportive to renewable energy consumption, endorse IT based industry solution, encourage high-tech inward FDI, promote green financing and support sustainable development.

Probabilistic carbon price prediction with quantile temporal convolutional network considering uncertain factors

Accurate carbon price projections can serve as valuable investment guides and risk warnings for carbon trading participants. However, the escalation of uncertain factors has brought numerous new hurdles to existing carbon price forecast methods. In this paper, we develop a novel probabilistic forecast model called quantile temporal convolutional network (QTCN) that can precisely describe the uncertain fluctuation of carbon prices. We also investigate the impact of external factors on carbon market prices, including energy prices, economic status, international carbon markets, environmental conditions, public concerns, and especially uncertain factors. Taking China's Hubei carbon emissions exchange as a study case, we verify that our QTCN outperforms other classical benchmark models in terms of prediction errors and actual trading returns. Our findings suggest that coal prices and EU carbon prices have the most significant effect on Hubei carbon price forecasting, while air quality index appears to be the least important. Besides, we demonstrate the great contribution of geopolitical risk and economic policy uncertainty to carbon price projections. The effect of these uncertainties is more pronounced when the carbon price is at a high quantile level. This research can offer valuable guidelines for carbon market risk management and provide new insight into carbon price formation mechanisms in the era of global conflict.

Russia's search for ontological security and the Ukraine invasion

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 astounded political commentators across the globe. Seemingly nonsensical from a physical security perspective, the announcement of invasion resulted in economic sanctions against Russia, the rapid decline of President Vladimir Putin’s reputation in the international sphere, and dissent amongst Russian citizens. This article contends that while invasion is difficult to justify from a physical security approach, the pursuit of ontological security is a convincing and meaningful explanation for Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Unpacking how biographical narratives and behavioural patterns sustain a state’s sense of Self demonstrates that Russian state selfhood was reaffirmed through invasion. This argument is developed in reference to masculinist narratives surrounding the Russian Self, including an imperialist role identity, a masculine Self contrasted with a feminine Ukrainian Other, and a drive to defeat supposed fascist forces within Ukraine. In addition, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine sustains ontological security through fitting into a behavioural pattern of consistent conflict. Ontological security is a highly necessary consideration when analysing global conflict, particularly in the case of the 2022 Ukraine invasion.

The Staff Question in German Plantations in the British Cameroons during World War II: The Employment of Staff from Jamaica and Malaya

Unlike the British and French territories in West Africa, the German territories of Cameroons and Togoland witnessed massive investment in plantations. These properties were taken over by the British and French during the First World War, 1914-1918. In the interwar years, 1919-1939, a good number of them were purchased and repossessed by the Germans who returned to West Africa after the war. Thus, the internment of German subjects in the Cameroons under the British mandate during the Second World War, 1939-1945, had implications for these German plantations. Earlier studies on the history of Cameroons and on the impact of World War II on West Africa have omitted this phenomenon. This paper is, therefore, designed to examine the staff question in the management of the German plantations in the British sphere of the Cameroons during the Second World War. Primary archival sources provided data for this historical reconstruction. It is a contribution to knowledge in the areas of impact of the global conflict on the periphery economy.