Global Commerce Research Articles

Northern Sea route and climate change

The Arctic Sea Route, also known as the Northern Sea Route, is experiencing profound changes due to the effects of climate change. This transformation is opening up new economic opportunities and geopolitical challenges, all while raising significant environmental concerns. The diminishing sea ice, thinning ice cover, and the development of new routes have reduced shipping distances, making this once largely impassable region increasingly accessible for global commerce. Economic implications include reduced shipping distances, expanded trade opportunities, and the potential for resource extraction, particularly for oil, gas, minerals, and fisheries. Geopolitically, the region is witnessing a complex interplay of cooperation and competition among Arctic states, with implications for international relations and territorial claims. Environmental risks, such as oil spills and habitat disruption, are significant, while infrastructure development and technological advancements are reshaping the logistics of Arctic navigation. The Arctic Sea Route's future hinges on how the international community addresses these multifaceted impacts, striking a balance between economic interests, environmental preservation, and peaceful cooperation in the face of shifting global dynamics and the urgent need to combat climate change.

System formation of economic security at the enterprise in the conditions of digitalization of business relations

The study considers the relevance of the problem of forming the economic security system at the enterprise in the conditions of digital transformation of the economy. The purpose of the research is the identification of risks and threats, as well as the justification of the means of forming the system of economic security at the enterprise in the conditions of digitalization of business relations. The study revealed the relevance of the problem of forming the economic security system of the enterprise in the conditions of digital transformation of the economy. The purpose of the research is the identification of risks and threats, as well as the justification of the means of forming the system of economic security at the enterprise in the conditions of digitalization of business relations. The level and volumes of global electronic commerce are characterized. Data on the number of users and the dynamics of the time spent by the average Internet user on the Internet daily in 2015–2020 are presented. Forecast estimates of the growth of the global virtual reality market in individual sectors and industries until 2027 have been made. The results of an expert survey of top managers of enterprises regarding the use of digital communication tools during business development strategizing are given. The results of the factor analysis regarding the influence of the factors of digitization of business relations on the key parameters of the development of enterprises are reflected and characterized. Risks and threats to the components of the economic security of enterprises caused by the digitalization of business relations have been identified. The directions and tools for improving the economic security system of enterprises in the conditions of digitalization of business relations are defined and substantiated. Keywords: economic security of the enterprise; economy and enterprise management; risks and threats; digital transformation; digitalization of business relations.

The concept of cyberspace in international law

The subject. The article is devoted to the analysis of approaches in the development of the concept of cyberspace in international law.The purpose of this article is to try to highlight the attributes of cyberspace, which will allow to resolve existing gaps in the field of universal cyber regulation in international law. The research presented in this article was conducted by combining various disciplinary approaches, including comparative law, comparative politics and international relations, political theory, and sociology. In addition, the study includes methods of dialectical logic, analysis and synthesis, as well as a formal-legal analysis of UN international legal acts.The main results and scope of their application. As states pay increasing attention to cyberspace management as the technical architecture that powers the global Internet and governance in cyberspace, in terms of how states, corporations and users can use this technology, the role of international law in cyberspace is increasing, becoming more prominent, becoming more important. At the same time, note that international law has no specific rules for regulating cyberspace. Moreover, the technology is both new and dynamic. Thus, for several years there have been open questions as to whether existing international law applies at all to cyberspace. Cyberspace is now the backbone of global commerce, communication and defense systems, and is a key aspect of the critical infrastructure that sustains our modern civilization. Technology and information spread almost instantaneously, and the global economy and supply chains are integrated to a degree unprecedented in history. Nevertheless, there is still no developed universal concept of cyberspace in international law, only approaches at the level of the UN, international organizations, including the First Committee of the UN General Assembly on Disarmament and International Security, the G20, the European Union, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the Organization of American States and doctrinal approaches are singled out.Conclusions. The competition for strategic technology and the competition for advantage in the "information space" is growing, so far without the standard international rules of the road. Moreover, the future is likely to prove even more transformational. The potential threats are also extraordinary: autonomous weapons, cyber warfare, sophisticated disinformation campaigns and geopolitical instability. In such circumstances, it is crucial to develop a universal notion of cyberspace because of the persistent significant vulnerabilities and number of threats in global communications.

Global Health Technologies Transforming Intellectual Property Law and World Trade

<img src=” https://s3.amazonaws.com/production.scholastica/article/57587/large/prnano_882022_fig.1.jpg?1670863395”> The nano-enabled technology of 3D printing for medical devices presents a dynamic new avenue for meeting patient needs. 3D-printers can generate food, soaps, cosmetics, body parts, metal devices, or medicines. This technology enables continuity of health care delivery despite disruptive breaks in any supply chain due to war, shortage or broken lines of distribution due to pandemic force majeure. Featuring custom tailored attributes for each device, economic efficiency by eliminating transport costs during emergencies, avoiding issues of distribution supply chains and offering biocompatibility, 3D printed medical devices during the Covid-19 pandemic offered a very attractive alternative to enduring medical supply shortages worldwide. Beyond the covid-19 pandemic exigencies, 3D printed medical devices promise custom tailored meals to meet medical needs that are unique for each patient’s metabolism and a wide variety of tools for patient care that will change the shape of global commerce . 3D printing offers the alluring promise of biocompatible medical devices, matching any patient’s unique anatomy, by using a specific patient’s imaging data or by using a standard design to make multiple identical copies of the same device, but without delays for transport or shipping and insurance costs. The global health impact of these efforts, from the standpoint of patient safety and overall deterrence of unnecessary or unsafe medical practices remains unclear due to the dearth of regulation and monitoring. Furthermore, the reality that commerce can reduce or eliminate transport costs and storage costs associated with shipping can change international trade. Yet, 3D printing simultaneously offers great promise to meet challenges arising from the arcane role of intellectual property rights (IPR) in shaping the creation and transfer of nanomedicines and nanotechnologies to attain health equity and meet universal needs of health for all. These millennial technological changes may permanently alter how civil society does business for global health.

Forum Introduction: Gender, Intimate Networks, and Global Commerce in the Early Modern Period

AbstractIn the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, new patterns of knowledge, credit, and capital were created by global expansion. These, in turn, created new opportunities for groups of people who previously had little access to global trade. These individuals—women as well as men—increasingly engaged in commercial transactions, some of them relatively autonomous, others challenged and hindered by various forms of institutional control and constraint. Emphasising the intimate nature of networks means examining the quality rather than the quantity of certain networks, which ultimately facilitates a shift away from well-known historical agents such as influential merchants, powerful politicians, and various nobility and royals. The Gender, Intimate Networks, and Global Commerce in the Early Modern Period forum seeks to add to our knowledge of the diverse ways that intimate economic networks developed in both the Atlantic and Indian Ocean worlds, in Europe as well as en route elsewhere, among the well-off as well as the relatively poor, and among free people as well as the enslaved.

Recent Advances in Methods Detecting the Dengue Virus

Dengue fever, caused by the Dengue virus (DENV), has emerged as a mild to lethal human infection. Globally, an estimated 400 million patients have been infected with DENV over the past 10 years, and this number is expected to increase in the coming years. The DENV, possessing a single positive- stranded RNA with five serotypes, is transmitted by mosquitos of the Flaviviridae family—particularly, the Flavivirus genus and Aedes species. The DENV genome encodes three structural and seven non- structural proteins. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), serotype 2 of the dengue virus (DENV-2) emerged in 1994 and caused a major epidemic in Jeddah, KSA. Dengue outbreaks first appeared in Makkah in 2004, according to the characteristics studied in hospitalized patients. Major factors causing the wide and rapid distribution of the virus include increased urbanization, migration, global commerce, weather variation, inadequate mosquito control, the development of pesticide resistance in mosquitos, irregular use of insecticides, and shifting climatic circumstances. Detection methods currently used for DENV include the detection of viral antigens (Ag) (virus extraction and purification, immunofluorescence test, and NS1 detection assay), serological assays (plaque reduction neutralization titers (PRNT), IgM/IgG immunological assays), and RNA detection using RT-PCR. Low sensitivity, specificity, and accessibility of the detection protocols represent major challenges necessitating the advent of more amenable protocols. The Aedes mosquito is the primary vector for horizontal transmission of DENV. DENV-infected mosquitos infect people, and DENV passes from one human to another through this vector. Once acquired, the virus requires 5–7 days of incubation before the patient exhibits various symptoms of dengue fever; subsequently, uninfected mosquitoes that come in contact with infected patients feed on their blood and become infected. The DENV may also be spread through the mating of male and female Aedes mosquitoes. The reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal application (RT-LAMP) has emerged as one of the most adaptable viral detection procedures. This method could prove to be an excellent pathogen detection tool because it is cheap, simple, sensitive, cost-effective, accessible, and fast. The method relies on the use of 4–6 primers to recognize eight different loci in the target sequence contained in the DENV clinical isolates with a 100% success rate and a sensitivity of about 93%. We strongly recommend the use of LAMP in detecting spots of virus spread, especially in urban regions where accessibility to detection methods is scarce.

Population genetic structure of the globally introduced big-headed ant in Taiwan.

Global commerce and transportation facilitate the spread of invasive species. The African big-headed ant, Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius), has achieved worldwide distribution through globalization. Since the late 19th century, Taiwan has served as a major seaport because of its strategic location. The population genetic structure of P.megacephala in Taiwan is likely to be shaped by international trade and migration between neighboring islands. In this study, we investigated the population genetics of P.megacephala colonies sampled from four geographical regions in Taiwan and elucidated the population genetic structures of P.megacephala sampled from Taiwan, Okinawa, and Hawaii. We observed a low genetic diversity of P.megacephala across regions in Taiwan. Moreover, we noted low regional genetic differentiation and did not observe isolation by distance, implying that long-distance jump dispersal might have played a crucial role in the spread of P.megacephala. We sequenced the partial cytochrome oxidase I gene and observed three mitochondrial haplotypes (TW1-TW3). TW1 and TW3 most likely originated from populations within the species' known invasive range, suggesting that secondary introduction is the predominant mode of introduction for this invasive ant. TW2 represents a novel haplotype that was previously unreported in other regions. P.megacephala populations from Taiwan, Okinawa, and Hawaii exhibited remarkable genetic similarity, which may reflect their relative geographic proximity and the historical connectedness of the Asia-Pacific region.

An English East India Company Ship's Crew in a Connected Seventeenth-Century World

AbstractThis contribution to the forum Gender, Intimate Networks, and Global Commerce in the Early Modern Period follows the career of a single late seventeenth-century English East India Company ship and her crew, in order to challenge the claim that long-haul ships were isolated spaces. Specifically, it looks at the many kinds of connections —intimate and otherwise—that characterised early modern ships and their crews. These included connections between and among sailors themselves, between ships at sea, and between ships’ crews and the diverse communities from which they came.

Forestry Bioeconomy Contribution on Socioeconomic Development: Evidence from Greece

Forests are of utmost importance for sustainability because of their ongoing contributions to biodiversity protection, fertility management in agricultural areas, and the well-being of people. However, few studies have focused on the extent to which the bioeconomy of forests impacts a country’s social and economic development. This study aimed to examine the bioeconomy contribution of forestry to social and economic development using Greece as a case study. Data was collected from 312 professionals in the forestry and finance sectors of Greece using a survey questionnaire. Forests are associated with direct and indirect contributions that impact human livelihood and contribute toward a country’s economic development. However, the role of forestry in development is affected by policy-related and human-made challenges. The difficulties are primarily caused by shifts in how economic activity is distributed from the agricultural to the industrial to the service sectors, different government policies intended to increase forest cover, and in other instances, as a result of the role of global capital and trade. The forestry contributions to global commerce, national economies, employment, and family incomes remain consistent throughout all these patterns of loss, stabilization, and recovery. It was established that the bioeconomy can increase the benefits of forests by further exploiting forest wealth (biomass, resins) with the direct and indirect benefits for forest-related societies and local economies. In addition, the management and exploitation of forests by adopting bioeconomy practices, allows the attainment of important skills, knowledge, and new fields of entrepreneurship.

THE WOLF AND THE TURTLE: AMERICAN OMNIPREDATORIAL AND CHINESE CIVILIZATIONAL-PROTECTIONIST TENDENCIES IN THE BICULTURAL CLASSROOM

Despite setbacks to global commerce and communication over the last three years, the United States and China remain closely bound in the areas of science, technology, and commerce. Even if their economies decouple, such is likely to take years. In the meantime, academic exchange will continue. So long as this is the case, effective cross-cultural education is bound to be essential to the peace and welfare of the American and Chinese peoples. At the heart of effective education is understanding, both of the academic content being taught and the lens through which students process instruction and student/teacher and student/student interaction. This is a matter of culture. Existing theories of American and Chinese cultural differences focus on opposing family and community values and on the individualism/collectivism spectrum. None of these theories are inherently wrong, yet they are deficient in that they fail to account for the most fundamental dissimilarity: that between the inherently slow-moving, security-oriented, and cautious nature of Chinese culture (the turtle) and the fast-moving, aggressive, predatorial and growth-oriented nature of American culture (the wolf). The discourse du jour of colonialism and anticolonialism proves no better, providing an inadequate means of analysis in that it only allows for the comparison of colonizer and colonized. Herein, we take a different tack and consider the previously unnamed and not fully recognized omnipredatorial impulse of American culture—that which drives American educational, media, and corporate organizations to expand and consume without restriction or regard for ethnicity, national background, heritage, or practicality. It is this organic, instinctive, and subconscious impulse that causes American institutions to strive for a unification of all cultures under a single banner that absorbs all that is useful from other peoples, discards all the rest, and effectively Americanizes everything and everyone with which it interacts. The Chinese have no comparable impulse at the global scale, being content to engage in commerce with a focus on practical, regional geopolitics. But they are intensively protective of their culture and civilization, which stands to frustrate the American instinct and complicate interaction between the nations. How these competing and conflicting behavioural patterns developed and how they function in the classroom are matters worthy of discussion and consideration. By developing and expanding upon the concept of the omnipredatorial impulse, contrasting it to China’s unexpansive culture, and assessing their respective influence on American and Chinese educational mindsets, this research will develop a more effective model of intercultural classroom dynamics.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0251/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

The Attributes of E-Commerce on E-Customer Satisfaction

Due to the advancement of Internet technology and the globalization of commerce, e-commerce is developing at an unexpected speed. With the rise of China’s e-commerce industry and the substantial increase in the number of merchants, the competition in its industry has also increased. In this context, consumer satisfaction is all affected, so this paper conceptually discusses the attributes of e-commerce on e-customer satisfaction. The reviewed literature highlights factors and issues of importance in developing a research framework for future empirical research on this topic.

Sustainability Performance Appraisal for Airports Serving Tourist Islands

Air transport infrastructure development is crucial for economic and social growth. Regional airports connecting remote, tourist destinations such as islands provide important services and boost global and local commerce networks. Airport authorities intend to maximize expansion while limiting environmental impacts. Regional airports may achieve efficient environmental management by applying sustainable practices and developing long-term strategies. The purpose of this paper is the development of an in-depth comparison and assessment of the environmental sustainability performance of a number of regional airports in terms of the environmental impacts that are caused by their operations and their demand patterns. The evaluation methodology is based on the identification of evidence about the incorporation of key environmental management performance aspects in the environmental reports of the top five regional tourist airports in the Mediterranean islands. The most important finding was that airports, despite requiring an efficient and forward-thinking environmental management plan in order to address the environmental impact that they have, do not prioritize their environmental performance management issues. The conventional wisdom is to provide a framework for evaluating tourist airports’ performance toward environmental mitigation efforts, promote best practices, and benchmark sustainability for regions heavily dependent on tourism.

Shipping regulations lead to large reduction in cloud perturbations

Global shipping accounts for 13% of global emissions of SO2, which, once oxidized to sulfate aerosol, acts to cool the planet both directly by scattering sunlight and indirectly by increasing the albedo of clouds. This cooling due to sulfate aerosol offsets some of the warming effect of greenhouse gasses and is the largest uncertainty in determining the change in the Earth's radiative balance by human activity. Ship tracks-the visible manifestation of the indirect of effect of ship emissions on clouds as quasi-linear features-have long provided an opportunity to quantify these effects. However, they have been arduous to catalog and typically studied only in particular regions for short periods of time. Using a machine-learning algorithm to automate their detection we catalog more than 1 million ship tracks to provide a global climatology. We use this to investigate the effect of stringent fuel regulations introduced by the International Maritime Organization in 2020 on their global prevalence since then, while accounting for the disruption in global commerce caused by COVID-19. We find a marked, but clearly nonlinear, decline in ship tracks globally: An 80% reduction in SO[Formula: see text] emissions causes only a 25% reduction in the number of tracks detected.

Nuove forme giuridiche del vivere collettivo: la fondazione di partecipazione nell'ambito del terzo settore

Due to the dynamism of contemporary events, jurists are called to embrace new juridical instruments, which are more suitable with a new appreciation of community. Not by chance, socio-political changes invoke the necessity of a community’s rediscovery and encourage the rising of a lot of non profit activities, opening the way for a welfare State’s large contribution. In very truth, the non profit field acts as a cornerstone of a democratic society and it reveals a misleading race to profit goals led by the global commerce. This is the purpose of observing the participatory foundation as a metamorphosis of the typical institute of foundation: pursuant to the constitutional solidarity principle, this new instrument combines the need of promoting a social progress with a public-private cooperation inside welfare policies.

Is Russia's Research Ethics Culture Reliable?

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has led to the imposition of economic sanctions intended to isolate Russia from much of global commerce, which implicitly includes the medical research enterprise. The prospect of ongoing isolation of Russia's substantial research enterprise raises issues related to but distinct from the more familiar problem of corruption. In this paper, we identify reasons that the culture of research ethics in Russia may have been weak even before the war, contributing to hard questions about its future role in the global clinical research community.

Sustainable development via environmental taxes and efficiency in energy: Evaluating trade adjusted carbon emissions

AbstractSustainable development goals are one of the key targets to achieve for many countries across the globe. The current study aims to determine the impact of economic development and global commerce, specifically by considering trade separately, energy efficiency, and environmental levies on consumption‐based carbon emissions (CCO2) for the G‐7 countries between 1990 and 2020. This research used slope‐heterogeneity and cross‐section dependency to determine the unit root order. To assess the long run and short‐run correlations between variables, the cross‐sectionally augmented autoregressive distributed lags model (CS‐ARDL) is employed, along with an augmented mean group test to ensure robustness. The study found that economic growth and imports are deteriorating, impacting the CCO2 emission of the G‐7 countries, while the exports, energy efficiency and environmental taxes are having a corrective impact on the CCO2 emission. As per the results, focusing on energy efficiency will have a more correcting impact on CCO2 than on the other factors. The augmented mean group model further validates the results.

Total cost of ownership in shipping: a framework for sustainability

PurposeShipping is pivotal for global commerce, yet its externalities are not yet fully set into context, especially with reference to environmental impact. Shipping is a practise developed from the dawn of history. Its manifestation requires the introduction of relevant supporting industries as well, such as port, cargo, and logistics operations. The holistic shipping system has been growing with its main parameter pertaining to accounting cost minimisation. Yet, the shipping ecosystem has been able to exacerbate environmental, social, and health costs that in the end may prove that shipping, in the way that it is conducted, may not be as profitable as it may seem.MethodThis paper introduces a framework for the total cost of ownership in shipping, which includes a holistic approach as to the true costs associated with shipping practises. Through a structured literature review the relevant costs are identified and assessed, providing a complete framework as to the actual cost of shipping.FindingsShipping may appear to be profitable in some cases, but the bulk of its profit is based on practises that incur a plethora of costs that are externalised. This paper provides a clearer understanding of the total cost of shipping and the subsequent need of a paradigm shift, so that shipping may be able to portray its potential with reference to societal and environmental benefits.ConclusionThrough frameworks such as the one presented in this work, activities and practises may be assessed as to their true impact and footprint and claim sustainability through a solid prism of holistic analysis and true profit for humanity, rather than focusing on accounting cost and turning a blind eye at other social, environmental, and health costs.

Indonesia at the Intersection of Human Rights and International Investment

Abstract In the changing dynamics of today’s world, globalisation and sovereignty remain centrally important. Simultaneously, international commerce in the form of global value chains is playing an increasingly significant role in linking and mediating the overlap of globalisation and sovereignty. Nation-state governments use law to manage this overlap. This article takes the example of Indonesia to explain and analyse this phenomenon. By examining the intersection of laws regarding foreign investment and human rights, it becomes possible to gain insight into the constraints that national governments face in regard to protecting local interests while catering to the demands of global commerce. Human rights protections, after all, benefit local welfare but inhibit investment because they impose costs on companies. In the Indonesian case, the government has been successful in implementing local human rights protections in its fishing industry but has largely failed in its mining industry. The reason is quite simple: given their power and the economic value of their investment, international mining companies are able to influence the government, whereas fishing firms, which are primarily smaller and domestic, lack comparable power. As a result, the power of global mining value chains is having a direct effect on decisions that a national government is making, and at the same time, the government’s decisions are reflections of compromises that it itself is willing to make (here, regulating fishing firms) and compromises that it is not willing to make (here, regulating mining companies). These decisions and relationships provide important lessons regarding the role of law in managing the tensions that global value chains pose on globalisation and sovereignty.

International Business Law: Navigating Cross-Border Transactions and Legal Challenges in Global Commerce

In the interconnected and globalized landscape of commerce, international business law plays a pivotal role in shaping cross-border transactions and mitigating legal challenges. This article delves into the multifaceted realm of international business law, exploring the intricacies of conducting business across borders and addressing the legal complexities that organizations encounter in the expansive arena of global commerce.

RECENT FLORICULTURE IN INDIA

This report finishes a research of the floriculture sector's recent advancements in India, notably in terms of key cut flower producing states, industry growth, and export potential. The primary focus is on commercially farmed cut and loose flowers. Documentation was carried out throughout the previous two decades. The purpose of this study is to look at the export performance, the composition of exports, the means of transportation for floriculture exports, and the share of floriculture exports. India produces roughly 19 lakh Tonnes of loose flowers and 8.90 lakh Tonnes of cut flowers per year on 3.40 lakh hectares of land, bringing in considerable revenue to the exchequer through domestic & global commerce. India is ranked 18th in the world, with a 0.6 % of the worldwide floriculture trade. Exports grew at a CAGR of 4 % during the previous decade. In 2010-11, India was the greatest exporter to the United States, with US $ 12.72 million, US $ 16.06 million in 2014-15, and US $ 19.49 million in 2019-20. Exports through air are on the rise, rising from 27 % in 2010-11 to 40.21 percent in 2019-20, with a compound annual rate of 0.06 percent.