Global Change Issues Research Articles

Visualization of energy-environment-economy system research characteristics and hotspots evolution trends based on CiteSpace

With the recovery of the world economy, the increase in energy demand, global environmental pollution, climate change, and many other contradictory issues, after China proposed the Double-Carbon goal, research on the Energy-Environment-Economy system has attracted much attention. Through the visual analysis of Energy-Environment-Economy research literature, this paper provides scholars committed to this field with research characteristics and hotspots evolution trends in this field, and provides a direction guidance and practical method reference for subsequent research on Energy-Environment-Economy system-related issues. This study selected the literature from the Energy-Environment-Economy system field of Web of Science and CNKI database for nearly 20 years, uses CiteSpace to conduct research bibliometrics and visual analysis, and explores the main characteristics, research hotspots, and evolution trends of Energy-Environment-Economy system in Chinese and English. The research found that: ① there are many research results on Energy-Environment-Economy systems, and the research interest in the field of Energy-Environment-Economy systems continues to rise; ② the number of documents and research institutions in China ranks first in the world, and the influence of research results needs to be improved; ③ the hot topics of research topics in each period are bright, research hotspots evolve from single subsystems to systemic issues; ④ the attention to environment and climate change has increased significantly, and the evolutionary characteristics of research hotspots are in line with the development trend in reality.

Highly Efficient I2 Sorption, CO2 Capture, and Catalytic Conversion by Introducing Nitrogen Donor Sites in a Microporous Co(II)-Based Metal-Organic Framework.

Recently, the development of porous absorbents for efficient CO2 and I2 capture has attracted considerable attention because of severe global climate change and environmental issues with the nuclear energy. Hence, a unique porous metal-organic framework (MOF), {[Co(L)]·DMF·2H2O}n (1, DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) with uncoordinated N atoms was rationally constructed via using a heterofunctional 4,6-bis(4'-carboxyphenyl)pyrimidine (H2L) linker. Interestingly, 1 exhibits exceptional properties for I2 sorption, CO2 capture, and catalytic conversion. Particularly, I2 can be efficiently removed in both vapor and solution forms, and the adsorption amount can reach 676.25 and 345.28 mg g-1, respectively. Furthermore, complex 1 displays high adsorption capacity for CO2 (53.78 cm3 g-1, 273 K). Consequently, 1 is expected to be a promising and practical material for environmental purification due to its excellent adsorption properties.

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER FOR REUSE BY TECHNIQUES OF ELECTRO-COAGULATION AND MICROBIAL ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL LYSIS PROCESS

The Advancement of human living standards within the twenty-first century, the issues of worldwide global climate change, rapid population increase, and environmental pollution have grown increasingly critical. Human activities have put plenty of strain on the ecosystem. Water contamination is one amongst several environmental issues that has to be addressed immediately. The rise in water-related disorders provides a sensible estimate of the extent of environmental degradation. Humans can utilize it day by day. Water will be employed in a pharmaceutical laboratory or industry for the formulation, chemical synthesis, and cleaning, among other things. The ultimate wastewater in numerous pharmaceutical laboratories and industries is treated in a very sort of ways to get rid of effluent and pollutants. That water, on the opposite hand, are often used for gardening and planting. Compared to other traditional procedures like biological, physical, chemical, adsorption, and advanced oxidation processes, the mixture technique of Electro coagulation and Microbial Electro Cell lysis has high de-colorization efficiency, is economically attractive, and produces little sludge. Color, COD, BOD, turbidity, and metal ions are among the pollutants that will be far away from wastewater using the electro coagulation procedure. We are researching the processes of electro coagulation and microbial electro cell lysis in order to make a wastewater treatment system that is reusable and produces better outcomes. It is incredibly inexpensive and easy, with only some substances being utilized within the treatment and administration. We are considering the longer term when creating such a design. KEYWORDS: Laboratory waste water, Electro-coagulation, Microbial electro cell lysis, Electrodes.

Estimation of greenhouse gases emission from domestic wastewater in Nepal: A scenario-based analysis applicable for developing countries

Domestic wastewater and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are key emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Quantifying these emissions in the present and future is crucial to tackle global climate change issues. As a developing country with few rural and urban wastewater treatment facilities, Nepal may have a unique opportunity to reduce future GHGs emissions by a proper selection of wastewater treatment technology. In this paper, the authors used Python programming to estimate the GHGs emissions from the domestic wastewater sector in Nepal under various technological development scenarios for 2020 to 2040 using the refined 2019 estimation methodology developed by Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Results show total equivalent CO2 emission of 3829.43 and 4523.65 Gigagrams in 2020 and 2040, respectively. The 2020 value is seven times greater than Nepal's 2017 national estimates because this study considered rural population and updated methodology. Comparing the technology development scenarios with the Business as Usual scenario, the highest GHGs reduction could be achieved by hybrid constructed wetlands (69.20%) followed by a combined anaerobic and aerobic system with biogas recovery for energy generation (61.72%). Further accuracy may be attained only through the actual measurement of WWTPs emissions and country-specific emission factors. Thus, this paper proposes GHGs estimation of future scenarios portraying urban and rural populations may be invaluable to policymakers of GHGs mitigation for selection of feasible WWTPs, especially in developing countries with limited wastewater treatment facilities and wastewater activity data.

The Relationship between Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions in South Africa

South Africa has been dismantling the challenges of Global warming and climate change issues pertaining Carbon emissions which have aggravated environmental problems over the past years due to its heavy reliance on coal. About 77% of South Africa's electricity needs are been bestowed by coal. This study serves to determine the relationship between carbon emissions and economic growth in South Africa covering the period between 1984 and 2018. The study employed the ARDL bounds technique to determine the long run relationship among the variables and the VECM to determine the direction of causality among variables. The findings established that there is a long relationship between carbon emission, economic growth, energy consumption, foreign direct investment and trade openness in South Africa. The VECM suggested that there is bidirectional causality flowing between economic growth and carbon emissions. The results also validated the EKC hypothesis both in the long run and short run. It is thus imperative for the policy makers and government to divert their thoughts to more innovative and creative strategies of attaining alternative energy sources especially renewable sources. There is a need for the best environmental policy to enhance infrastructure investment to improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions.

Towards accelerating the adoption of zero emissions cargo handling technologies in California ports: Lessons learned from the case of the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach

There is a growing global trend towards achieving net-zero emissions of greenhouse gases from port operations as consumers and governments become increasingly aware of the impacts of global climate change and ongoing environmental justice issues. However, the existing literature on the topic of zero-emissions ports is broad-based and focuses mainly on technology feasibility. Specifically, it provides insufficient guidance on how ports can best transition to zero emissions. To address this research gap, this review article examines the ongoing zero-emissions planning documents and demonstration projects at the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach and presents the key lessons learned from those efforts to accelerate the adoption of zero-emissions cargo handling equipment in California. Increasingly, the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach are emerging as leaders with a sustainable circular strategy by implementing zero-emissions cargo handling equipment projects at a higher rate than any other ports in California, making these two ports an ideal case study to evaluate their endeavors to transition their operations to zero emissions. The findings of this review study suggest that transitioning to zero-emissions cargo handling equipment across all California ports by 2035 is best achievable with: 1) a stronger collaboration between all key stakeholders, 2) the development of statewide regulations, 3) accelerated technology commercialization through increased demonstration projects and infrastructure standardization, 4) improved funding processes, 5) enhanced workforce training, and 6) increased resiliency planning. Although this evaluation and recommendations are largely California-specific, this article can be useful to policy-and decision-makers around the world for transitioning to sustainable, net-zero emissions ports.

X, Y ve Z Kuşakları Arasında İklim Değişikliği Farkındalığı: Cross-Sectional and Descriptive Study

Objective: Global climate change, which is primarily caused by human activities, is a serious problem for all living creatures and the next generations. Due to this reason, the level of individual awareness on global climate change seems to be an important point to be determined. This study aims to analyze the level of awareness among the participants from generation X, Y and Z and the factors affecting their awareness. Material and Methods: The study is descriptive and cross-sectional. The sample of the study consisted of 630 participants residing in Türkiye's Tokat province and born between 1965 and 2012. The data of the study were collected using the personal information form and the Global Climate Change Awareness Scale (GCCAS). Results: Accordingly, 62.7% of the participants were male and 46.8% were graduates of high school. The percentage of Gen Xers, Yers and Zers were 42.1%, 26.8% and 31.1%, respectively. Graduates of high school (X=86.82) were statistically significantly higher than graduates of primary school (X=48.29) and university (75.13) (p<0.001). Besides, mean GCCAS score of the graduates of university was statistically significantly higher than graduates of primary school (p<0.001). Awareness of gen Xers on global climate change was higher than gen Yers and gen Zers, whereas the awareness of gen Yers was higher than gen Zers. Besides, participants from gen Z did not give importance to practices to prevent climate change (p=0.001). Conclusion: Based on the findings, it was concluded that educators and media can bear responsibility for raising awareness about global climate change among the members of generation Z. We can also suggest that policy makers take the necessary measures and interventions to increase the knowledge of generation Z on global climate change. In this context, the issue of global climate change can be included in the school curriculum as a vital step. In addition, it is thought that digital media can play a very important role in raising awareness about climate change in the digital age.

Comparative energy analysis of a laboratory building with different materials using eQUEST simulation software

In the context of global warming and climate change issues, the building sector is one of the major contributors to energy consumption and Green House Gas emissions. In view of this, the building concepts are shifting from the standard structures to the low-energy consumption structures through use of passive and active systems to save energy during the life expectancy of the buildingswithout compromising quality and comfort levels. The main aim of this study is to investigate the passive strategies (by using non-energy strategies) to achieve energy-efficient buildings. The work has been carried out for a laboratory building at Nitte, India. The laboratory with Galvanized Iron (GI) sheet roofing and concrete walls, due to which has an uncomfortable living space, has been used for the study. The US department of energy’s eQUEST (The Quick Energy Simulation Tool) software has been used for the simulations. The results show that it is possible to improve the human comfort to the acceptable standards by using the concept of economic thickness of insulation such as the use of 5 mm coconut pith insulation board on the wall and 5 mm jute fiber below the roof with 0.3 m air gap and also by using low emissivity glass window. The Temperature maintained is 75 to 80 ˚F (24 ˚C to 27 ˚C) for maximum number of hours and relative humidity is found to be in between 40 and 49 percent for maximum number of hours, both of which otherwise used to be much outside these comfortable limits.

Advances in the understanding of multi-scale and coupled evolution of orogens, sedimentary basins and the underlying lithosphere

The integrated understanding of processes and mechanisms driving the coupled evolution of orogens and sedimentary basins and the underlying lithosphere-mantle system, requires a multi-scale temporal and spatial approach that crosses the traditional boundaries of disciplines and methodologies. While analysing the sedimentary infill we need to account for the characteristics and variations of the exhumation, evolving topography and external forcing in the source area, and the complexity of a transport system that is often characterized by a massive unidirectional sediment influx during moments of activity at tipping points or gateways. Such an influx can often span across multiple depocenters and sedimentary basins and is conditioned by an evolving structural geometry that can migrate in time, directly related to the evolving lithospheric structure in orogens that are influenced by their inherited rheology. Depocenters can be fed from multiple directions, while having an endemic or endorheic character during key evolutionary moments. The thermal structure and its variability in continental and oceanic domains conditions the rheology and subsequent structural evolution of the orogens, subduction zones and sedimentary basins, with significant consequences for understanding societally relevant issues. Quantifying basin deposition requires analysing the sediment transport network that can often span multiple interacting orogenic and sedimentary systems, where understanding the allogenic or autogenic nature of sedimentary processes can be significantly enhanced by knowing the inherited and evolving structural and tectonic parameters. Such sedimentary quantification is important for understanding the orogenic structure and the evolution of subduction systems, that include mechanisms such as cycles of burial-exhumation, formation of highly arcuate orogens and timings of nappe stacking events. Deriving processes in orogen - sedimentary basins systems also requires testing process-oriented hypotheses by focused studies in well-known natural laboratories, such as the examples from the Pannonian-Carpathians - Alps - Dinarides system and its analogues used by the numerous contributions in the special Global and Planetary Change issue entitled Understanding the multi-scale and coupled evolution of orogens, sedimentary basins and their underlying lithosphere , whose significance is explained in our review. • Integrated understanding of processes and mechanisms driving the coupled evolution of orogens and sedimentary basins. • Quantifying deposition requires analysing sediment transport across multiple interacting orogenic and sedimentary basins. • Quantifying sedimentary basins is important for understanding the orogenic structure and the evolution of subduction systems. • Testing process-oriented hypotheses in well-known natural laboratories, such the Pannonian - Carpathians - Alps - Dinarides.

A global atlas of artificial light at night under the sea

The impacts of artificial light at night (ALAN) on marine ecosystems have emerged as a focus for ecological light pollution research in recent years, yet the global prevalence of ALAN in underwater marine ecosystems is unknown. We have derived a global atlas of ALAN throughout the marine water column that will accelerate our understanding of its sources and environmental impacts. At a depth of 1 m, 1.9 million km2 of the world’s coastal seas are exposed to biologically important ALAN, which equates to around 3.1% of the global exclusive economic zones. This area decreases to 1.6 million km2 (2.7%) at a depth of 10 m, and to 840,000 km2 (1.4%) at 20 m. The most heavily exposed regions are those that experience intensive offshore development in addition to coastal urbanization. The atlas highlights that ALAN as a global change issue is not exclusive to land but is also widespread in the world’s underwater habitats at irradiances that elicit biological responses in marine organisms.

Investigating whether the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis holds for sectoral CO2 emissions: evidence from developed and developing countries.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions entail a key component of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and are crucial for global warming and climate change issues. Although the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) pattern of the emissions–income nexus has intrigued many researchers for a long time, few studies cover a wide range of economic sectors and a large number of countries, which calls for the re-investigation of sector-wise EKC arguments. Thereby, we investigate the long-run equilibrium relationship between CO2 emissions and per capita income in a panel of 86 developing and developed countries for the period from 1990 through 2015. Our findings show that the EKC holds for three sectors: the electricity and heat production sector, the commercial and public services sector, and the other energy industry own use sector with the turning points of approximately 21,000 USD, 3000 USD, and 5000 USD, respectively. Additionally, emissions decrease monotonically for the manufacturing industries and construction sector, the residential sector, and the agriculture, forestry, and fishing sector, whereas they increase monotonically with the development of the transport sector. Policymakers should consider adopting sector-specific environmental policies based on each sector’s unique income–emission relationship, to mitigate CO2 emissions effectively, and attain sustainable economic growth.

Evaluation of Calcium Looping Cycle as a Time-flexible CO2 Capture and Thermo-Chemical Energy Storage System

Currently, the time flexibility of energy conversion systems is an issue of great operational importance considering the high integration of time-irregular renewable energy sources (e.g., solar, wind) which put an additional pressure on the conventional fossil-based systems. In addition, the reduction of fossil CO2 emissions from various energy-intensive industrial sectors needs to be addressed considering the issues of global warming and climate change. This paper evaluates the innovative Calcium Looping (CaL) cycle both as an energy-efficient post-combustion CO2 capture option and as a time-flexible thermo-chemical energy storage system. As illustrative energy conversion system to which the calcium looping cycle will be applied, a natural gas-based combined cycle power plant was considered. The net power output was about 400 - 500 MW with a 90 % CO2 capture rate. Corresponded non-decarbonized case was also considered to calculate the CO2 capture penalty. In-depth modelling, simulation and thermal integration evaluations were done to cover the following relevant operational elements: characterization of decarbonized combined cycle power plants with CaL cycle with / without solid sorbent storage; mass and energy integration issues; detailed techno-economic and environmental calculations of main performance indicators; flexible part load operation of the power plant to take advantages of CaL thermo-chemical energy storage characteristics etc. As the results show, the flexible time-operation of the decarbonized power plant integrated with CaL cycle using sorbent storage option improves the overall performances e.g., capital cost reduction up to 10 %, lower electricity production cost up to 5 % etc.

Mapping Global Urban Impervious Surface and Green Space Fractions Using Google Earth Engine

Urban impervious surfaces area (ISA) and green space (GS), two primary components of urban environment, are pivotal in detecting urban environmental quality and addressing global environmental change issues. However, the current global mapping of ISA and GS is not effective enough to accurately delineate in urban areas due to the mosaicked and complex structure. To address the issue, the hierarchical architecture principle and subpixel metric method were applied to map 30 m global urban ISA and GS fractions for the years 2015 and circa 2020. We use random forest algorithms for retrieval of the Normalized Settlement Density Index and Normalized Green Space Index from Landsat images using Google Earth Engine. The correlation coefficients of global urban ISA and GS fractions were all higher than 0.9 for 2015 and circa 2020. Our results show global urban ISA and GS areas in circa 2020 were 31.19 × 104 km2 and 17.16 × 104 km2, respectively. The novel ISA and GS fractions product can show potential applications in assessing the effects of urbanization on climate, ecology, and urban sustainability.

Phytosociological survey of the desert vegetation of Sinai, Egypt

AbstractAimsAlthough Sinai is a global hotspot for desert vegetation, there is no well‐documented overview of the Sinai vegetation. We aim to provide a phytosociological overview of Sinai desert vegetation based on an extensive database and formal classification. We further aim to describe the vegetation communities and provide information on their distribution.LocationSinai, Egypt.MethodsWe built a comprehensive database utilizing all available vegetation plot data of the study area from published literature and our field surveys. We determined the database clustering tendency (Hopkins’ test analysis) and estimated its optimal number of clusters (Elbow method). We performed a cluster analysis (modified TWINSPAN) and improved the validity of the resulting groups by approximating natural clustering using the Silhouette algorithm. We visualized the results by calculating Non‐metric Multidimensional Scaling and drawing distribution maps for the observed vegetation communities.ResultsWe distinguished nine classes representing Sinai desert vegetation: Salicornietea fruticosae, Retametea raetam, Haloxylonetea salicornici, Retamo‐Tamaricetea fluviatilis, Acacietea tortilis, Artemisietea herbae‐albae, Anabasietea articulatae, Chiliadenetea iphionoidis, and Stellarietea mediae. We distinguished 25 vegetation groups, of which seven are new findings, representing four main vegetation groups: salt desert, lowland desert, mountain desert, and ruderal desert. We observed a high diversity in life forms, chorotypes, and alpha‐diversity of the vegetation among the main groups. Therophytes, chamaephytes, hemicryptophytes, and phanerophytes are the dominant life forms. Prevailing chorotypes are Saharo‐Arabian, Mediterranean, Mediterranean‐Irano‐Turanian and Irano‐Turanian‐Saharo‐Arabian. The salt desert and lowland desert vegetation are species‐poor, whereas the mountain desert vegetation is relatively species‐rich. The ruderal desert vegetation is the most species‐rich.ConclusionWe present a common classification of Sinai desert vegetation based on cutting‐edge methods and provide an updated description of the desert vegetation groups of Sinai. Our study forms an important basis for decision‐making in nature conservation, global change issues, and further in‐depth studies on Sinai vegetation.

Engaging students in discussing global climate change issues with friends and family

ASBTRACT This preliminary study reports upon students’ experiences in engaging friends and family members in discussing global climate change for required assignments in a laboratory-centered physics course for prospective elementary and middle school teachers, (https://open.oregonstate.education/physicsforteachers). Research questions included: What happens when students teach one or more friends and/or family members about topics they have just learned about global climate change in class? What do they and their learners learn? Also considered were the impact of shifting to remote instruction and ways this study is an example of participatory forms of research. Participants included the students and their learners. Data sources included written responses for friends and family assignments and two surveys. The students were active participants who chose the focus, format, and resources for interacting with their learners. Some friends and family members were willing to contemplate possible life-style changes. Some students learned that they could inspire others to consider such life-style issues. Shifting to remote instruction facilitated friends and/or family interactions for some but also introduced limitations for others. Overall, the students had mixed reactions to these friends and family assignments. Such assignments provide opportunities for students to initiate interactions that increase public knowledge of global climate change issues.

Diverse values, philosophies and ideas beget innovation and resilience in ecology and for our world.

Intellectual diversity, which is often assessed through social diversity proxies, such as race, ethnicity, and gender, is essential to innovation in ecology. There are many diverse ways of knowing, valuing, and discerning alternatives within ecology and as it is applied to solve global-change issues. However, science is a cultural activity, one that is affected by colonialism, racism, and White supremacy and, like other fields of science, the pursuit of ecological careers has historically been a space of limited opportunities for participation for Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC)-narrowing the diverse ways of knowing, valuing, and engaging in ecological work. We seek to debunk the view that such limited participation is a result of BIPOC lacking interest in or proficiency in science, and instead offer that BIPOC communities are places of deep scientific understanding, sociocultural resilience, and cultural wealth. Scientists must broaden their consideration of the ecological sciences and work with BIPOC to establish community-based scientific partnerships that will foster increased ecological career pathways for BIPOC youth.

PENGEMBANGAN MATERI GO GREEN BAGI SISWA SMA DENGAN PENDEKATAN ACTIVE LEARNING (Pilot Project pada SMA IT Nur Hidayah Sukoharjo)

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Global warming and climate change issues and the impacts become worse recently. This condition needs real actions to maintain sustainable living being. One thing that we can do is developing go green lifestyle for teenagers . It is important because they are agent of future change. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This project aims to build go green mindset for Senior High School students and encourage them to implement their ideas become real actions. A series of activities were designed by using active learning approach so the students have active roles in each activity. Firstly, we organise a go green poster competition. Secondly, we installed two hidroponic sets to make the school greener. The winner of the poster competition became green &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;school &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;ambassadors who have responsibilty to maintain hydroponic installation. They also have to do green campaign around their communities. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

On the driving factors of China's provincial carbon emission from the view of periods and groups.

China is the largest carbon emitter in the world. Understanding carbon emissions of China, especially at the provincial level, will help identify the critical factors behind carbon emissions and effectively implement carbon emission reduction measures. There are significant achievements in the study of carbon emissions of China's provinces. However, there is a gap for improvement in the study from periods and groups' perspectives using a decomposition-clustering method. This paper adopts the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) to decompose each province's carbon emissions, introduces the elbow and K-means methods to cluster provinces based on the driving factors of decomposition, and analyzes the driving factors of carbon emissions from the view of groups and periods. By analyzing the carbon emissions data of 28 provinces in China from 1998 to 2018, a breakthrough has been found that economic activities and energy intensity were the main driving factors of carbon emissions. Some possible countermeasures, such as optimizing the industrial structure and the energy structure, significantly increasing clean energy consumption, would receive effective carbon emission reduction feedback. The results provide better decision-making support for emission reduction policies in China and contribute to global climate change issues.

ANEMI3: An updated tool for global change analysis

The ANEMI model is an integrated assessment model of global change that emphasizes the role of water resources. The model is based on the principles of system dynamics simulation to analyze changes in the Earth system using feedback processes. Securing water resources for the future is a key issue of global change, and ties into global systems of population growth, climate change, carbon cycle, hydrologic cycle, economy, energy production, land use and pollution generation. Here the third iteration of the model–ANEMI3 is described, along with the methods used for parameter estimation and model testing. The main differences between ANEMI3 and previous versions include: (i) implementation of the energy-economy system based on the principles of system dynamics simulation; (ii) incorporation of water supply as an additional sector in the global economy that parallels the production of energy; (iii) inclusion of climate change effects on land yield and potentially arable land for food production, and (iv) addition of nitrogen and phosphorus based nutrient cycles as indicators of global water quality, which affect the development of surface water supplies. The model is intended for analyzing long-term global feedbacks which drive global change. Because of this, there are limitations related to the spatial scale that is used. However, the model’s simplicity can be considered a strength, as it allows for the driving feedbacks to be more easily identified. The model in its current form allows for a variety of scenarios to be created to address global issues such as climate change from an integrated perspective, or to examine the change in one model sector on Earth system behaviour. The endogenous structure of the model allows for global change to be driven entirely by model structure rather than exogenous inputs. The new additions to the ANEMI3 model are found to capture long term trends associated with global change, while allowing for the development of water supplies to be represented using an integrated approach considering global economy and surface water quality.

Underpinning the molecular programming attributing heat stress associated thermotolerance in tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze)

The most daunting issue of global climate change is the deleterious impact of extreme temperatures on tea productivity and quality, which has resulted in a quest among researchers and growers. The current study aims to unravel molecular programming underpinning thermotolerance by characterizing heat tolerance and sensitivity response in 20 tea cultivars. The significantly higher negative influence of heat stress was recorded in a sensitive cultivar with reduced water retention (47%), chlorophyll content (33.79%), oxidation potential (32.48%), and increase in membrane damage (76.4%). Transcriptional profiling of most tolerant and sensitive cultivars identified 78 differentially expressed unigenes with chaperon domains, including low and high molecular weight heat shock protein (HSP) and heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) involved in heat shock response (HSR). Further, predicted transcriptional interactome network revealed their key role in thermotolerance via well-co-ordinated transcriptional regulation of aquaporins, starch metabolism, chlorophyll biosynthesis, calcium, and ethylene mediated plant signaling system. The study identified the key role of HSPs (CsHSP90) in regulating HSR in tea, wherein, structure-based molecular docking revealed the inhibitory role of geldanamycin (GDA) on CsHSP90 by blocking ATP binding site at N-terminal domain of predicted structure. Subsequently, GDA mediated leaf disc inhibitor assay further affirmed enhanced HSR with higher expression of CsHSP17.6, CsHSP70, HSP101, and CsHSFA2 genes in tea. Through the current study, efforts were made to extrapolate a deeper understanding of chaperons mediated regulation of HSR attributing thermotolerance in tea.