Wear Glasses Research Articles

Unveiling Visual Physiology and Steady-State Evoked Potentials using Low-Cost and Transferable Electroencephalography for Evaluating Neuronal Activation

Purpose: The ability to see and process images depends on the function of the eyes and the processing of visual information by neurons in the cerebral cortex, something that could be measured through electroencephalography (EEG). Although the EEG is used to evaluate visual pathways in children and demyelination diseases, the limited utilization of brain recording techniques in other applications like therapy is primarily due to budget constraints. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate results from studying brain aspects of vision, utilizing measurements based on oscillatory activity analysis, low-cost, portable equipment, and a processing pipeline relying on Python’s open-source libraries. These studies involve healthy subjects who wear glasses to assess changes in visual perception. Methods: First, electroencephalographic signals were recorded while the subjects observed a visually standardized stimulus. The signals were processed and filtered to reduce artifacts, and the power spectral density (PSD) was calculated to observe the presence of steady-state visual potentials (VEP) to confirm the capture of neuronal activation to the visual stimulus. Results: It was possible to establish a difference between subjects wearing and not wearing their glasses, allowing validation that the information acquired with the transferable equipment is adequate for the analysis of neuronal activity related to visual processing, opening the possibility to be used in future studies in therapy. Conclusion: This study contributes to the development of cost-effective and portable EEG solutions for visual system analysis. It demonstrates the potential for applying transferable EEG devices in clinical settings and highlights the importance of tailored visual stimuli for reliable neural activation.

Effect of prolonged wear and frame tightness of AR glasses on comfort

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of frame tightness on the wearing comfort of augmented reality (AR) glasses during a prolonged video viewing task. A frame prototype of AR glasses with an adjustable frame width was adopted to accommodate variations in head size within the Chinese population, and two hundred participants were recruited to wear the glasses for an hour under five different tightness conditions. Local and overall discomfort ratings were obtained as outcome measures, and the ratings exhibited a significant increase with higher tightness levels. Furthermore, females and older people reported greater discomfort than other participants did, whereas previous spectacle use and body type had nonsignificant effects on wearing comfort. Consideration of approaches to alleviate frame tightness is crucial in the design of AR glasses targeting females and older people. These findings provide valuable ergonomic insights for AR glasses design and offer considerations applicable to the glasses-type wearable device industry.

Evaluation of Causes of Visual Impairment Among Bespectacled Between the Age 18-23: A Study from Tamil Nadu, India

Visual impairment is internationally related to severe public health, social, and economic challenges. Uncorrected refractive error is one of the main targets of the global movement to end preventable visual disability, as it is a treatable source of vision impairment. With precise information about the prevalence and underlying causes of vision impairment in the general population, health organizations may find it simpler to develop infrastructure and human resource strategies, as well as to distribute resources properly. The design of screening programs to identify individuals who are more vulnerable to eye issues may also be facilitated by having this knowledge. Wearing spectacles, also called glasses, is the practice of wearing frames with lenses in front of the eyes, usually with the intention of improving vision. There are additional reasons to wear glasses, including fashion, eye protection, and concealing visual defects. Even with the rising popularity of contact lenses and refractive surgery, wearing glasses is still the most prevalent technique to correct refractive difficulties. Despite its many built-in advantages, namely the capacity to control usage, spectacles do have some significant disadvantages. Many people who require glasses are unable to afford them, and if they are prescribed incorrectly, they may cause irritation to the eyes. Refractive errors are a major cause of visual impairment worldwide. People who lack professional skills in eye care or dispensing have abused the system due to irregularities in the distribution of spectacles.

Do MCH prisms change asthenopic complaints when reading?

Purpose. Asthenopic symptoms mostly occur during demanding near-sighted tasks and are related to binocular symptoms (e. g. heterophoria), among others. Correction of symptomatic heterophoria with prismatic glasses is one way to treat the symptoms. This study investigates the effect of wearing a horizontal prismatic correction for 6 months. Material and Methods. A total of 87 subjects were assigned to a heterophoric prism group (N = 32), a heterophoric control group (N = 31) or an orthophoric control group (N = 24) according to their MCH heterophoria. In the heterophoric prism group, the subjects were prescribed glasses with a prismatic correction for 6 months according to their distance correction; in contrast, the subjects in the heterophoric control group had to wear glasses without prismatic correction for the same period. The effect of the prisms on complaints due to asthenopic symptoms was investigated by comparing the total sum obtained in the CISS questionnaire at the beginning of the study and after 6 months (before and after wearing glasses) for the 3 groups. Results. A (long-term) prism effect was not apparent in the CISS total score. In both the heterophoric prism group and in the heterophoric control group, the CISS total score increased slightly and non-significantly after 6 months. When considering the heterophoric subjects with an increased CISS score at baseline, a nevertheless slight but non-significant decrease of symptoms was observed. All changes were observed in both the heterophoric prism group and the heterophoric control group. An additional analysis using binocular profiles showed a reduction in symptoms by numbers and specifically for subjects with reduced vergence flexibility. Conclusion. Wearing an individual, horizontal prismatic correction had no effect on the overall CISS-score for our test subjects. Further methods that allow a systematic recording of symptoms and optometric parameters are probably necessary to observe an effect. These could be binocular profiles that classify individuals according to their binocular parameters. Keywords horizontal heterophoria, asthenopic symptoms, prismatic correction, binocular vision

Prevalence of Near-Vision-Related Symptoms in a University Population.

The university population has high visual demands. It is therefore important to assess the prevalence of symptoms in these subjects, which may affect their academic performance. In this cross-sectional study, a randomized sample of 252 subjects from a university answered the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) questionnaire. In addition, questions were asked about blurred vision during and after near tasks, the number of hours per day spent in near vision, and whether or not they wore glasses. Furthermore, 110 subjects underwent an eye exam, including a refraction and accommodation assessment. The mean age of the subjects was 28.79 ± 11.36 years, 62.3% reported wearing glasses, and on average 7.20 ± 2.92 hours/day was spent in near vision. The mean of the CISS score was 18.69 ± 9.96, and according to its criteria, 38% of the subjects were symptomatic. Some symptoms were significantly (p < 0.05) more frequent in subjects wearing glasses. Accommodative dysfunctions were present in 30.9% of the subjects, the most common being insufficiency of accommodation. We emphasise the importance of assessing symptomatology during the clinical examination in this group of subjects, as they spend many hours a day in near vision, as well as assessing accommodation, binocular vision, and the ergonomic work environment, which may be at the origin of the symptoms, in addition to the need to wear glasses.

Uncovering Alternative Ways of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in Bessie Head’s “The Prisoner Who Wore Glasses”

This study explores the process of achieving self-actualization in Brille, a character in Bessie Head's short story 'The Prisoner Who Wore Glasses,' who manages to fulfill higher-order needs (e.g., esteem, belonging) despite being deprived of basic necessities e.g., physical security during his imprisonment. We utilize Maslow's hierarchy of needs as a framework, employing a qualitative descriptive method to analyze the short story and elucidate Brille's need fulfillment. By examining how Brille adapts and finds meaning in extreme circumstances, this research proposes an alternative perspective on self-actualization, potentially demonstrating that even without fulfilling basic needs entirely, individuals can achieve higher-level needs. This contributes to the understanding of human adaptability in psychology and literature, suggesting that extreme situations may not always hinder personal growth.

Toward early intervention based on age-specific vision checkups: A vision impairment survey in Yantai, China.

The prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents is currently rising to alarming levels (>80%) in China. This study used several routinely collected demographic factors to quantify myopia and glass-wearing rates for primary and secondary school students. We identified myopia risk factors and proposed new aspects for early intervention. This study was a cross-sectional survey of myopia and glass-wearing rates for students (6-18 years old) in Yantai, China. We collected both vision (vision acuity [VA] and spherical equivalence [SE]) and glass-wearing information to establish respective logistic models for quantifying myopia and glass-wearing rate. We further propose a joint decision region (VA, SE, age) to guide early intervention. Among 10,276 children, 63% had myopia (65% wore glasses). The prevalence of myopia increases with age and levels off during adulthood. Females had a higher overall prevalence rate than males (P < .001). The rural age mode (≈15.5) is about 2 years larger than the urban age (≈13.5) for myopia students. For the myopia rate, in the age ≤14.5, the linear age effect was significant (odds ratio [OR] = 1.73, P < .0001), males had a significant negative baseline effect at the start of schooling (vs. females) (OR = 0.68, P < .0001), and the urban group had a significant positive baseline effect (vs. rural) (OR = 1.39, P < .0001). The correlation between VA and SE increases with age and has a directional shift (from negative to positive) at ages 8 to 9. For the glass-wearing rate, age had a significant positive effect (OR = 1.25, P < .0001), VA had a significant negative effect (OR = 0.002, P < .0001), and body mass index had a slightly significant positive effect (OR = 1.02, P = .03). Urban female have a higher myopia rate than rural male at the start of schooling, and vocational high school has improved vision upon high school. Body mass index was not a significant factor for myopia. The myopia rate model is specific to age range (separated at 14.5 years old). Students of lower ages are less likely to wear glasses for correction, and this may require intervention. The temporal age-specific (VA, SE) correlations and joint distributions strengthen the speculation in the literature that age 8 to 9 is a critical intervention period and motivates us to propose a rigorous intervention decision region for (age, VA, and SE) which mainly applies for this tight age period.

Factors Associated with the Myopia Degree in Students

Purpose: to identify the most significant factors associated with myopic refraction in medical university students, which can be used for early prediction and prevention of myopia.Materials and methods. The survey data of students of 1–6 courses of Kazan State Medical University and the data on refraction of patients’ eyes obtained from the “Medical record of a patient receiving medical care on an outpatient basis” (registration form No. 025/y) were used. The refraction of the eye in each of the participants was calculated as the average value of the spherical equivalent of the right and left eyes.Results. According to the ophthalmologist’s examination, myopia was detected in 219 (69 %) of the surveyed students. 134 (42 %) students had mild myopia, 66 (21 %) had moderate myopia, 19 (6 %) were highly myopic. Among myopes, 73 % of students wear glasses (160/219), contact lenses — 41 % of respondents (90/219). The median age of onset of spectacle wear was 13 years (Q1–Q3 = 10–26). The median refraction of the right eye (D) was -2.50 D (Q1–Q3 = -1.5…-4.0), the left eye -2.75 D (Q1–Q3 = -1.6…-4.0). The early age of onset of spectacle wear is the factor most significantly associated with myopic refraction (+0.23 D/year, p = 1.30×10-11), and an important prognostic sign of the development of high myopia. Factors associated with stronger myopic refraction are high height and low weight, as well as less physical activity.Conclusion. It is necessary to take into account the anthropometric and behavioral features of the patient when developing an individual plan for the prevention and treatment of myopia, in order to avoid the development of complications leading to vision loss.

Osteopathic correction in the complex therapy of children with astigmatism

Introduction. One of the current tasks of healthcare is the preservation of vision in children, prevention of blindness and visual impairment. In Russia, more than 1 million children suffer from visual impairments: myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism, amblyopia. It is especially important to identify refractive errors and their complex correction in primary school children, since actual school loads are comparable in intensity to the visual loads of adults engaged in visually strenuous work. Osteopathic correction has proven itself well in the complex therapy of accommodative asthenopia of adult patients with visually strenuous work. However, the effectiveness of osteopathic correction in the complex treatment of accommodative asthenopia in children has not been sufficiently studied.The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of osteopathic correction in the complex therapy of children with astigmatism.Materials and methods. The study involved 40 children aged 7 to 11 years with the presence of simple, complex hypermetropic astigmatism, complex myopic astigmatism, mixed astigmatism. Two groups were formed: the control group — 20 children who received standard treatment (constant wearing of corrective glasses, pleopto-orthoptic treatment); the main group — 20 children who additionally received a course of osteopathic correction (3 sessions with an interval of 1 month). In each group, two subgroups were additionally identified: children with hypermetropic astigmatism, HA (16 in the main group and 15 in the control group), and children with myopic astigmatism, MA (4 in the main and 5 in the control group). The number of these subgroups was insufficient to test any statistical data on them hypotheses. In each subgroup, the osteopathic and ophthalmological (visual acuity, astigmatism, fatigue of the visual analyzer) status before and after therapy was evaluated in each group. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all subgroups based on the results of the study. Statistical hypotheses were tested in relation to subgroups of children with HA.Results. At the beginning of the study, 100 % of children with astigmatism had regional somatic dysfunctions of the head. Regional somatic dysfunction of the dura mater was detected in the main group in 69 % of children with HA and in 100 % of children with MA, and in the control group, respectively, in 73 and 100 %. After complex therapy, which included osteopathic correction, children with HA revealed statistically significantly (p&lt;0,05) fewer cases of biomechanical disorders of the head regions and dura mater than children of the corresponding subgroup of the control group. Also, children with HA in the main group had statistically significantly (p&lt;0,05) more pronounced positive dynamics in a number of indicators of ophthalmological status: an increase in visual acuity, a decrease in the magnitude of astigmatism. After complex therapy, children with HA were characterized by significantly (p&lt;0,05) less pronounced fatigue of the visual analyzer.Conclusion. The results of the study indicate the effectiveness of the inclusion of osteopathic correction in the complex therapy in children with HA. At the same time, it is advisable to continue research in this direction with the study of more ophthalmological parameters and on a more representative sample.

Research and Application of VR in Training and Learning

With the rapid development of VR technology in the past two years, VR education has broken the rigidity and single way of traditional teaching. This paper discusses and analyzes three aspects of VR in the field of training and learning. specifically, the convenience and efficiency of VR in the classroom; an overview of the savings and simplicity of VR skills learning. And a comparative analysis of innovation and breakthroughs in the field of VR art learning. So far, VR technology is still only in the newly developed stage, and there are various problems waiting to be solved, such as expensive, unfriendly to students who wear glasses, etc. But despite certain shortcomings, VR technology has great application prospects in the future. These skills training and learning based on VR are elaborated and analyzed. Finally, the paper summarizes and looks forward to the full text.

Visual display terminal syndrome and its associated factors among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Ever since the start of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, students have been spending an increasingly longer time staring at electrical devices to take online courses. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the virtual class environment on eye and musculoskeletal problems in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 365 university students were enrolled in this study. They completed an online survey to examine the effects of online learning on eye and musculoskeletal health during the COVID-19 pandemic. The questionnaires consisted of four sections: demographic and general information, environmental and work factors, device-related factors, and visual display terminal syndrome (VDTS). Participants have been taking online classes of 14.5 hours per week during the COVID-19 pandemic. They reported the mean daily usage of digital devices of 4.8±2.2 hours before the pandemic but this increased to 8.1±2.9 during the pandemic. Eye fatigue and neck, shoulder, and back pain have also been reported. The mean VDTS score was significantly influenced by gender, obesity, daily exercise, regular breaks, wear of blue light-blocking glasses, daily hours of electronic device use, and illumination of room. The results of this study showed that university students taking online classes suffered more from VDTS, especially in eye fatigue and neck, lower back, and shoulder pain during COVID-19 pandemic than prior. This study suggests that it is necessary to take breaks in online classes and regularly provide appropriate eye exercise and physical activity to prevent VDTS.

Paying attention to the application of contact lenses in the treatment of special types of refractive abnormalities in children

Childhood vision is in the stage of development, and the incidence of ametropia is high. For special types of refractive abnormalities such as ultra-high myopia, ultra-high anisometropia and aphakia, conventional wearing of frame glasses can easily cause aberrations and peripheral visual deformations, affect the visual development of children, and even cause refractory amblyopia. In this article, the benefits of contact lenses are discussed from perspectives of ultra-high refractive error, refraction-related refractory amblyopia, and photosensitivity-related refractive error, so as to attract the attention of clinical physicians, expand the application scope of contact lens wear, give full play to the role of contact lenses, and improve the diagnosis and treatment of refractive abnormalities in children.

Illustrating Power Relations through Symbolism in The Prisoner Who Wore Glasses

Symbolism is a powerful tool employed by authors to convey ideas and thoughts through the use of symbols and signs, imbuing everyday objects with deeper meanings in their works of literature. In addition, symbolism can have political implications, as it can represent political institutions, hierarchies, movements, beliefs, or ideologies, through objects, people, words, performances, or gestures. Through a content analysis approach, this research examines the symbolism used in The Prisoner Who Wore Glasses and how everyday objects are utilized to depict power relations. The symbols analyzed in this research are glasses, fertilizer, and tobacco. Glasses were found to represent Brille’s vulnerability/intellect. Fertilizer symbolizes Warder Hannetjie’s weakness, and tobacco symbolizes authority. By analyzing the symbols portrayed in literary works, especially writings that have a political connotation to them, it goes to show that sometimes the objects portrayed in literature are not just depicted for creative intentions, but also for critical depth.

Effect of wearing peripheral focus-out glasses on emmetropization in Chinese children aged 6–8 years: study protocol for a 2-year randomized controlled intervention trial

BackgroundMyopia is one of the most common eye diseases causing visual impairment and blindness, and the high prevalence in adolescents remains a major public health concern. Based on clinical studies using optical defocus to regulate ocular growth and refractive changes through visual feedback, we hypothesize that early wearing of peripheral myopic defocusing spectacles in children with high risk of myopia may slow the process of emmetropization and even prevent the onset of myopia by inducing more peripheral myopic defocus. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the wearing of peripheral focus-out glasses can be effective in delaying emmetropization in non-myopic children aged 6–8 years.MethodsThe study is a 2-year randomized controlled trial. A total of 160 subjects will be randomized into the experimental group or the control group. The experimental group will be fitted with direct emmetropia with focus-out glasses (DEFOG) to guide the emmetropization process. The control group will not receive any treatment and will serve as a blank control group. The primary aim is to determine whether non-myopic children wearing DEFOG lenses are superior to those who do not receive any intervention on the progression of cycloplegic objective refraction over 2 years.DiscussionThis is the first randomized controlled trial aiming at myopic prevention by non-invasive intervention in non-myopic children. This study aims to initially investigate whether wearing peripheral focus-out glasses can effectively delay the process of emmetropization in children aged 6–8 years with high risk of myopia, which might give potential clues for further exploration on early prevention of myopia.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT05689567. Registered on 10 January 2023.

Prevalence rate of amblyopia suspect among Yemeni workers

Background: Defective vision of one eye and strabismus, influence daily life and pertinent to education and occupation. This study outlined the prevalence rate and etiology of amblyopia suspect in Yemeni males who came to fulfill visa applications for works outside the country.&#x0D; Method: A cross sectional community-based study enrolled adult males, ages 18 to 55 years. From an 8827 visa applicants, sample of (1162) referred to the outpatient clinic for visual clearance, these had defects in visual acuity equal or less than 6/12, glasses wear and abnormal looking eyes, lid or orbit. In the clinic, they underwent documentation of their basic data, unaided, aided vision, refraction, anterior and posterior eye segment evaluation to outline the defective vision cause. The amblyopia limited by unable to see the 6/9 line or worse in one eye after best correcting glasses without any organic eye lesion.&#x0D; Results: out of (1162) referred for visual clearance applicants, there were (472) eyes, with prevalence rate 5.3%, had amblyopia of variable degrees from could not attain 6/9 in visual acuity to less than 6/60. Among the amblyopic eyes, (411) 4.66% in prevalence rate had a preventable refractive elements with a percentage of 87.08%. These who were drivers would lose their target work. (53) 22.9 % of these having decreased visions were illiterate. The study found (948) 81.6% had no glasses at time of screening. Conclusion: The prevalence rate of amblyopia was high 5.3%, the controllable refractive amblyopia occupied 87.08%.

Outcomes at 18–24 Months of Infants with Birth Weight under 500 g Born in Korea during 2013–2017: A Nationwide Cohort Study

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the outcomes of infants at 18–24 months born in the Korean Neonatal Network with a birth weight <500 g. Methods: The anthropometric and neurodevelopmental data of infants with a birth weight <500 g at a gestational age of ≥22 weeks who were registered in the Korean Neonatal Network 2013–2017 and followed up at a corrected age of 18–24 months were reviewed. Neurodevelopmental impairment was defined as the presence of any of the following: (1) cerebral palsy; (2) severe visual impairment; (3) hearing impairment; or (4) cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment was defined as (1) a Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II Mental Development Index score <70; and (2) Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III Cognitive and Language Composite scores <85. Cognitive testing was performed for infants with suspected problems upon clinician’s referral to developmental specialists. Results: At a median corrected age of 20 months, 26/52 (50%) of included infants had neurodevelopmental impairment. Cerebral palsy, severe visual impairment, wearing of glasses, hearing impairment, and cognitive impairment occurred in 22%, 0%, 8%, 5%, and 57% of the included infants, respectively. The proportions of infants with <2 standard deviations of weight, length, and head circumference were 54%, 52%, and 56%, respectively. The majority (70%) of infants were rehospitalized, and the most common cause was respiratory problems. Conclusion: Half of infants with a birth weight <500 g in Korea may exhibit neurodevelopmental impairment and growth retardation at a corrected age of 18–24 months. Multidisciplinary follow-up along with continuous rehabilitation will be needed to improve neurological and physical development in this special population.

Predictors of poor neurodevelopmental outcomes of very preterm and very low birth weight infants.

Despite recent improvements, premature infants remain at high risk for long-term morbidity and poorer neurodevelopment, particularly very preterm (VP) and very low birth weight (VLBW). The aim of this study was to describe neurodevelopmental outcomes at two years and identify potential predictors of worse performance. In a retrospective cohort, a two-years' neurodevelopmental evaluation was analyzed. Multivariable regressions were used to study the association of perinatal history with neurodevelopmental outcomes. Subjects included VP and/or VLBW born at a Portuguese III-level perinatal center between 2011-2017. Milestones outcomes were assessed using the Griffiths' Mental Development Scales. One hundred seventy-seven infants were included. Two-years milestones were not achieved in 18.6% in language domain and 7.3% in motor function, 4.5% wore glasses and 1.1% auditory prosthesis/cochlear implant. Almost 30% needed intervention, 18.6% occupational therapy, 16.4% physiotherapy and 13.6% speech therapy. Griffiths' Mental Development Scales was performed in 139, with a mean global quotient of 98.3 and hearing/speech as the least quoted scale. Global development delay (GDD) was present in 14.8% and cerebral palsy in 2.8%. Multivariate analysis by logistic regression adjusted to gestational age, birth weight and confounding variables, revealed a statistically significant association between GDD and hydrocephalus with shunt/reservoir (OR:19.01), retinopathy of prematurity stage ≥2 (OR:7.86) and neonatal sepsis (OR:3.34). Consistent with recent studies, preterm are at increased risk of neurodevelopmental impairment, mainly due to GDD and language delay, rather than cerebral palsy. In this population, hydrocephalus, retinopathy of prematurity and neonatal sepsis were strongly associated with poorer outcomes. Insight into these factors is essential to refer patients for specific early intervention programs.

Real Time Alert System for Slumberous and Fatigue Driver Using Eye Blink Sensor

Various technologies are being created to reduce accidents, which are rising rapidly in the modern day. Driver weariness or drowsiness is a significant factor in the occurrence of accidents. Drowsiness is detected using a variety of deep learning and image processing techniques. However, these techniques are pricey, and they might not work for those who wear glasses. This suggested solution employs an eye blink sensor to stop drowsiness-related accidents. This serves as an accident avoidance mechanism. The eye blink sensor-equipped goggles that the driver is required to wear include these features.To detect driver drowsiness, the goggles must be worn by the driver the entire time they are operating a vehicle and must blink for a few seconds. When the alarm system detects that the driver is dozing off, it will sound an alert until they open their eyes. Along with detecting drowsiness, the LDR sensor is used to control the high intensity of the headlights when two vehicles are approaching from opposite directions. Additionally, it helps to avoid accidents caused by blurry vision. When a driver snoozes more than five times, the GSM modem alerts the vehicle's owner. In this situation, the both owner and the driver could be alerted when the driver is drowsy.

Screening for Patients with Visual Acuity Loss in Primary Health Care: A Cross Sectional Study in a Deprived Hungarian Population.

Screening for visual acuity loss (VAL) is not applied systematically because of uncertain recommendations based on observations from affordable countries. Our study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of primary health care-based screening. A cross-sectional investigation was carried out among adults who did not wear glasses and did not visit an ophthalmologist in a year (N = 2070). The risk factor role of sociodemographic factors and the cardiometabolic status for hidden VAL was determined by multivariable linear regression models. The prevalence of unknown VAL of at least 0.5 was 3.7% and 9.1% in adults and in the above-65 population. Female sex (b = 1.27, 95% CI: 0.35; 2.18), age (b = 0.15, 0.12; 0.19), and Roma ethnicity (b = 2.60, 95% CI: 1.22; 3.97) were significant risk factors. Higher than primary school (bsecondaryschoolwithoutgraduation = -2.06, 95% CI: -3.64; -0.47; and bsecondaryschoolwithgraduation = -2.08, 95% CI: -3.65; -0.51), employment (b = -1.33, 95% CI: -2.25; 0.40), and properly treated diabetes mellitus (b = -2.84, 95% CI: -5.08; -0.60) were protective factors. Above 65 years, female sex (b = 3.85, 95% CI: 0.50; 7.20), age (b = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.10; 0.67), Roma ethnicity (b = 24.79, 95% CI: 13.83; 35.76), and untreated diabetes (b = 7.30, 95% CI: 1.29; 13.31) were associated with VAL. Considering the huge differences between the health care and the population's social status of the recommendation-establishing countries and Hungary which represent non-high-income countries, the uncertain recommendation of VAL screening should not discourage general practitioners from organizing population-based screening for VAL in non-affordable populations.

EFEKTIVITAS PERMAINAN PUZZLE TERHADAP UPAYA PENINGKATAN KOGNITIF PADA LANSIA

Cognitive therapy needs to be given to the elderly whose function is to increase brain power, improve memory, prevent the risk of Alzheimer's disease, and decrease memory processes in the elderly. The research aims to analyze the effectiveness of puzzle games on the cognitive improvement of the elderly. Pre-experimental research design with a pretest-posttest approach. The target population is the elderly who are in the Karangwerda association with a total of 25 elderly people. The researcher chose a total sampling technique with inclusion criteria, namely elderly people aged 60 years and over, have a good visual function or wear glasses, have a full level of awareness or composition, and are willing to be respondents. The instrument used was the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) questionnaire. Analysis of the results of the study using the Wilcoxon test found that there was an average difference in cognitive function before and after being given puzzle-playing therapy, namely an increase of 1.19 points. The parametric test obtained a p-value of 0.000 (p ≤ 0.05) meaning that puzzle games are effective in improving cognitive function in the elderly. It can be concluded that puzzle games are effectively used in improving the cognitive abilities of the elderly. So that they can be used as an alternative therapy that supports that all the elderly have a good cognitive function and can ultimately maintain the mental health of the elderly.