Glass Woven Fabrics Research Articles

Development of a Finishing Process for Imbuing Flame Retardancy into Materials Using Biohybrid Anchor Peptides

Flame retardants are commonly used to reduce fire risk in various products and environments, including textiles. While many of these additives contain harmful substances, efforts are underway to reduce their usage. Current research aims to minimize flame-retardant quantities and enhance durability against external factors. This involves utilizing anchor peptides or material-binding peptides (MBPs), which are versatile molecules that bind strongly to surfaces like textiles. MBPs can be equipped with functional molecules, e.g., flame-retardant additives, by chemical or enzymatic bioconjugation. In this research, biohybrid flame retardants and an adapted finishing process are developed. Specifically, biobased adhesion promoters, the so-called MBPs, are used to finish textiles with flame-retardant additives. To date, there is no finishing process for treating textiles with MBPs and so a laboratory-scale finishing process based on foulard was developed. Necessary parameters, such as the take-off speed or the contact pressure of the squeezing rollers, are determined experimentally. In order to develop an adapted finishing process, various trials are designed and carried out. Part of the trials is the testing and comparison of different textiles (e.g., glass woven fabrics and aramid woven fabrics) under different conditions (e.g., different ratios of MBPs and flame retardants). The finished textiles are then analysed and validated regarding their flammability and the amount of adhered flame retardants.

The Effects of Weaving Process on the Damage Formation of the E- Glass Yarn

The woven fabric production can be executed in the weaving machine by the using of different mechanisms, which are working simultaneously. Because of the weaving mechanisms, the yarn has under tension and changed between the determined range within the repetitive cycles. The mechanisms and unsteady tension cause to damage on the yarns in the woven fabric production process. The breakable fibers like carbon or glass are more sensitive to degrade in the weaving machine because of their low friction resistance in comparison with the traditional fibers. The several of studies had been carried out to determine the tension of yarns and their damage mechanisms in the weaving process. However, they focused on the damage evolutions of warp yarns in the weaving process. In addition to the warp yarns, the damage evolution of weft yarns was investigated for industrial production in this study. The prevalent weft tensioning systems were evaluated, and the spring yarn tensioning system shown the best performance. Moreover, the yarn- to- machinery part type of friction was determined as the main reason to degrade warp yarns in the industrial production of glass woven fabric.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes/woven glass/epoxy hybrid nanocomposites: Effect of fabrication methods and types of epoxy matrices

The hybridization of nanofillers into glass fibre reinforcement is a promising strategy to improve the properties of the composite materials. The study aims to investigate the properties of hybrid nanocomposites consisting of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/woven glass/epoxy composites. The effect of different fabrication methods and different types of epoxy matrices was also investigated. For method 1, MWCNT was mixed with epoxy and impregnated into 3-ply woven glass fabrics using the hand lay-up method, followed by a vacuum bagging process. Meanwhile, for method 2, the woven glass fabrics were spray coated with MWCNT aqueous suspension and 3-ply woven glass fabrics were stacked together and impregnated with epoxy using the hand lay-up method followed by vacuum bagging. Results showed that composite laminates prepared by method 2 with 0.5 wt% MWCNT exhibit higher impact and flexural strength with 32.9% and 29% increments compared to method 1, respectively. Based on the flammability test, it was observed that hybrid laminate composites fabricated by both methods could self-extinguish. It was found that hybrid laminated composites using bisphenol A as an epoxy matrix show higher impact strength and flexural strength with 20.7% and 12% increments compared to epoxy bio-resins, respectively.

Effect of Silicon Carbide Reinforcement on Wear Properties of A Glass Epoxy Composite for Aircraft Application

In the present investigation, the tensile and sliding wear properties of silicon carbide filled with glass epoxy polymeric composites were studied. The composites were prepared by dispersing different weight percentage of micro silicon carbide fillers in epoxy matrix and the mixture is then laid up on glass woven fabric by hand layup technique. Specimens were prepared out of the cured laminates and tests were conducted to study their tensile and wear properties. The test matrix for wear tests is defined using Taguchi approach. Sliding wear resistance increased with increase in SiC filler percentage though there has been a marginal decrease in tensile properties.

Assessment of a unique reinforcement construction on mechanical behaviour of composite structures

The construction type of reinforcement material is a critical factor playing an essential role in the mechanical performance of composite materials. Recently, much attention has been attracted to discovering the mechanical behaviour of glass woven fabric, such as plain and different variations of twill and satin reinforced composites. In this paper, it is aimed to test the effect of a combination of unique characteristics of woven and knitted fabrics in the same matrix on the mechanical behaviour of composites. In this direction, carbon tows are fabricated into plain woven, 2/2 twill woven and interlock knitted fabrics. The effect of reinforcement construction on bending and tensile properties like strength, modulus and strain of epoxy composites manufactured in three variations as woven, knitted and woven/knitted reinforced was investigated by conducting 3-point bending and tensile tests. Experimental results indicated that hybrid composites displayed lower bending strength than woven fabric composites. However, a combination of 2/2 twill woven and knitted fabric in hybrid composites, including five fabric layers, had a higher bending modulus than 2/2 twill woven composites, including seven fabric layers. Also, it was observed that the mechanical performance of hybrid composites under tensile load was poor compared to the woven fabric composites.

A new approach for the reuse of scrap carbon fiber in high-added value continuous fiber reinforced composite structures

This study proposes an innovative processing approach for high-added value hybrid fiber-reinforced composite structures by reusing scrap carbon fiber (CF). Thermoplastic prepregs were produced via wet-laid method using chopped polyamide 6.6 fibers as matrix and short scrap CFs as the reinforcing phase. These prepregs were then hot stacked with woven glass fabrics, forming a novel hybrid lightweight composite laminate. Silane treatment was used to improve the adhesion of glass fabric to the novel wet-laid scrap CF/PA6.6 prepregs. Tensile, flexural, dynamic-mechanical, and morphological properties of the composites were examined to characterize the effectiveness of the hybridization of short scrap CFs and glass fabric. The results showed that short scrap CF in the laminates increased the tensile strength up to 30 % and flexural strength up to 60 %. Moreover, silane surface modification of the glass fabric yielded a 140 % improvement in the flexural strength of scrap CF/PA6.6 prepreg-glass fabric hybrid laminates.

Damage‐Tolerant Woven Glass Fiber Composites Developed Using Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) Unsaturated Polyester (UP) Blends

The thermoset matrix is brittle and shows low damage characteristics, and their impact and damage performance can be improved significantly by blending with the thermoplastic matrix. In this way, the properties of both the matrices can be gathered in one composite. This study is focused on the development and optimization of novel blends of unsaturated polyester (UP) resin with polyvinyl butyral (PVB), a thermoplastic polymer, to improve the mechanical properties, especially delamination and impact behavior of associated glass fiber composites. The five blends of UP and PVB were prepared in different concentrations by the solution mixing method. Composite samples of woven glass fabric were fabricated using prepared blends and pure resins as matrices on compression molding. Tensile, flexural, T-peel tests, and the instrumented Charpy impact tests were conducted on the developed samples. A significant improvement in the impact energy absorption (102%) and delamination resistance (110%) was observed for a blend ratio of 40 : 60 and 50 : 50 of PVB : UP, respectively, as compared to pure UP composite samples.

Effect of Different Fiber Reinforcements on Some Properties of Prosthetic Socket

In the perspective of environmental advance, significant attentiveness is being displayed in the usage of natural fibers like reinforcement in polymer composites. This paper focuses on building a prosthetic socket arranged from natural fiber-reinforced composite as an effort to substitute material currently accessible in the manufacturing of the socket. The vacuum bagging procedure was adopted to yield a below-knee socket. The laminates encompass woven flax, sisal, cotton, carbon, person, and glass fabric. The impact of diverse fiber layering sequences on some of the physical and mechanical characteristics was assessed. Laminated specimens were characterized by tests such as (hardness, surface roughness, density, water absorption). The results of this study showed that consuming altered forms of reinforcing materials had an abundant influence on the properties of prepared composite and the values of (hardness, surface roughness, and density) properties improved with increasing of the volume fraction of materials and the best composite specimens were three layers of flax with two layers of carbon fiber, were the hardness property ranges 86 MPa and density of (1.276 gm. /cm3) due to their exceptional mechanical properties. The results of the present study advocate that the arrangement of natural and synthetic reinforcements allows the preparation of bio-composites with enhanced performance.

Improved method of manufacturing carbon nanotube infused multifunctional 3D woven composites

This research work aimed to develop smart multifunctional composites via a process for uniformly dispersing carbon nanotubes (CNT) on an orthogonal three-dimensional (3D) woven glass fabric with minimised filtering effect. These smart composites could detect strain under tensile and flexural loading by the piezoresistive response of the infused CNT network. Conventional vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding was modified to control the infusion of 0.25 wt% CNT on the 3D woven glass fabric by varying the vacuum pressure. Results showed that at 101.3 kPa vacuum pressure, the CNT percolated through the thickness of the orthogonal 3D woven glass fabric while being marginally filtered by the fibres and were suitable for sensing tensile strain, whereas at 30.4 kPa, the CNT were deposited only on the surface of the fabric preform without getting filtered and were suitable for sensing flexural strain.

Using potential of filament-wound carbon/glass polymeric composites as rocket motor thermal insulation

The study aim is to develop hybrid filament-wound polymeric composites based on flame retardant polyester resin (UPe) and multi-layer structured glass or combined carbon and glass fibers for use as ablative thermal insulation of rocket motor by wet filament winding technique. The composites have a multi-layered structure consisting of two layers of carbon (CF) or glass woven fabric (GF) and one layer of carbon or glass direct roving (CR or GR, respectively), repeated in three cycles. Structural analysis, performed using FTIR spectroscopy and dynamical-mechanical analysis, confirm highly polymerized network. Lower values of the tanδ peak height indicate improved interfacial adhesion between carbon/glass fibers and UPe. The improvements of thermal insulation index of 37% and erosion rate of 38.6% at 180°C are achieved for combined carbon/glass fiber–based composite compared to the neat UPe. Tensile and interlaminar shear properties are investigated according to the fiber orientation and the highest values of tensile and interlaminar shear strengths are obtained for composites with longitudinal orientation, 417.48 MPa and 22.30 MPa, respectively. Compared to the neat UPe, which degrades after 50 s at 3000°C, the composites are stable up to 192 s.

Hemp/glass woven fabric reinforced laminated nanocomposites via in-situ synthesized silver nanoparticles from Tilia cordata leaf extract

ABSTRACT The reinforcement of natural and artificial fiber-oriented woven fabrics with thermosetting polymers is getting popularity nowadays. The hybridization of natural hemp with glass could facilitate the developed composite panels to be a potential candidate for automotive parts. Both hemp and glass-woven fabrics were treated with greenly synthesized silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) obtained from Tilia cordata leaf extracts and then composited by using thermosetting epoxy resin. Three composite panels were developed from five consecutive layers of glass- and hemp-woven fabrics (sequence is glass, hemp, glass, hemp, glass); in two of them the fabrics were loaded with 1% and 5% AgNPs, respectively, the third one was prepared without any nanosilver loading. The presence of green AgNP was tested and confirmed by using XRF (X-ray fluorescence) and ICP OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy) test. The developed hybrid composites were characterized for thermal, mechanical, physical, and morphological performance and found satisfactory results. Statistical analysis of the test results also confirmed the positive influence of nanosilver loading on hybrid composites. However, the developed biocomposite panels could facilitate the industrial production units with most advanced, feasible, and multi-functional laminated products.

Crashworthiness Performance of Aluminium, GFRP and Hybrid Aluminium/GFRP Circular Tubes under Quasi-Static and Dynamic Axial Loading Conditions: A Comparative Experimental Study

Offshore structures are exposed to risks of vessel collisions and impacts from dropped objects. Tubular members are extensively used in offshore construction, and thus, there is scope to investigate their crashworthiness behaviour. Aluminium, glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) and hybrid aluminium/GFRP circular tube specimens were fabricated and then tested under quasi-static and dynamic axial loading conditions. Two hybrid configurations were examined: external and internal layers from respectively aluminium and GFRP, and vice versa. The material impregnated with epoxy resin woven glass fabric was allowed to cure attached to the aluminium layer to ensure interlayer bonding. The quasi-static and dynamic tests were conducted using respectively a universal testing machine at a prescribed crosshead speed of 10 mm/min, and a 78 kg drop hammer released from 2.5 m. The non-hybrid configurations (aluminium and GFRP specimens) outperformed their hybrid counterparts in terms of crashworthiness characteristics.

Structural Monitoring of Glass Fiber/Epoxy Laminates by Means of Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Black Self-Monitoring Plies.

The health monitoring of structures is of great interest in order to check components’ structural life and monitor damages during operation. Self-monitoring materials can provide both the structural and monitoring functionality in one component and exploit their piezoresistive behavior, namely, the variation of electrical resistivity with an applied mechanical strain. In this work, self-monitoring plies were developed to be inserted into glass-fiber reinforced epoxy-based laminates in order to achieve structural monitoring. Nanocomposite epoxy-based resins were developed employing different contents of high surface area carbon black (CB, 6 wt%) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT, 0.75 and 1 wt%), and rheologically and thermomechanically characterized. Self-monitoring plies were manufactured by impregnating glass woven fabrics with the resins, and were laminated with non-sensing plies via a vacuum-bag process to produce sensored laminates. The self-monitoring performance of the laminates was assessed during monotonic and cyclic three-point bending tests, as well as ball drop impact tests. A higher sensitivity was found for the CB-based systems (Gauge Factor 6.1), while MWCNTs (0.55 and 1.04) ensure electrical percolation at lower filler contents, as expected. The systems also showed the capability of being used to predict residual life and damage occurred under impact.

Bending moment resistance of t-type joints reinforced with basalt and glass woven fabric materials

This study investigated the bending moment resistance of T-type, two-pin dowel joints connected with Scotch pine dowel (Pinus slyvestris), beech dowel (Fagus orientalis), chestnut dowel (Castanea sativa) and oak dowel (Quercus petraea) and reinforced with basalt and glass woven fabric. The tests was carried out to determine the bending moment resistance of dowel joints. As a result of bending test, it was determined that one layer and two surfaces the reinforce with fiber woven fabrics increases the mechanical performance of furniture fasteners according to obtained data from tests conducted on the T-type, two pin dowel joints. The test samples prepared from the oak wooden give the higher moment values than the beech wooden. This study showed that the joining with the oak dowel was 13 % higher than the beech dowel, 32 % the chestnut dowel, and 43 % higher than the Scotch pine dowel (for the bending moment resistance), respectively. According to the bending moment resistance of the samples reinforced by fiber woven fabrics. The highest bending moment resistance value was obtained in the test specimens of reinforced with the basalt woven fabric, the lowest bending moment resistance value was obtained in the test specimens not reinforced (Control). In general, it was determined that the wood species by 3 %, wooden dowel species by 43 %, and fiber woven fabric types by 72 % have been effects on the results of the bending tests

Modeling the Deformation and the Failure Process of Glass Woven Fabrics Based on the Fibre-Bundle-Cells Theory

Abstract In this study, we modeled the deformation and failure behavior of different glass woven fabrics under uni-axial tension using the Fibre Bundle Cells-modeling method. The difference between the analytical, phenomenological model curve and the mean curve calculated from the measurement results was classified by the relative mean squared error (RMSE), which is closely related to the coefficient of determination. This value was less than 3.6% in all the examined cases, which indicated good modeling.

High velocity impact properties of composites reinforced by stitched and unstitched glass woven fabrics

The present research aimed to investigate the effect of stitching angle and stacking sequence of stitched layers on high velocity impact behavior of composites reinforced by glass woven fabrics. To study the effect of stitching angle on ballistic impact behavior, six different angles of (0°), (90°), (45°), (0°,90°), (±45°) and (0°,90°,±45°) were chosen as stitching angles. These stitching angles were applied on eight layers of glass woven fabric. To study the effect of stacking sequence of stitched layers, a different number of layers were stitched together with the angle of 0°. Unstitched and stitched composites were exposed to high velocity impact with 180 m/s using a spherical projectile. The residual velocity of projectile and dimensions of damage area on the composites’ front and back sides were measured. It was found that the sample with the 45° stitching angle had the best behavior against ballistic impact and its energy absorption was significantly higher than the other samples. Stitching also reduces damage area in front and back sides of the composites and inhibits delamination.

Upgraded Mechanical Properties of Diluent Nano-filled Glass/Epoxy Composites Fabricated by Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion

Vacuum Resin Infusion process (VRI) is the most common method for the manufacturing of composite laminates. Unfortunately, VRI has some disadvantages such as incomplete filling of the mold and poor impregnation due to the high viscosity of the nano-polymeric resin. The high viscosity of nano-polymeric resin consumes a lot of time to complete the process. In this study, an attempt was done to decrease the viscosity of the epoxy and nanophase epoxy hence decreasing the processing time. Ethanol was added with small weight fractions (0.5 wt.% and 1 wt.%) to the epoxy resin without evaporation to decrease its viscosity. Moreover, TiO2 nanoparticles with 0.25 wt.% and 0.5 wt.% were added to epoxy resin to produce nano-filled glass fiber/epoxy composites. Two types of glass fiber reinforcements were used which are either chopped or woven glass fabric. The results showed that, as the ethanol percentage increases, the resin viscosity decreases and consequently the processing time. Adding 1 wt.% of ethanol and 0.25 wt.% of TiO2 nanoparticles to epoxy resin slightly increases tensile strength as compared with neat chopped glass fiber/epoxy composites. The tensile strength of woven glass fiber/epoxy and the flexural properties of both woven and chopped glass fiber reinforced epoxy improved significantly with the addition of 0.5 wt.% of ethanol and 0.25 wt.% of TiO2 nanoparticles.

Thermomechanical Behavior of Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate-Bonded Flax/Glass Woven Fabric Reinforced Laminated Composites.

The development of sustainable and innovative products through solving the constantly raising demands of end users is one of the significant parts of research and development. Herein, the development of a green composite is reported with the reinforcement of naturally originated flax and artificial glass woven fabrics through incorporating with the methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) resin. The glass fabrics were treated with silane and flax fabrics by using NaOH before the composite production to increase the affinity of fibers toward the resin. Composite panels were developed with four different ratios of glass and flax woven fabric reinforcement (100/0, 83.33/16.67, 50/50, and 0/100) to investigate their performance with the MDI resin. The composites were characterized by tensile and flexural analysis to investigate the mechanical performances. The thermogravimetric characteristics of the composites were examined for checking the thermal stability of the produced composites. The surface morphology was investigated for observing the surfaces of the composites before and after applying tensile loads. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) deployed EDX linear scanning was used for ensuring about the signals of different chemical constituents into the matrix. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was conducted for finding out the fingerprint of the chemical elements of the produced composites. Besides, the water absorption and moisture content tests were also conducted to examine the moisture absorption by the pure glass, flax, and hybrid composites. Further, statistical analysis of variances was performed to test the significance of the differences in the mechanical properties of the individual types of the composites developed. For investigating the relationship between the proportion of woven glass fabric in the reinforcement and the mechanical properties, regression analysis was used. The ANOVA test was also examined for checking the significance of the mechanical properties of the composites.

Mechanical Properties and Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy Resin Reinforced with Functionalized Graphene Nanosheets and Woven Glass Fabric

The reinforcing effects of functionalized graphene sheets (FGSs) on thermosetting epoxies are examined to understand the feasibility of these FGSs–epoxy nanocomposites in composite applications. The nanocomposites are prepared by compression molding with different graphene contents (0, 1, and 3 wt%) and different chemical treatments including FGSs and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets. In addition, two silane molecules (octyltriethoxysilane [OTES] and glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane [GPTMS]) are used as coupling agents. Morphological analysis shows that the use of functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets in woven glass fabric/epoxy nanocomposites significantly improves the dispersion distribution of graphene nanosheets inside the matrix and increases their interfacial adhesion. The results reveal that the nanocomposites containing functionalized graphene nanosheets show the most promising improvement in terms of thermal and mechanical properties. In particular, Young's modulus increases by up to 17% and 25% with only 3% of functionalized graphene oxide using OTES and GPTMS, respectively. The result of the water droplet contact angle of the nanocomposites reinforced by graphene oxide functionalized by octyltriethoxysilane (OTES) shows an increase to a value of 105.80, indicating the super hydrophobic nature.

Coloration of woven glass fabric using biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from Fraxinus excelsior tree flower

A sustainable, fast, feasible, and controlled approach is reported for the synthesis of silver nanoparticle (AgNP). The extract from natural ash plant (Fraxinus excelsior) flower was used as bio-based reducing and stabilizing agent to synthesize AgNPs from AgNO3 precursor. The quantitative analysis of AgNP was performed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (iCP-OES) for solid and liquid samples, respectively. The XRF analysis of untreated and treated glass fabrics were 0, 379 ± 16, and 630 ± 19 PPM, respectively; whereas iCP OES provided the results by 0, 240, and 830 mg/L AgNPs presence on liquid solutions. The Scanning electron microscopy analysis (SEM) exhibited uniform and clear distributions of AgNP on glass surface. The SEM-deployed energy-disruptive X-ray (EDX) and elemental mapping analysis also reflects the clear presence of AgNPs on the surface of glass. Both the treated and untreated glass fabrics were subjected to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The luminescent features of the AgNP treated glass fabrics were also further investigated to assess the color properties. The treated glass substrates also provided bright and brilliant color appearances after treating with AgNPs. Overall, this method of AgNP synthesis would be a benchmark to create new routes of ecofriendly materials for the coloration of woven glass fabrics.