Glass Jars Research Articles

The impact of packaging design on the perceived quality of honey by Brazilian consumers

This study aimed to construct and validate a scale to evaluate the honey consumer perception. Furthermore, the impact of packaging design on honey’s perceived quality and purchase intention was evaluated. Brazilian consumers (n = 343) answered the 21 self-descriptive statements of the scale using 7-point Likert scales. Furthermore, six different packages were presented, and the consumer perception (health, origin, safety, and taste) and purchase intention were evaluated using 5-point and 7-point Likert scales, respectively. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and PLS path modeling were employed. The validated scale had 13 self-descriptive statements (indicators with factor loading higher than 0.4) and showed discriminant (heterotrait-monotrait ratio values < 0.85) and convergent validity (average variance extracted > 0.4) and adequate reliability (composite reliability > 0.70). The consumers associated honey with health properties and a safe product. Furthermore, they preferred honey purchased directly from producers due to its perceived quality (natural and pure). Honey packaged in glass jars with or without dipper was perceived as healthier, tastier, higher quality, and from trusted origin. Furthermore, glass jars were considered more practical and sustainable packages.

Effect of The Type Impermeable Storage Container on The Quality of Rice Seeds

Rice as a food source that provides carbohydrates for the people of Indonesia, especially South Kalimantan, needs to be increased in production so that the community's needs can be met. The quality of seeds will determine the productivity and quality of seeds. Storage treatment is one way that can be done to maintain seeds until the seeds are planted, but storage treatment that is too long will cause seed deterioration or seed viability to decrease. The decline in seed quality caused by keeping in open spaces storage causes fluctuations in temperature and humidity due to direct interaction with the environment. Efforts to control factors that can affect the rate of seed deterioration can be executed, among others, by using an impermeable storage container. Impermeable storage containers do not support the exchange of air from the environment to the inside of the storage container. The purpose of this study was to determine which type of impermeable storage container is best for the quality of rice seeds. The research has been at the Laboratory of Center for Supervision and Certification of Food Crops and Horticulture Seeds, South Kalimantan Province, Banjarbaru City and used a one-factor CRD with w 0 (+) (cans), w 0 (-) (plastic sack), w 1 (glass jars), w 2 (plastic jars) and w 3 (aluminum foil). The results of the study indicated that the use of impermeable storage containers had a significant effect on moisture content, germination, and maximum growth potential of rice seeds. The use of the best impermeable storage container for the moisture content of rice seeds in the storage period of 45 days after storage (das) was found in the w 3 treatment (aluminum foil) of 11.63%, while the parameter of germination in the 15 das was 63.83%, the maximum growth potential in the storage period of 45 and 90 das was found in the w 1 treatment (glass jar) of 73.50% and w 0 (+) (cans) of 70.69%.

A Case-study: Temperature Distribution and Heat Penetration in Steam-air Retort, Using Glass Jars and Retort Pouches

Abstract Retort thermal sterilization of canned food is a technology, which allows preserving food products by applying heat on packaged food in retorts (autoclaves) at temperatures up to 121 °C. The thermodynamics of the processes in the retort are influenced by the product stacking method in the basket and packaging material. The aims of this study were: 1) to analyse and compare temperature distribution (TD) and the slowest to heat location in the steam-air retort stacked with glass jars and with retort pouches; 2) to analyse and compare commercial product heat penetration (HP) characteristics in glass jars and retort pouches. Temperature measurements were performed with wireless thermocouples. The come-up time (heating phase) required to achieve in the retort temperature uniformity criteria of ±0.5 °C, is 28 min when the retort is stacked with glass jars, and 24 min when the retort is stacked with retort pouches. Total calculated process time (holding phase), necessary to achieve the sterilization value (F0 of 3 min), for sample in glass jars was 67 min, but in retort pouches – 62 min. The overall sterilization process time difference between two considered packaging types was 9 min, which is significant amount of time in the context of commercial processing. The study clearly shows the necessity to perform the Temperature Distribution and Heat Penetration study, as each packaging material, stacking method and product will affect sterilization process thermodynamics and, therefore, the overall process time and consequently - the safety of food product.

Low-cost seed storage technologies for development impact of small-scale seed saving entities in tropical climates

SummarySeeds can deteriorate rapidly under high heat and humidity, making it challenging and potentially costly to store orthodox seeds effectively in the tropics, thereby affecting agriculture development. This work explores the effectiveness of novel, low-cost technologies for storing seeds in warm, humid, resource-constrained environments, focusing on maintaining the viability of seeds already dry prior to storage. Seeds of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), and velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC) were kept for 12 months under roofed, outdoor screened porches. Seed moisture content prior to treatment was 6, 9, and 12% for okra, sorghum, and velvet bean, respectively. Treatments, replicated four times at each of two locations (USA [Florida] and Thailand), were technology suites involving vacuum drawn on glass jars with a modified bicycle pump, vacuum drawn on polyethylene bags with an electric vacuum sealing machine, desiccant (calcium oxide powder or zeolite Drying Beads® at a 2:1 ratio, by weight, of seeds to desiccant) in glass jars, and nontreated seeds in paper bags. Ambient temperature and humidity were variable and high, reaching over 35 °C and 83%, respectively, at both locations. Under these conditions, okra and sorghum germination percentages (across locations) without treatment declined from over 90% initially to 30 and 0%, respectively, by month 12. Both vacuum treatments and calcium oxide maintained high germination of okra (≈ 80%) and velvet bean seeds (nearly 100%) across locations. Glass, however, was superior to polyethylene in maintaining vacuum and stabilizing the moisture content of okra and sorghum seeds. Only zeolite reduced seed moisture below initial values, drying seeds to ultradry levels of &lt;5%. With zeolite, sorghum germination stayed near 70% over time, while okra and velvet bean germination fell to &lt;40 and &lt;20%, respectively, by month 12, suggesting that, with the beads kept with dry seeds in storage rather than removing the beads after reaching a target level of seed moisture, the 2:1 ratio of seed-to-bead weight was too high for seeds that are sensitive to ultralow moisture. Findings have practical implications for inexpensive household- or community-level seed storage to deliver development impact.

Green chitosan: thiourea dioxide cleaning gel for manganese stains on granite and glass substrates

The cleaning or removal of manganese stains on Cultural Heritage has not been much tested or successful so far. The aim of this article was to assess a new green cleaning gel for Mn-rich black-blue stains on different substrates. The black-blue stains were characterized at optical and chemical level through colour-related data, optical microscope, FTIR, XRF and XPS. Mn-stained granite found on historical churches at Vila Real (North of Portugal) and glass jars of Leclanché cells, belonging to the ISEP’s Museum (Portugal) collection, were the ideal case studies to test the efficiency of chitosan: thiourea dioxide (TD) cleaning gel. TD proved to be the best candidate to reduce insoluble manganese oxides, over Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride and Hydroxymethanesulfinic Acid. Cleaning assays performed on stained granite samples collected at a historical quarry and in situ application on stained granite churches allowed removal of the stains to a satisfactory level. Similar results were obtained on stained glass jars.

Circular economy for sustainable packaging

Circular economy for sustainable packaging

Antioxidant activity of thymol essential oil and inhibition of polyphenol oxidase enzyme: a case study on the enzymatic browning of harvested longan fruit

BackgroundEnzymatic browning and microbial decay are the primary concerns that limit the postharvest life of longan fruit. These factors can be effectively prevented by sulfur dioxide (SO2) fumigation; however, due to the safety and regulatory issues of SO2, other alternatives must be tested. In this study, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of thymol were determined against the pericarp browning and decay of longan fruit. A simple, cost-effective method was designed for its controlled release. Thymol vapors were obtained from the slurry prepared from 5 g of thymol in 5 mL of distilled water in a 180-mL glass jar, hermetically sealed and allowed for 24 h to accumulate the vapors in the headspace. Fruits were packed in polyethylene packages and fumigated with thymol through a septum. Non-fumigated fruits served as control and all the packages were stored at 25 ± 2 °C for 8 days.ResultsThymol significantly (P ≤ 0.05) retarded pericarp browning (BI), delayed the decay incidence (DI) and maintained high color values of longan pericarp. Thymol also retained high total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents, inhibited polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities than those in control. A high coefficient of correlation of PPO with BI (r = 0.86), L* (r = − 0.94), weight loss (r = 0.93), TPC (r = − 0.77), TFC (r = − 0.80), DI (r = 0.92) and many other quality and color parameters indicated the antioxidant efficacy of thymol. Longer shelf life of 8 days with good quality attributes was obtained in thymol-treated fruits than 6 days in control.ConclusionThymol could be effectively used as a natural antioxidant for a wide range of fruits.Graphic abstract

Low-waste innovative production technology for canned quince compote, enriched with natural nutrients

The enterprises processing plant raw materials generate a fairly large amount of waste (secondary products), which can play an important role in solving food, environmental, and energy problems. This work improves the technology for the production of canned quince compote using a two-stage microwave heating of fruits and fruits filled with syrup prepared from infusion obtained from secondary products of cutting and peeling. It has been established that two-stage heating of fruits and microwave treatment of fruits filled with syrup in a glass jar promote an increase in the initial temperature of the product in the jars before sealing and thereby reduces the heat treatment modes. The infusion obtained from the secondary products of the heat-treated fruits provides a significant increase of biologically active components in the finished product. The experimental studies were used to construct a mathematical model for calculating the initial temperature of the product before sterilization, which makes it possible to establish intensive pasteurization modes. New modes of pasteurization of quince compote in various containers have been established. Physicochemical studies confirm the high quality of the finished product in terms of the content of biologically active components.

Effect of aqueous extract of lemon (Citrus limon) on Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae tolerance in malaria vector control in Dogbo district in south-western Republic of Benin, West Africa

The use of chemical insecticides causes important damages to environment and human health and there is a need to search for alternative solutions. This study aims to investigate on the effect of aqueous extract of lemon in Anopheles gambiae s.l. larvae tolerance in couffo department in south-western Republic of Benin, West Africa. Larvae of Anopheles gambiae s.l mosquitoes were collected from breeding sites using the dipping method in July 2020 during the rainy season in Dogbo district. A batch of 15 larvae of fourth instar were exposed to a mixture of aqueous extract of lemon with distilled water saturated with oxygen containing in each of five glass jars or test cups of same dimensions contained each 48 ml distilled water saturated with oxygen plus 2 ml of aqueous extract of lemon (Citrus limon) and one control jar containing no trace of aqueous extract of lemon. Larval mortality was recorded after 24hours, 48hours and 72hours exposure. The results show that the use of aqueous extract of lemon causes full-grown Anopheles larvae to die by suffocation. After the application of this mixture, the larvae of four instars cannot breathe. The use of aqueous extract of lemon is effective method for disturbing the siphonal respiration of mosquito larvae. Aqueous extract of lemon is effective method for mosquito larvae control.

Effect of coconut oil on Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae tolerance in malaria vector control in Dogbo district in south-western Benin, West Africa

The use of chemical insecticides causes important damages to environment and human health and there is a need to search for alternative solutions. This study aims to investigate on the effect of coconut oil on Anopheles gambiae sensu lato larvae tolerance in malaria vector control in Dogbo district in south-western Benin, West Africa. Larvae of Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes were collected from breeding sites using the dipping method in May 2020 during the rainy season in Dogbo district. A batch of 25 larvae of fourth instar were exposed to a mixture of coconut oil with distilled water saturated with oxygen containing in each of five glass jars or test cups of same dimensions contained each 48 ml distilled water saturated with oxygen plus 2 ml of coconut oil and one control jar containing no trace of coconut oil. Larval mortality was recorded after 24 hours, 48 hours and 72hours exposure. The results show that the use of coconut oil causes full-grown Anopheles larvae to die by suffocation. After the application of this mixture, the larvae of four instars cannot breathe. The use of coconut oil is effective method for disturbing the siphonal respiration of mosquito larvae. Coconut oil is effective method for mosquito larvae control.

Measuring Daphnia life history in the wild: The efficacy of individual field cages.

Life‐history studies are often conducted in a laboratory environment where it is easy to assay individual animals. However, factors such as temperature, photoperiod, and nutrition vary greatly between laboratory and field environments, making it difficult to compare results. Consequently, there is a need to study individual life histories in the field, but this is currently difficult in systems such as Daphnia where it is not possible to mark and track individual animals. Here, we present a proof of principle study showing that field cages are a reliable method for collecting individual‐level life‐history data in Daphnia magna. As a first step, we compared the life history of paired animals reared outside and inside cages to test the hypothesis that cages allow free flow of algal food resources. We then used a seminatural mesocosm setting to compare the performance of individual field cages versus glass jars refilled with mesocosm water each day. We found that cages did not inhibit food flow and that differences in life histories between three clones detected in the jar assays were also detectable using the much less labor‐intensive field cages. We conclude that field cages are a feasible approach for collecting individual‐level life‐history data in systems such as Daphnia where individual animals cannot be marked and tracked.

Ability of dog owners to identify their dogs by smell

Several studies report that olfactory cues play an important role in human life; humans are essentially able to recognize other family members and friends by their odors. Moreover, recent studies report that humans are also able to identify odors of non-conspecifics. The aim of this study was to determine whether dog owners are able to identify their dogs by smell and distinguish the odor of their own dogs from those of other dogs. A total of 53 dog owners (40 females and 13 males of different ages) volunteered to take part in this study. A number of the participants (17) owned 2 dogs; these owners took part in the study twice (i.e., working with only one dog at a time). Sterile gauze pads were used to collect odor samples from the dogs. Each pad was placed in its own sterile glass jar (750 ml) with a twist off lid until the experiment commenced. Participants were asked to identify their own dog´s odor from a line-up of 6 glass containers. This experiment demonstrated that dog owners are capable of identifying their dogs by smell on a significant level. Results of this study additionally suggested that male owners outperformed their female counterparts in the identification process. Moreover, dog owners whose dogs were housed outside had a higher success rate in identification than did participants who kept their dogs indoors with them. The dog owners found it easier to identify dogs that had been neutered, fed dry dog food and bathed less frequently. In general, younger dog owners tended to have more success when attempting to identify their dogs than did their older counterparts.

Feasibility of near-infrared spectroscopy for species identification and parasitological diagnosis of freshwater snails of the genus Biomphalaria (Planorbidae).

Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) has been applied in epidemiological surveillance studies of insect vectors of parasitic diseases, such as the Dengue’s mosquitoes. However, regarding mollusks, vectors of important worldwide helminth diseases such as schistosomiasis, fascioliasis and angiostrongyliasis, NIRS studies are rare. This work proposes to establish and standardize the procedure of data collection and analysis using NIRS applied to medical malacology, i.e., to mollusk vectors identifications. Biomphalaria shells and live snails were analyzed regarding several operational aspects, such as: moisture, shell side and position of the live animal for acquisition of NIR spectra. Representative spectra of Biomphalaria shells and live snails were collected using an average of 50 scans per sample and resolution of 16 cm-1. For shells, the sample should first be dried for a minimum of 15 days at an average temperature of 26±1°C, and then placed directly in the equipment measurement window with its left side facing the light beam. Live animals should be dried with absorbent paper; placed into a glass jar, and analyzed similarly to the shells. Once standardized, the technique was applied aiming at two objectives: identification of Biomphalaria using only the shells and parasitological diagnosis for Schistosoma mansoni infection. The discrimination of the three Biomphalaria species intermediate hosts of S. mansoni only by shell has technical limit due to the scarcity of organic material. Nevertheless, it was possible to differentiate B. straminea from B. tenagophila and B. glabrata with 96% accuracy. As for the parasitological diagnosis, it was possible to differentiate infected mollusks shedding S. mansoni cercariae from the non-infected ones with 82, 5% accuracy. In conclusion, the Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR’s) technique has proven to be an innovative and sound tool to detect infection by S. mansoni in the different species of Biomphalaria intermediate hosts.

TECHNOLOGY OF APPLE COMPOTE PRODUCTION FOR BABY FOOD WITH A HIGH CONTENT OF NATURAL INGREDIENTS

The most promising direction of improving food technologies for baby food is the use of new technical solutions that ensure maximum preservation of natural ingredients contained in the initial plant raw materials in the finished product. To do this, instead of the traditional process of blanching in water, microwave blanching is proposed directly in glass jars in microwave EMF (ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic field) with a frequency of 2400 MHz for 1.5 minutes, after which syrup is poured at a temperature level of 980C, prepared with the addition of infusion extracted from secondary products, followed by sealing of cans and sterilization according to a new gentle sterilization regime with a preliminary increase in the temperature level of the semi-finished product by processing it in microwave EMF before sealing cans, for 1.5 min.

Formulation of Vegetable Cocktail Filling Solutions (Chayote, Tomato and Carrots) on Consumer Acceptance

Chayote, tomato, and carrot are vegetable commodities that are easily found in Indonesia. The way to increase the economic value of chayote, tomatoes, and carrots is to diversify products, one of which is processed cocktail products. Cocktails candied products are package in cups, jars, or cans with add of syrup as a filling medium or solution. In general, cocktails did make from fruits, so that to process cocktails from vegetables, proper formulations and methods are needed to be well received by consumers. This research will study the exact formulation in the manufacture of products cocktail vegetable filler that cocktail of vegetables acceptable to consumers based on quality organoleptic and chemical quality (pH and total dissolved solids). The raw materials used consist of chayote, tomatoes, carrots, sugar, water, and citric acid. The packaging material used is a glass jar. The data analysis technique in this study used the D-optimal Mixture Design method to get the most optimum formula. The results of one research on organoleptic quality in the form of hedonic tests on the color, aroma, texture, and taste of vegetable cocktails based on ANAVA Design Expert processing showed results that were not significantly different from the 16 recommended formulations. The results of the chemical quality research in the form of pH and TDS showed different results. Based on the organoleptic quality and chemical quality as a predictive model, the optimal formulation was obtained with a ratio of 62.511% water, 37.138% sugar, and 0.352% citric acid with a desirability value 0.823.

Synanthropy of dipterans collected in cattle feces in Brazil

Cattle feces accumulated in pastures and stables constitute an especially favorable microhabitat for the development of a rich and heterogeneous arthropod fauna. This study determined the species of Diptera of Medical, Veterinary and Agricultural importance present in forest, rural and urban areas in the municipality of Monte Alegre, state Minas Gerais Southeast region, Brazil in the period from March to November 2006. The dipterans pupae were individually placed in glass jars until the emergence of the dipterans. A total of 372 dipteran pupae were collected, 107 in the forest area, 194 in the rural area and 71 in the urban area. Percentage of dipterans in forest, rural and urban areas were 28.7%, 52.2% and 19.1%, respectively. Sorcophagula occidua (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) was the most frequent species with 42.2%. Regarding the synanthropy index of the species Archisepsis scabra (Loew, 1861) (Diptera: Sepsidae) Palaeosepsis pusio (Schiner, 1868) (Diptera: Sepsidae), Brontaea quadristigma (Thomson, 1869) (Diptera: Muscidae) and S. occidua presented an index of 16.0%, - 64%, +18.4% and +7.7%, respectively. Dipterans constitute the adequate model for the study of synanthropy, not only for their ecological importance, but also for their medical-sanitary aspect.

Rice weevil management through application of silica nano particle and physico-chemical and cooking characterization of the treated rice

Nano technology is an alternative method for pest management and can be applied to minimize the post harvest storage losses due to insect infestation. A study was undertaken with an aim to control the stored grain pests, particularly rice weevil using silica nano particle (SNP). The nano-silica of 30 nm size was taken for the experiment. Entomotoxic effect of five different doses of SNP was tested against rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae. The effects of SNP mixing with grain at the rate of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 g/kg of rice, stored in glass jars and gunny bags were examined. The cumulative mortality rate was studied at 1, 2, 4, 7 and14 days of exposure. Mortality rate of 80 and 97.4% were achieved after 7 and 14 days of storage by application of SNP at the rate of 0.5 g per kg of rice. Residual persistency of samples treated with optimum dose of SNP was studied by washing with distilled water at the ratio of 1:2 (sample to water ratio) for three times and the samples were studied under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Single washing prior to cooking was found to be sufficient enough for removing the SNP from treated rice and can be recommended safe for cooking and consumption. This process can also prove to be an eco-friendly and efficient pest management technology. The technology is suitable for industrial application in large scale warehouses and storage godowns to control stored grain insect pests.

Efektivitas ekstrak bawang putih (Allium sativum l) terhadap uji eber dan organoleptik pada pengawetan daging kambing (Capra aegagrus hircus)

This study used two kinds of examinations, namely eber and organoleptic on peanut goat meat (Capra aegagrus hircus) using garlic extract (Allium Sativum L). This study is an experimental study using a completely randomized design (CRD) with a sampling technique with four treatments and six replications for each treatment P0 (without treatment), P1 (20%), P2 (40%) and P3 ( 60%). Goat meat samples were taken from the Pucang market in Surabaya. When taken at 6 am, the goat meat that was taken weighed 100 grams. Samples were taken using sterilized glass jars and put in a cool box and brought to the laboratory by soaking for 2 hours then After 2 hours the goat meat was taken, drained and put in a plastic container, tied with rubber, covered with aluminum foil and allowed to stand at room temperature for 48 hours. After 48 hours the goat meat was taken and continued with the Eber test and organoleptic tests. Goat meat samples were assessed by 20 panelists. Each treatment was observed on the organoleptic test and the eber test. The results that have been obtained are then analyzed using the One Way ANOVA test. The results showed that there was an effect of the effectiveness of garlic extract (Allium sativum L) on mutton beans (Capra aegagrus hircus) and the results for organoleptic tests (color, texture, aroma and taste) were higher at a concentration of 60%. And for the Eber test, the results showed that there was no effect of garlic extract on peanut goat meat.

Production of Hydrogen by Purple Non-Sulfur Bacteria Rhodopseudomonas yavorovii IMV B-7620

Hydrogen production by microorganisms is studied by using different sources of carbon for their cultivation. Purple non-sulfur bacteria are capable of producing molecular hydrogen phototrophically with the simultaneous accumulation of biomass on organic substrates that may be waste from various industries. That fact makes the study of this group of microorganisms very much promising. The aim. The determination of the ability of purple non-sulfur bacteria Rhodopseudomonas yavorovii IMV B-7620 to produce hydrogen consuming different organic substrates and their effects on the main metabolic indicators of culture growth. Methods. Bacteria were grown in 100 mL glass jars in liquid modified ATCC No. 1449 medium for 14 days at temperature +27...+30ºC and at constant light (200 lux). Biomass accumulation and hydrogen production in the cultivation medium were determined using sodium acetate (12 and 36 mM), malate (12 and 36 mM), succinate (36 mM), glucose (36 mM), starch (36 mM), sodium citrate (36, 60, 90 mM). Biomass was determined turbidimetrically, the composition of the gas phase was determined using a gas chromatograph LHM-8-MD, redox potential and pH were estimated potentiometrically. The volume of gas synthesized was measured on a syringe scale. Determination of the content of organic acids in the culture liquid was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Results. The utilization of organic compounds (malate, glucose, starch, sodium citrate) by R. yavorovii IMV B-7620 is accompanied by hydrogen synthesis. Under the growth with sodium acetate, bacteria produce small amounts of succinate. The malate metabolism results in the production of small amounts of fumarate on the 7th day of cultivation and isocitrate on the 10th day of cultivation. On the 14th day of cultivation, the cultural liquid contains a small amount of succinate. On the 14th day of cultivation, R. yavorovii IMV B-7620 produces 7.64±0.04% of hydrogen in the medium with malate (36 mM). However, the maximum concentration of hydrogen in the gas phase (21.26±0.08%) was gained on the 14th day of cultivation in the medium with sodium citrate. The maximum concentration of H2 in the gas phase during the growth in the medium with sodium citrate (60 mM) and NH4+ was 27.83±5.46% on the 7th day of cultivation and 35.69±0.40% with increasing concentration of sodium citrate up to 90 mM on the 10th day of cultivation. The total volume of hydrogen was 25.54±0.49 mL of H2 during the growth of R. yavorovii IMV B-7620 in the medium with 90 mM sodium citrate and NH4+. That is 1.5 times more than the amount of H2 produced during the growth of bacteria in the medium with 60 mM sodium citrate with the addition of NH4+. Conclusion. Purple non-sulfur bacteria R. yavorovii IMV B-7620 synthesize hydrogen during photofermentation of organic compounds. Bacteria were isolated from the water of Yavoriv Lake (Lviv region, Ukraine) formed as a result of flooding of the sulfur quarry. Bacteria consume sodium citrate, malate, glucose, starch and emit hydrogen. The total volume of hydrogen during the growth of R. yavorovii IMV B-7620 in the medium with 90 mM sodium citrate and NH4+ is 25.54±0.49 mL H2.

The Effect of Sucrose Supplementation on the Micropropagation of Salix viminalis L. Shoots in Semisolid Medium and Temporary Immersion Bioreactors

The effect of sucrose concentration on the micropropagation of axillary shoots of willow was investigated. The following factors were examined: the culture system (semisolid medium in glass jars versus liquid medium in temporary immersion bioreactors), the type of explant (apical and basal sections), the frequency of immersion, and CO2 enrichment. Shoots and leaf growth were significantly higher in RITA® bioreactors than in the jars for all the sucrose treatments. Apical or basal sections of willow cultured in bioreactors under high light intensity (150 µmol m−2 s−1) and ventilated six times a day with CO2-enriched air were successfully proliferated without sucrose, whereas shoots cultured in jars did not proliferate well if sucrose concentration was 0.5% or lower. More roots were formed when sucrose was added to the medium. Shoots cultured in bioreactors were successfully acclimatized irrespective of the sucrose treatment and the root biomass when transferred to ex vitro conditions. This is the first report of photoautotrophic willow micropropagation, our results confirm the importance of proper gaseous exchange to attain autotrophy during in vitro propagation.