Extraction Of Ginsenosides Research Articles

Matrix solid phase dispersion extraction of ginsenosides in the leaves of Panax ginseng C.M. Mey

The matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) was applied to the extraction of eight kinds of ginsenosides from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.M. Mey. The experimental conditions were examined and optimised. The extracts were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). When the diatomaceous earth was used as dispersant and 75% methanol was used as elution solvent, the highest extraction yields of the eight kinds of ginsenosides were obtained. For comparison, the reflux extraction was applied. The extraction yields obtained by the proposed method were comparable with those obtained by the reflux extraction. The proposed method is convenient, time-saving, and organic solvent minimising.

A comparison between high hydrostatic pressure extraction and heat extraction of ginsenosides from ginseng (Panax ginseng CA Meyer)

To determine biomaterial components, the components must first be transferred into solution; thus extraction is the first step in biomaterial analysis. High hydrostatic pressure technology was used for ginsenoside extraction from ginseng roots. In the extraction of fresh and red ginseng, high hydrostatic pressure extraction (HHPE) was found to be more effective than heat extraction (HE). In fresh ginseng extraction under HHPE, total ginsenosides (1602.2 µg mL⁻¹) and ginsenoside metabolite (132.6 µg mL⁻¹) levels were slightly higher than those under HE (1259.0 and 78.7 µg mL⁻¹), respectively. In red ginseng, similar results indicated total ginsenoside and ginsenoside metabolite amounts according to the extraction methods. Most volatile compounds by HHPE were higher than by HE treatment. HHPE of red ginseng was conducted under four pressures: 0.1 MPa (1 atm), 30, 50, and 80 MPa. Total sugar, uronic acid, and polyphenol amounts increased until 30 MPa of pressure and then showed decreasing tendencies. Total ginsenoside and ginsenoside metabolite contents linearly increased with increasing pressure, and a maximum was reached at 80 MPa for the metabolites. HHPE used for red ginseng processing contributes to enhanced extraction efficiencies of functional materials such as ginsenosides through cell structure modification.

A method of extracting ginsenosides from Panax ginseng by pulsed electric field

The objective of this study was to develop and optimize a pulsed electric field (PEF) extraction method. Various experimental conditions, including electric field intensity and frequency, were evaluated against extraction methods. The content of six major ginsenosides (Rg(1), Re, Rb(1), Rc, Rb(2), and Rd) were quantified by HPLC. The results indicated that the highest yield of the ginsenoside is 12.69 mg/g by PEF using the conditions of 20 kV/cm electric field intensity, 6000 Hz frequency, 70% ethanol-water solution, and 150 L/h velocity. The yield of the ginsenoside of PEF extraction method is higher than the other five methods, such as microwave-assisted extraction, heat reflux extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, accelerated solvent extraction, and ultrahigh pressure extraction, The whole extraction process of PEF takes less than 1 s, which is much less than the heat reflux extraction method for 6 h and even newly used technique ultrahigh pressure extraction method of 2 min. The high efficiency, shorter extraction times, and lower energy cost of PEF extraction method can be applied in the industrial production of saponins from Panax ginseng. The PEF extraction method is a promising and constructive method to extract ginsenosides.

Ultra high pressure extraction (UHPE) of ginsenosides from Korean Panax ginseng powder

To elucidate the potential of ultra high pressure (UHP) processing on ginseng, effect of UHP on extraction yield, crude saponin content, and ginsenoside contents of ginseng powder was investigated. Ginseng slurries (70, 80, and 90% moisture content) were put into a retortable pouch then hermetically sealed. These mixtures were pressurized at room temperature up to 600 MPa for 5–15 min. UHP ginseng showed relatively higher extraction yield (312.2–387.1 mg) and amounts of crude saponins (19.3–32.6 mg/g ginseng) than control ginseng (189.9 and 17.5 mg/g ginseng, respectively). Correlation coefficient between extraction yield and crude saponin content was relatively low (R2=0.2908). In high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, amounts of measured total ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1) increased with UHP processing but pressure level and pressing time did not proportionally influence the ginsenosides content. This work shows a potential of UHP processing on extraction of ginseng powder and provides basic information on UHP extraction of ginseng powder.

Foam Floatation-SPE for Separation and Concentration of Trace Ginsenosides

A foam floatation (FF) process and a solid phase extraction (SPE) process were synchronously applied to the separation and concentration of ginsenosides from extracts of Panax quinquefolius L. The selectivity and sensitivity for the determination of the ginsenosides were improved. The experimental conditions, including volumes of the sample solutions, pH value of sample solution, the flow rate of nitrogen gas and floatation time for FF and elution conditions for SPE were examined and optimized. Average recoveries for protopanaxadiol (PPD) ginsenosides Rc, Rb2, Rb3, Rd, and Rb1 were between 84.5 and 98.8%. The relative standard deviations were lower than 6.73% for the PPD ginsenosides. The results were satisfactory since both FF and SPE were synchronously applied to both the separation and concentration. The proposed method is not only of importance for the concentration and separation of ginsenosides in extracts from P. quinquefolius L., but also of great potential in the separation and concentration of trace compounds in the other solution samples.

Extraction of Ginsenosides from American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) Root

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was compared with room temperature extraction (RTE) and reflux temperature extraction (RFX) on the extraction of ginsenosides from fresh American ginseng root. The influence of various factors, i.e. extraction method, solvent type, solvent to sample ratio, extraction time, and the size of sample particles on the extraction of ginsenosides Re, mRb1, Rb1 and total ginsenosides was studied. An 86 to 300% increase in extraction rate was observed with extraction under raised temperature in the microwave. Using microwave energy instead of hotplate-heating for the extraction resulted in a 31 to 96% increase in extraction rate. Visual analysis of the chromatograms of extracts can help the selection of extracting conditions for selectively obtaining specific ginsenosides enriched extracts.

Certification of a pure reference material for the ginsenoside Rg 1

A pure certified reference material (CRM) for the ginsenoside Rg1 was prepared from roots of Panax ginseng by extraction and separation of ginsenosides. The mass fraction of the main component (ginsenoside Rg1) in the reference material was determined and its uncertainty was assessed from various input quantities, such as organic impurities, residual moisture, residual solvent, ash, and insoluble matters. To measure these input quantities, HPLC/CAD, Karl Fischer (KF) coulometry, gravimetry, and GC/FID were used. Homogeneity and long-term stability of the reference material are discussed. The certified mass fraction of Rg1 in the reference material is 0.974 ± 0.006 (k = 2) with a shelf life of 1 year.

The neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides on calcineurin activity and tau phosphorylation in SY5Y cells.

Calcineurin (CN) is a Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase expressed at high levels in brain. Many findings have shown that calcineurin plays an important role in tau hyperphosphorylation, which is one of the neuropathologic features in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Based on the molecular screening model using p-nitrophenyl phosphate (p-NPP) as a substrate for preliminary screening and (32)P-labeled 19-residue phosphopeptide as a specific substrate for final determination, we found that the total ginsenoside extracts from stems and leaves of Panax ginseng (GSL) could enhance the phosphatase activity of purified CN. In the human neuroblastoma cells SY5Y, inhibition of CN by cyclosporine A (CsA) could induce hyperphosphorylation of tau at multiple sites, accompanied with oxidative stress. Pretreatment of the cells with GSL prior to CsA exposure could alleviate CsA-induced CN inhibition and tau hyperphosphorylation to some degree. Further oxidative parameters demonstrated that GSL caused increased SOD activity and content of SH significantly. It is speculated that GSL weakens CsA-induced CN inhibition through the antioxidant mechanisms. Although our results indicate that GSL may have neuroprotective effects on some characteristic features of AD, the chemical compositions of GSL and their potential for affecting the disease mechanism need to be further studied.

Extraction of ginsenosides from a blend of wheat flour and ginseng powder

This study explored conditions for maximum extraction of ginsenosides (G) from a blend of wheat flour (WF) and ginseng powder (GP). WF (0.9 g), GP (0.1 g), or WF–GP (0.9 g WF + 0.1 g GP) was mixed with distilled water (4.5, 0.5, or 5.0 ml, respectively) and heated at temperatures from 25 to 90 °C. Individual G (Rb1, Rc, and Rd) were fractionated and identified by RP-HPLC. Interactions between WF components and G, including interactions between the wheat starch fraction (SF) and G and between the gluten fraction (GF) and G, were observed in WF–GP heated at 90 °C. The degree of interactions between the SF and G was greater than that between the GF and G. The interactions between WF components and G decreased the amounts of G extractable from the heated WF–GP. The interactions between WF components and G could be disrupted by increasing ultrasonic extraction time to 90 min for maximum extraction.

Effects of ultrahigh pressure extraction conditions on yields and antioxidant activity of ginsenoside from ginseng

Ultrahigh pressure technique was employed to extract ginsenosides from roots of ginseng ( Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). The optimal conditions for ultrahigh pressure extraction (UPE) of total ginsenosides were quantified by UV–vis spectrophotometry with the ginsenoside Re as standard, the signal ginsenosides were quantified by HPLC and ELSD with ginsenosides Re, Rg 1, Rb 1, Rc and Rb 2 as standards. Orthogonal design was applied to evaluate the effects of four independent factors (extraction pressure, extraction temperature, extraction time and ethanol concentration) on the yield and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of ginsenoside, which are based on microwave extraction (ME), ultrasound extraction (UE), soxhlet extraction (SE) and heat reflux extraction (HRE) method. The results showed that UPE method can produce ginsenoside with the highest yield and the best radical scavenging activity compared to other used ones. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of the plant cells after ultrahigh pressure treatment was obtained to provide visual evidence of the disruption effect. The optimal conditions of UPE were obtained at extraction pressure 200 MPa, extraction temperature 60 °C, extraction time 5 min and ethanol concentration 70%. The results of UPE showed obvious advantages in higher efficiency, shorter extraction times, at lower energy costs. In addition, the UPE can be carried out at lower temperatures without any chemical degradation reactions which are very suitable for the thermally unstable active ingredients extraction and separation.

Ginsenoside Re suppresses electromechanical alternans in cat and human cardiomyocytes

Ginseng botanicals are increasingly used as complementary or alternative medicines for a variety of cardiovascular diseases, yet little is known about their cellular actions in cardiac muscle. Electromechanical alternans (EMA) is a proarrhythmic cardiac abnormality that results from disturbances of intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. This study sought to determine whether a purified ginsenoside extract of ginseng, Re, exerts effects to suppress EMA and to gain insight into its mechanism of action. Alternans was induced by electrically pacing cardiomyocytes at room temperature. Re (> or = 10 nM) reversibly suppressed EMA recorded from cat ventricular and atrial myocytes and Langendorff-perfused cat hearts. In cat ventricular myocytes, Re reversibly suppressed intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) transient alternans. Re exerted no significant effects on baseline action potential configuration or sarcolemmal L-type Ca(2+) current (I(Ca,L)), Na(+) current, or total K(+) conductance. In human atrial myocytes, Re suppressed mechanical alternans and exerted no effect on I(Ca,L). In cat ventricular myocytes, Re increased [Ca(2+)](i) transient amplitude and decreased sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) content, resulting in an increase in fractional SR Ca(2+) release. In SR microsomes isolated from cat ventricles, Re had no effect on SR Ca(2+) uptake. Re increased the open probability of ryanodine receptors (RyRs), i.e., SR Ca(2+)-release channels, isolated from cat ventricles and incorporated into planar lipid bilayers. We concluded that ginsenoside Re suppresses EMA in cat atrial and ventricular myocytes, cat ventricular muscle, and human atrial myocytes. The effects of Re are not mediated via actions on sarcolemmal ion channels or action potential configuration. Re acts via a subcellular mechanism to enhance the opening of RyRs and thereby overcome the impaired SR Ca(2+) release underlying EMA.

Effect of CVT-E002™ (COLD-fX®) versus a ginsenoside extract on systemic and gut-associated immune function

CVT-E002™ (sold commercially as COLD-fX®) is a patented, polysaccharide-rich extract of North American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolium) with purported beneficial effects on influenza and the common cold, although its mechanism of action is largely unknown. This study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding CVT-E002™ versus a ginsenoside-containing extract on systemic and gut-associated immune function. For 7 days, male weanling Sprague–Dawley rats ( n = 10/group) were fed one of four diets: control, low CVT-E002™ (450 mg/kg), high CVT-E002™ (900 mg/kg), or ginsenoside (450 mg/kg). Lymphocytes were isolated from spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches, and immune cell proportions and cytokine production were measured. IgA-positive cells in the jejunum were also assayed. CVT-E002™ consumption (particularly at the higher dose) decreased spleen IL-2 and IFN-γ production following ConA and/or LPS stimulation for 24 or 48 h ( P < 0.05). Also, CVT-E002™-fed rats had a lower proportion of total CD3+ cells and activated T cells ( P < 0.05). After 48 h of ConA stimulation, spleen IL-1β production was higher ( P < 0.05) for animals fed the high dose CVT-E002™, whereas TNF-α production did not differ significantly from the control group. Feeding the ginsenoside diet resulted in lower ( P < 0.05) spleen IL-2 production, but the IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-1β response to ConA was not different from control animals at 48 h. A higher proportion of jejunal IgA-positive cells was found in rats fed the ginsenoside diet ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding CVT-E002™ modifies systemic immune responses and appears to affect gut-associated immunity in a manner distinct from that of ginsenoside-containing extracts of North American ginseng.

Parameters affecting the extraction of ginsenosides from the adventitious roots of ginseng ( Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)

Heat reflux method was applied to the extraction of panaxatriol (Rg group) and panaxadiols (Rb group) ginsenosides from fresh; air dried and powered adventitious roots of ginseng ( Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). Four extraction variables, i.e. nature and concentration of solvent, extraction temperature and duration were investigated with respect to the recovery of ginsenosides. The most favorable conditions were obtained by using powdered root material, extracted with 70% ethanol for 6 h at 80 °C. The results obtained with optimized method were compared with ultrasonic- and microwave-assisted extraction methods.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of ginsenosides from ginseng in supercritical CO2

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of ginsenosides from ginseng in supercritical CO2

Ultrasound‐assisted extraction of ginsenosides in supercritical CO2 reverse microemulsions

AbstractUltrasound‐assisted extraction of ginsenosides from ginseng in supercritical CO2 reverse microemulsions formed by bis(2‐ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) was studied. Prior to extraction the ginseng was soaked in water for 12 h. It was found that ultrasound significantly enhanced supercritical CO2 reverse microemulsion extraction. The ginsenoside extraction yield from supercritical CO2 reverse microemulsion with ultrasound of 20 kHz, 15.2 W cm−2 and 3/6 s was 2.63 times that without ultrasound at 24 MPa extraction pressure, 45 °C extraction temperature, 4 h extraction time, 5 MPa separation pressure, 55 °C separation temperature and 2 L h−1 CO2 flow rate with 140 mL of 0.07 mol L−1 AOT/ethanol. The maximum extraction yields of ginsenosides from different concentrations of reverse microemulsions were obtained at different ultrasonic intensities. The extraction yield with 20 kHz ultrasound was higher than that with 38 kHz ultrasound at suitably low intensity; however, it was lower at high intensity. The yield improvement may be basically attributed to the mechanical and thermal effects of ultrasound. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry

Extraction and chromatographic analysis of ginsenosides occurring in roots and leaves of Panax quinquefolium grown in Poland

A wide variety of extraction methods has been employed for the isolation of ginsenosides from plant material. They are e.g.: extraction in Soxhlet apparatus [1], ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) [2], microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) [3], pressurized liquid extraction (PLE, ASE) [4], and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) [5].

Investigation of ginsenosides in different parts and ages of Panax ginseng

Panax ginseng ( P. ginseng) has been used as a traditional medicine for thousands of years. It includes P. ginseng root, leaf, root-hair, rhizome and stem. P. ginseng root is usually considered to be the main part for medicine, and other parts of P. ginseng are neglected. In this paper the content of ginsenosides in different parts and ages of P. ginseng was determined. Separation and determination of seven major ginsenosides, including Rg 1, Re, Rb 1, Rc, Rb 2, Rb 3 and Rd, has been achieved by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector at 203 nm. The extraction of ginsenosides from P. ginseng material was performed by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The results indicate that the content of ginsenosides is higher in the leaf and root-hair, and lower in stem than that in other parts of P. ginseng. The content of ginsenosides in root and root-hair increases with increase in age of P. ginseng from one to five years. However, the total content of ginsenosides in P. ginseng leaf decreases with the increase in age.

Analysis of ginsenosides fromPanax quinquefoliumL. by automated multiple development

Conditions have been established for separation of eight ginsenosides by HPTLC with automated multiple development. The ginsenosides were separated on silica gel 60F 254 with methanol-chloroform mobile phases. Two gradient programs and two different values of the increment in the development distance were compared. Factors affecting extraction of the ginsenosides from leaves were investigated. The results show that AMD is suitable for screening of ginsenosides in extracts from ginseng.

Experiment study on ultrahigh pressure extraction of Ginsenosides

By experiment we investigated the process of extraction of ginsenosides using ultrahigh pressure extraction technique (UPET). First, the influences of different solvents, solvent (ethanol) concentration (v/v), ratio of ginseng mass to solution volume (m/v), pressure (MPa) and extraction time (min) on UPET process were individually investigated by mono-factor experiments. Then the optimum extraction condition was obtained by uniform design and validated by parallel tests. Experiments on different extraction techniques were also conducted. Results show that, comparing with other extraction techniques, such as reflux, ultrasonic, and supercritical CO 2, UPET possesses several advantages, such as higher extraction yield. less extraction time, lower energy consumption and less impurity in extraction liquid.

Extraction of ginsenosides from North American ginseng using modified supercritical carbon dioxide

The root of North American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius) was extracted using conventional solvent techniques (Soxhlet) and using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). SFE was accomplished using modified supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2), with methanol and DMSO as modifiers. At a temperature of 110 °C and a modifier to solid ratio of 4.1 g of modifier per gram of ginseng, the system pressure was found to have no significant effect on the quantity of ginsenosides extracted from 20.7 to 48.3 MPa using CO 2 + methanol. In addition, the process was shown to be mass transfer/desorption limited rather than solubility limited under these conditions. For the studied SFE conditions, up to 90% of the total ginsenosides were extracted compared to conventional methanol Soxhlet, as determined by HPLC analysis. A relatively unknown ginsenoside peak was observed in the HPLC chromatograms for all supercritical extractions, particularly those employing DMSO as a modifier. This peak was identified as 6″/6″″-mono- O-acetyl ginsenoside Rb 1 by LC/MS.