Inflammation Of Gingiva Research Articles

Why is it necessary to screen for periodontal disease in diabetic patients?

Periodontal diseases include gingivitis (inflammation of gingiva caused by the bacterial biofilm) and periodontitis involving loss of the supporting structures around the teeth, respectively cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Diabetes increases the risk of periodontal diseases; the plausible mechanisms are: alterations in the immunoinflammatory response of bacteria, increased bone loss, the decrease in matrix-producing cells to maintain the periodontium, microvascular changes and alteration in collagen synthesis and metabolism. Treatment of periodontitis influence glycemic control in diabetic patients and intervention trial suggests that this can generate a reduction of circulating inflammatory markers and improves metabolic control in diabetic patients. International forums recommend oral examination as a component of medical care for diabetic patients. Our review summarizes current information on the association of diabetes with periodontal disease.

Multifunctional human serum albumin-crosslinked and self-assembling nanoparticles for therapy of periodontitis by anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and osteogenesis

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that can result in the irreversible loss of tooth-supporting tissues and elevate the likelihood and intensity of systemic diseases. The presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and associated related oxidative stress is intricately linked to the progression and severity of periodontal inflammation. Targeted removal of local ROS may serve to attenuate inflammation, improve the unfavorable periodontal microenvironment and potentially reverse ensuing pathological cascades. These ROS scavenging nanoparticles, which possess additional characteristics such as anti-inflammation and osteogenic differentiation, are highly sought after for the treatment of periodontitis. In this study, negative charged human serum albumin-crosslinked manganese-doped self-assembling Prussian blue nanoparticles (HSA-MDSPB NPs) were fabricated. These nanoparticles demonstrate the ability to scavenge multiple ROS including superoxide anion, free hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Additionally, HSA-MDSPB NPs exhibit the capacity to alleviate inflammation in gingiva and alveolar bone both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, HSA-MDSPB NPs have been shown to play a role in promoting the polarization of macrophages from the M1 to M2 phenotype, resulting in reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. More attractively, HSA-MDSPB NPs have been demonstrated to enhance cellular osteogenic differentiation. These properties of HSA-MDSPB NPs contribute to decreased inflammation, extracellular matrix degradation and bone loss in periodontal tissue. In conclusion, the multifunctional nature of HSA-MDSPB NPs provides a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of periodontitis.

Comparative Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Rutin-Based Mouthwash and Diclofenac Sodium: An in-Vitro Evaluation

Background: One of the most common oral inflammatory conditions is Gingivitis. It involves the inflammation of gingiva supporting the tooth. Onset of gingivitis is due to the recurrent deposition of plaque and its inefficient removal. Use the right oral dentifrice and mouthwash to keep the inflammation at bay. Rutin is a natural substance extracted from citrus fruits. This citrus flavonoid is known to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties. Aim: This study aims to formulate a mouthwash with rutin and compare its anti-inflammatory potential with an already commercially anti-inflammatory agent. Materials and Methods: For this in-vitro study two different anti-inflammatory assays were performed using different substrates. The first test performed was the bovine serum albumin anti-inflammatory test and the second one was the egg albumin denaturation test. Results: The results suggest that the rutin mouthwash made in our study shows a similar anti-inflammatory activity as the Diclofenac sodium based formulation. Rutin mouthwash and the Diclofenac sodium have exhibited a non-significance in the percent protein anti-denaturation with the increase in the concentrations ranging from to . Conclusion: Rutin-based mouthwash possesses satisfactory anti-inflammatory activity compared to standard commercial mouthwash.

Mediterranean diet component oleic acid increases protective lipid mediators and improves trabecular bone in a Porphyromonas gingivalis inoculation model.

Therapeutic modulation of bacterial-induced inflammatory host response is being investigated in gingival inflammation and periodontal disease pathology. Therefore, dietary intake of the monounsaturated fatty acid (FA) oleic acid (OA (C18:1)), which is the main component of Mediterranean-style diets, and saturated FA palmitic acid (PA (C16:0)), which is a component of Western-style diets, was investigated for their modifying potential in an oral inoculation model of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Normal-weight C57BL/6-mice received OA- or PA-enriched diets (PA-ED, OA-ED, PA/OA-ED) or normal standard diet for 16 weeks and were inoculated with P. gingivalis/placebo (n=12/group). Gingival inflammation, alveolar bone structure, circulating lipid mediators, and in vitro cellular response were determined. FA treatment of P. gingivalis-lipopolysaccharide-incubated gingival fibroblasts (GFbs) modified inflammatory activation, which only PA exacerbated with concomitant TNF-α stimulation. Mice exhibited no signs of acute inflammation in gingiva or serum and no inoculation- or nutrition-associated changes of the crestal alveolar bone. However, following P. gingivalis inoculation, OA-ED improved oral trabecular bone micro-architecture and enhanced circulating pro-resolving mediators resolvin D4 (RvD4) and 4-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (4-HDHA), whereas PA-ED did not. In vitro experiments demonstrated significantly improved differentiation in RvD4- and 4-HDHA-treated primary osteoblast cultures and reduced the expression of osteoclastogenic factors in GF. Further, P. gingivalis infection of OA-ED animals led to a serum composition that suppressed osteoclastic differentiation in vitro. Our results underline the preventive impact of Mediterranean-style OA-EDs by indicating their pro-resolving nature beyond anti-inflammatory properties.

Reactive Gingival Lesions, Investigations, And Treatment Modalities: Review Article

Background and Objectives: Reactive gingival lesions (RGLs) are benign solitary swellings frequently responding to chronic inflammation of gingiva precipitated by local irritation. The research article was designed to discuss clinical and pathological features, and treatment options of RGLs. These lesions are generally clinically similar but histologically different. Various treatment modalities have been used, including surgical blade excision, laser surgical techniques, electrosurgery and cryosurgery. Laser surgeries present more benefits, especially for the hemorrhagic and vascularized lesions in comparison to others. Conclusions: The incidence of RGLs are secondary precipitated to tissue damage and local irritating factors which are like benign rather than malignant masses. Clinical and histological investigations are designated to classify the nature of RGLs. Improvement of oral health, besides complete removal of local irritants through professional periodic care and maintaining oral cleaning measures, is necessary to avoid the recurrence of these lesions.

Interleukin-17 levels in gingival crevicular fluid of aggressive periodontitis and chronic periodontitis patients.

Interleukin-17 (IL-17) plays an important function in initiation, progression of any inflammatory condition. It is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and considered to be founding member. Periodontitis being an inflammatory condition of periodontium, IL-17 does have a potential role in periodontitis. The current research has shown positive correlation between the IL-17 and severity of periodontitis. Therefore, this research study aimed to evaluate the levels of IL-17 in aggressive periodontitis (AgP), chronic periodontitis (CP), and "healthy gingival sites." A total of 45 selected subjects (90 samples) were equally divided into three different groups. Group 1 (Healthy gingiva on clinical examination): Subjects with healthy gingiva and no evidence of periodontal attachment level (PAL), probing pocket depth (PPD) <3 mm papillary bleeding index (PBI) <1. Group 2 (AgP): Subjects having age <35 years with at least six permanent teeth apart from the incisors and first molars with PPD and PAL ≥5 mm. Group 3 (CP): It consist of subjects with clinical features of inflammation of gingiva with minimum six teeth in each jaw, with PPD ≥4 mm, PAL ≥4 mm. IL-17 levels were analyzed by using Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). It was collected from the sulcus of first maxillary molar sites for quantitative analysis. GCF IL-17 levels in AgP were found to be 1.12 ± 0.29, 1.96 ± 1.71 in CP and 0.64 ± 0.23 in healthy gingival sites. Clinical parameters such as (1) plaque index (Turesky et al., modification of Quigley-Hein), (2) PPD, (3) PBI were higher (significantly) in periodontitis group as compared to healthy gingiva. Positive correlation was found to be significant between levels of IL-17 with PAL and PPD in AgP however in cases of CP, positive correlation of IL-17 levels was found only with PAL but not PPD. Our study shows that the IL-17 levels were comparatively higher in GCF of AgP, CP in comparison to healthy gingiva, but the GCF IL-17 levels were higher in CP as compared to AgP.

Prevalence of Gingivitis in Second Trimester of Pregnancy

Background Gingivitis simply means the inflammation of gingiva. It is a reversible state but can lead to periodontitis. The final result could be the exfoliation of the tooth causing decreased masticatory function leading to a compromised quality of life. Gingivitis in the pregnant woman should be carefully assessed and treated and given special attention. There is rare documentation on the prevalence of gingivitis in pregnancy in the least developed countries.&#x0D; Objective To evaluate the prevalence of gingivitis in the second trimester of pregnancy and assess its relationship with age, parity, education, occupation, gravidity, oral hygiene habit and frequency of brushing.&#x0D; Method An observational descriptive study was conducted among 384 pregnant females in their second trimester in Kathmandu, Nepal. Demographic variables and general information including those related to oral hygiene practices and habits were collected during an interview. Plaque index and Gingival Index was recorded among the patients through full mouth examination at four sites.&#x0D; Result The prevalence of gingivitis in the second trimester of pregnancy was 76.3%. Statistically significant relationship was found between gingivitis and gravida and parity. A relation could not be established between gingivitis with age, education, occupation, oral hygiene habit and frequency of brushing.&#x0D; Conclusion The prevalence of gingivitis is found to be high in Nepalese pregnant women. Special strategies should be introduced targeting the pregnant women of least developed countries to uplift their periodontal health.

Periodontitis: An Oral Disease with Severe Consequences.

Periodontitis, being a multifactorial disorder is found to be the most common oral disease denoted by the inflammation of gingiva and resorption of tooth supporting alveolar bone. The disease being closely linked with fast life style and determined by unhygienic behavioural factors, the internal milieu of oral cavity and formation of plaque biofilm on the dental and gingival surfaces. Porphyromonas gingivalis, being the major keystone pathogen of the periodontal biofilm evokes host immune responses that causes damage of gingival tissues and resorption of bones. The biofilm associated microbial community progressively aggravates the condition resulting in chronic inflammation and finally tooth loss. The disease often maintains bidirectional relationship with different systemic, genetic, autoimmune, immunodeficiency diseases and even psychological disorders. The disease can be diagnosed and predicted by various genetic, radiographic and computer-aided design (CAD) & computer-aided engineering (CAE) and artificial neural network (ANN). The elucidation of genetic background explains the inheritance of the disease. The therapeutic approaches commonly followed include mechanical removal of dental plaque with the use of systemic antibiotics. Awareness generation amongst local people, adoption of good practice of timely tooth brushing preferably with fluoride paste or with nanoconjugate pastes will reduce the chance of periodontal plaque formation. Modern tissue engineering technology like 3D bioprinting of periodontal tissue may help in patient specific flawless regeneration of tooth structures and associated bones.

Honey as a Medium of Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy

Gingivitis is an infection caused by plaque and calculus accumulation. Gingivitis if not treated progress to periodontitis, a more advanced form of gum disease. Periodontal disease was the world's 11th most frequent disease in 2016 according to the World Health Organization. Surgical as well non- surgical periodontal therapies are carried out for periodontal disease treatment. Debridement of supra-gingival and sub-gingival calculus, along with instructions about oral health care methods are the basis of traditional non-surgical periodontal therapy (NTPS). Honey is beneficial to oral health, particularly in the cure of plaque formation, gingiva inflammation, periodontitis and odor control. Honey has antibacterial activity and is effective against both gram-positive as well as gram-negative bacteria. Honey's antibacterial and anti-inflammatory characteristics can promote the granulation tissue formation and enabling damaged cells to be regeneration. Materials And Method: This review followed the guided framework from the approach of Arksey and O'Malley for the scoping review (2005). The methodology was chosen because it has a five-stage framework. Exclusion &amp; inclusion criteria were made and 60 articles were selected. Articles were searched from the PubMed, Google Scholar and other search engines. Results: Based on the data retrieved we concluded that honey can be used as a medium for non-surgical periodontal therapy. Honey have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties due high osmolarity, acidic nature and hydrogen peroxide as well non-peroxide components of honey and is used by many researcher for cure of periodontal disease but still there is not very strong evidence that locally given honey affects periodontal tissue healing. Despite this, all of the pockets had a good periodontal repair. Honey's efficacy in the treatment periodontal disease is still not well established and still questionable. To substantiate these findings from the literature, more research will be required.

Effect of Clomiphene Citrate on Ovulation Induction and Hormones of Infertility with Inflammatory Effects on Gingiva

Objective: To determine clomiphene citrate effect on ovulation induction and its effects and evaluation on inflammation of gingiva. Materials and Methods: This was a clinical trial on 50 patients using clomiphene citrate [CC] for ovulation induction and 50 patients with control. These women were examined for their dental hygiene, and to evaluate the index of gingiva, and index of plaque, gingival crevicular fluid, and how much bleeding occurs when probing, any inflammation and dental caries. All the results were compared with a control group in this evaluation [50 females] who do not use ovulation medicines. Results: Clomiphene citrate is used for ovulation induction. It alters the hormonal level in serum and also leads to gingival inflammation. Although same level of plaque is P &gt; 0.05, females having CC treatment for ovulation induction for more than three to four months with increase inflammation pg gingiva level respectively having value of P &lt; 0.01, P &lt; 0.001 and P &lt; 0.001, respectively), GCF volume is P &lt;0.001) and bleeding is with P &lt;0.001 as it was compared with control group and to treatment with CC for three months.. Conclusion: It is concluded that hormonal disturbance in infertility and drugs used in present study may cause gingival inflammation. Keyword: Clomiphene citrate, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, inflammation, Gingivitis.

Periodontitis as a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer - What We Know Till Date?

A healthy microbiome is important for human health because it exhibits a variety of functions in the human body wherein the microbiome dysbiosis can lead to a variety of diseases, including cancer. Recent advances in technology and cost reduction of sequencing have made it possible and much easier for researchers to investigate the role of the microbiome in carcinogenesis. Furthermore, modulation of microflora may serve as an effective adjunct to conventional anticancer therapy that is very important to improve the patient's quality of life. Additionally, microbiome biomarkers can also be used as a diagnostic tool for cancer. So far the association between oral microbial consortia and their interactions with the host in maintaining the human health and the pathogenesis of multiple cancers has gained much popularity in the scientific research community. While the interactions of oral microflora are better established in cancer- like gastric cancer, it is far less understood in others like breast cancer. Therefore, this review briefly outlines the current information on the role of oral microbiota in breast cancer with emphasis on the mechanisms of oral microflora induced carcinogenesis and discusses the emerging role of periodontitis as a risk factor for breast cancer. Clinical relevance; Periodontitis is a very common disease that is characterized by chronic polymicrobial infection and inflammation of gingiva. It might be associated as a risk factor for breast cancer. If this association is validated in large cohort studies, it would serve as a non-invasive biomarker for breast cancer.

Effects of Hydroethanolic Extract of Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. (Passifloraceae) on Nociception and Subsequent Anxiety-like Behavior: Both Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Approaches

Aims: Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. (Passifloraceae) is widely used in Ivorian traditional pharmacopeia to heal various chronic diseases, relieve headache and pain of gingiva inflammation, and facilitate labor. Here, we investigated the effects of hydroethanolic extract Adenia lobata (HEAL) on nociceptive pain and subsequent anxiety-like behavior.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: We used several experimental pain tests as the writhing, formalin and hot plate to evaluate both antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions of the extract. Anxiety related to nociception was tested with open field and elevated plus maze tests. Then, mice were sacrificed for assessing some oxidative stress markers. &#x0D; Results: The extract of 30 mg/kg, p.o. reduced in the similar manner as reference peripheral drug salcylicacetic acid (ASA, 200 mg/kg, i.p.) the number of writhings induced by acid acetic. In both neurogenic and inflammatory phases of formalin test, the extract demonstrated an effective antinociceptive activity than ASA, but comparable to central analgesic tramadol (50 mg/kg, i.p). However, Adenia lobata reduced lesser thermal-induced pain than tramadol in hot plate test, but significantly compared to ASA. Furthermore, HEAL altered anxiety-like behavior in each case of the pain condition studied. Also, the extract showed the highest antioxidant activity by reduction oxide nitric (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and increase non protein thiol (NP-SH) levels. &#x0D; Conclusion: In conclusion, HEAL possesses antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions on peripheral and central mechanisms of pain. The phytochemicals components of the extract as alkaloids and flavonoids suggest to interact with the opioid system and combat the oxidative stress, respectively. Our findings provide scientific basis for the use of Adenia lobata in traditional medicine against pain and related diseases.

Oral Health Consequences of Use of Smokeless Tobacco in North India: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Objective: To evaluate the effects of commonly used smokeless tobacco forms on oral health at habitual placement sites of smokeless tobacco compared to non-placement sites among the North Indian population. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 542 individuals using smokeless tobacco recruited from the outpatient wing of the Dental College. Subjects completed a questionnaire and received an oral examination. Periodontal pocket depth, gingival index, plaque index, gingival recession, and oral mucosal changes were assessed. Kendal’s Tau test, paired t-test, and chi-square test were carried out to compare different variables among placement and non-placement sites. Results: Most of the subjects were male, reporting an average of 11.26 years of SLT use. Clinical inflammation of gingiva was significantly greater (p=0.01) at placement-sites (1.64 ± 0.53) of SLT in comparison to non-placement-sites (1.40 ± 0.41). The difference in the GR and PPD at placement and non-placement-sites was also statistically significant with p=0.002 and p=0.001, respectively. Clinically, the majority of subjects had mucosal changes at the placement sites, and a statistically significant association (p=0.034) was observed between the duration of the use of smokeless tobacco and the mucosal changes. Conclusion: Smokeless tobacco use predisposes to increased risk of periodontal diseases and oral mucosal changes at the placement sites in an individual due to the local irritant effect.

Comparison of periodontal status among pregnant and non-pregnant women

Since the 1960s, there has been a rise in the prevalence and severity of inflammation of gingiva during pregnancy. Though the reason of incidence isn't entirely fathomed, it is believed that the increase in the sex hormone levels in the plasma during pregnancy have a substantial effect on the periodontium. The aim of this study was to assess the periodontal health of women who were pregnant. This retrospective study was conducted among pregnant women who visited a private dental college in Chennai from June 2019 to March 2020. A total of 242 pregnant women were randomly enrolled. Data regarding the patient's periodontal status were cumulated from the case records and analysed. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were done using SPSS software, Version 23. Among the 249 patients 162 patients (66.94%) exhibited generalised chronic gingivitis, 56 patients (23.14%) exhibited clinically healthy gingiva and 24 patients (9.92%) exhibited generalised chronic periodontitis. Clinically healthy gingiva was highly prevalent among 30 year old pregnant women. Gingivitis was highly prevalent among 28 year old patients and periodontitis was most prevalent among 20 and 24 year old patients. Also, the association between age and periodontal status among pregnant women was found to be statistically significant (p value=0.006).

Effectiveness of nanocrystalline cerium dioxide for secondary prevention of inflammatory periodontal diseases in young individuals with obesity

Obesity is a non-infectious pandemic, largely associated with oral diseases development. Oxidative stress is one of the crucial mechanisms in the development of inflammatory periodontal diseases in obesity. Nanomedicine is a highly promising to alleviate pbesity and associated conditions. The aim was to study the influence of cerium dioxide nanoparticles on periodontal tissues of patients with diverse values of BMI and assess changes of periodontal tissues. We included 125 young Ukrainian individuals of both sexes (18-22 years old), divided into four groups according to Body mass index (BMI). Initial oral status was detected with index assessment that include the determination of caries intensity by DMFT index, oral hygiene determination (Green-Vermillion index), periodontal tissues (Rateitchak index), PMA (Parma), CPI (Leus), PBI (Saxer and Muhlemann). The periodontograma was completed for all patients. After the initial checkup all examined patients with generalized catarrhal gingivitis were randomly divided into two groups: treated with «Cerera» (the active substance is nanoparticles of cerium dioxide 2-7 nm in concentration of 140 mcg/ml that were stabilized with sodium citrate) per os for 10 drops every day in the morning diluted in 50 ml of water for 10 days and controls. Patients with 1st and 2nd degree obesity have a significantly higher grade of periodontal alteration compared with normal BMI and overweight (values of CPI 1.7±0.9 and 1.66±0.12 vs 1.33±0.11 and 1.42±0.11 respectively). The intensity and the prevalence of gingiva inflammation assessed by PMA and PBI index were significantly higher in obese individuals. In all overweight patients the level of catalase activity was significantly lower than in patients with normal values of BMI. The administration of «Cerera» significantly increased the activity of catalase regardless of BMI, significantly changed the values of gingival inflammation indexes; the severity of inflammatory process became less intensive vs baseline (determined by PBI values before 17.6%±2.1 and 7.8%±2.1 after treatment; in the 4th group the values of PBI had declined significantly by 1.6 times). After the 10 days administration of «Cerera» the content of GAG and fucose in oral liquid of all obese individuals significantly decreased; lipid oxidation parameters decreased in excessive obesity: TBA-active products levels in patients with BMI 35.00-39.99 kg/сm2 dropped down from 53.9±2.11 μmol/L to 47.43±2.29 μmol/L. Cerium dioxide nanoparticles demonstrate high effectiveness against inflammatory changes in periodontal tissues in obese patients. The mechanisms of action of cerium dioxide nanoparticles in the periodontal structures are needed to be precisely determined in further studies.

Quantitative Evaluation of Porphyromonas gingivalis in Indian Subjects With Chronic Periodontitis by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Background and Aims:Porphyromonas gingivalis ( P. gingivalis) is considered as an important pathogen responsible for periodontal disease which is characterized by inflammation of gingiva and destruction of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone leading to loss of tooth. Along with clinical investigations, suitable microbiological analysis needs to be performed which could provide more insight into the disease severity. We aim to quantify P. gingivalis by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and analyze its association with demographic data including clinical parameters.Materials and Methods:The study consisted of chronic periodontitis patients (CP group) and healthy subjects (H group) with 120 samples in each group. RT-PCR was carried out by the SYBR Green assay to target 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid species-specific region of P. gingivalis. Standard strain of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 was used as a control.Results:In the CP group, 79.16% samples were found positive for P. gingivalis, whereas 29.17% samples were positive in the H group. A significant difference was found when the prevalence was compared within males and females ( P &lt; .001 for both). In the older age groups, we found a higher rate of detection of P. gingivalis. As analyzed by Spearman’s correlation test, the number of cells of P. gingivalis was significantly associated with probing depth ( P = .02) and clinical attachment level ( P = .01) in the CP group. The mean cell number of P. gingivalis was found to be increasing with increasing levels of probing depth and clinical attachment level ( P &lt; .001 and P = .01, respectively).Conclusion:The present study reaffirms that the P. gingivalis microbe is significantly associated with the chronic periodontitis and that its level varies with the severity of the disease. Colonization of the bacterium is significantly associated with severe forms of the disease.

An evaluation of the efficacy of ethanolic extract of Nigella sativa L. (Kalonji) on the clinical parameters of moderate‑to‑severe gingivitis: A split‑mouth clinical study.

Introduction:Gingivitis is a relatively innocuous and reversible inflammation of gingiva. If left untreated, it might progress involving the deeper supporting periodontal tissues of the tooth with consequent mobility and tooth loss. Compelling literature has suggested the role of local antibacterial and anti‑inflammatory agents as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (gold standard) for treating periodontal diseases. Various herbs such as Nimba (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), Babbula (Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb.) and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) have been used for gingivitis since ancient times. Nigella sativa L. (Kalonji) is one such herb known for its remarkable anti‑inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and thus has been utilized in the present study.Aim:The aim of the study was to explore the clinical efficacy of different ethanolic solutions of N. sativa in moderate‑to‑severe gingivitis patients.Materials and Methods:It is a split‑mouth clinical study with 24 patients of moderate‑to‑severe gingivitis from the age group of 25–45 years. Recruited individuals were divided in to group I1, group II1 and group III1 (scaling and root planning i.e., control) and group I2, group II2 and group III2 (experimental). Three doses of solution 1 (1:3), solution 2 (1:1) and solution 3 (3:1) were administered to the experimental groups for 3 consecutive days. The clinical parameters, i.e., gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) were recorded at baseline, 14 days and 28 days in all the individuals. ANOVA test was used in the study for statistical analysis.Results:Intergroup comparison in terms of GI showed statistically significant difference at 14th and 28th day from baseline between I1 &I2, at only 28th day between II1 & II2 and insignificant difference between III1 & III2 at all time intervals from baseline. On intragroup comparison, statistically significant reduction in GI in all groups from baseline till 28 days was found, but among experimental groups best result was seen in group III2 (P < 0.001; F value 153.75). As far as PI is concerned, intergroup comparison between different groups displayed statistically significant difference from baseline to 14th and 28th day between all groups i.e I1& I2, II1& II2 and III1& III2. On intragroup comparison, statistically significant reduction in PI in all control groups i.e I1, II1 & III1 was found, but among experimental groups only group III2 provided statistically significant reduction (P < 0.001, F value 30.40).Conclusion:The results of this study indicate that, the ethanolic extract of N. sativa is effective in the treatment of moderate to severe gingivitis.

Determinants of Periodontal Disease in Pregnancy in an Urban Setting in Zimbabwe

Periodontal disease is one of the most common infectious diseases in pregnancy. The disease is caused by bacteria that produce inflammation of gingiva through production of inflammatory mediators that may have direct insult on amnion. Untreated and chronic dental infections have a possibility of causing harm to both the mother and the baby. This was an analytical cross-sectional study the purpose of which was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for periodontal disease in pregnancy. The study was conducted on a random sample of 350 postnatal mothers at Harare city Primary Care clinics. Study approval was granted by the Joint Research Ethics Committee of the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences and Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals (JREC), the Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe (MRCZ) and Harare City Directorate. All participants gave informed consent. Code numbers were used to identify participants and interviews and oral assessments were conducted in private rooms. Data was collected through face to face interviews following a structured questionnaire, clinical intraoral examination and from clinical records. Data was captured using research electronic data capturing (RedCap) and was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Mean maternal age was 25.9 years, SD 5.7. prevalence of periodontal disease was 48.7%. No significant factors were associated with periodontal disease in the current study. However, other studies have reported significant risk factors for periodontal disease such as gestation age of the pregnancy and place of residence periodontal disease was significantly associated with the following birth outcomes. Periodontal health is the relatively neglected area in perinatal care. Health care professionals should be trained in screening for periodontal disease and giving health education in order to reduce adverse perinatal outcomes.

Efecto de los macronutrientes en modelos animales de enfermedad periodontal: una revisión sistemática

Objetivos: La enfermedad periodontal es una de las enfermedades orales crónicas más comunes en todo el mundo y representa un importante problema de salud pública en muchos países. Las enfermedades periodontales incluyen periodontitis crónica y periodontitis agresiva que generalmente se debe a la inflamación de la encía causada por infecciones bacterianas. La nutrición podría ejercer un papel fundamental ya que participa en diferentes afecciones y enfermedades inflamatorias. Hasta ahora, solo algunos investigadores han investigado el papel de los nutrientes en el desarrollo y la progresión de la enfermedad periodontal, pero los resultados obtenidos a menudo son difíciles de comparar debido a la heterogeneidad de los estudios. Métodos: Este documento revisa sistemáticamente la literatura disponible en bases de datos hasta Febrero de 2018 sobre la relación entre macronutrientes y el desarrollo y progresión de enfermedades periodontales (periodontitis y gingivitis) en animales, con particular atención a los posibles mecanismos implicados en estas patologías. Resultados: Se encontraron un total de 5.484 publicaciones en la base de datos Pubmed. El análisis del título y resumen permitió seleccionar 88 artículos potenciales de acuerdo con los criterios de selección. No se encontraron artículos duplicados. La selección y lectura del texto complejo condujo a una cantidad final de 32 artículos. Conclusiones: Entre todos los macronutrientes analizados, aquellos que tienen algún efecto sobre el estrés oxidativo o el sistema inmune parecen ser importantes para la prevención de la enfermedad periodontal o la mejoría de la enfermedad periodontal. Por un lado, hay evidencia a favor de un papel positivo de la proporción de ácidos grasos n-3 en la dieta debido a sus efectos antioxidantes e inmunomoduladores. Por otro lado, las dietas ricas en grasas saturadas o hipercalóricas aumentan el estrés oxidativo o promueven la inflamación, por lo que deben evitarse.

ЦИТОМОРФОМЕТРИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА СОСТОЯНИЯ ТКАНЕЙ ПАРОДОНТА ПРИ ЛЕЧЕНИИ ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ХРОНИЧЕСКИМ КАТАРАЛЬНЫМ ГИНГИВИТОМ

Object. Catarrhal gingivitis treatment of patients was accompanied by marginal gingiva cytological examination. The number of epithelial and connective tissue cells was calculated. Then, their cytomorphometry was held with both: the definition of morphological classes of cell destruction and measurements of their functional morphology in the average cell destruction (ACD), cell cytolysis index (CCI), cell destruction index (CDI). Purpose. To conduct the cytomorphometry of periodontal tissue cells before treatment and during the treatment of patients with chronic catarrhal gingivitis. Methodology. The prevalence of the inflammatory process in the gingiva was estimated with the help of periodontal PMA index and the gingival sulcus bleeding index (sbi) by Miihlemann and Son. The Green-Vermillion hygienic index was determined. For cytological examination, the material was collected by cytochrome on fat-free surface of glass in the form of a single scrape from the marginal gingiva inflammation site. The place of sampling was not changed throughout the study. The resulting material was fixed on the glass and transferred to the cytological laboratory. Then the material was examined with a microscope in five fields of view under magnification. Result statistical processing was carried out in Statistika 6.0 programme. Results. In cytogram study for patients with healthy periodontium there were noted in a small number: lymphocytes (36±14), monocytes (6±1,87), plasmocytes (4±1,87), macrophages (1±1), neutrophils 96±29,89; for patients with chronic catarrhal gingivitis: lymphocytes 4150±108.1, neutrophils 1150±356,8, plasmocytes 60±16,6, macrophages 48,3±6,35, monocytes 21,6±2,5. Lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils reflect the change in clinical observation most clearly, as their number decreased to 14.5%, 12.8% and 7.32%, respectively within 14 days. Summary. Cytomorphometry of marginal gingiva cells was performed in the process of catarrhal gingivitis treatment. This method is informative for evaluation of periodontal tissues inflammatory process. It can be used for rapid diagnosis of periodontal disease, determining the effectiveness of treatment, prognosis of exacerbation. It is worth noting that the method is cheap and easily accessible.