Gingerol Content Research Articles

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Hair Serum in Treatment of Various Hair- Related Problems

In this expeditious world, cosmetics are in great demand. Cosmeceuticals in Pharmaceutical industry is booming day-by-day. Cosmetics are used on daily basis. Cosmetics are intended for skincare, hair care, nails and for teeth as well. Also, to take the note, toothpastes, hair oils, hair dyes are classified into the cosmetics that is been used by every individual on everyday basis. The synthetic or chemical products have side effects and adverse effects of when used, thus now people have high approach towards organic, natural and herbal formulations that show no or minimum side effects. Generally herbal preparations are known for its “No side effect” property. Various problems are experienced by the people such as hair fall, split ends, dandruff, increased sebum production, hair thinning, premature hair greying etc. Thus, people are looking for ways to increase hair development, their prevention and care. A hair serum helps to lock the moisture and keep the scalp hydrated and healthy. Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek) is a popular homemade remedy for hair growth and also improves hair density. Flaxseed is beneficial in treatment of dandruff and boosts hair growth. Citrus sinensis is rich in anti-oxidants that are very effective in treatment of spilt ends. Ginger has high content of gingerol which improves the blood circulation and boosts hair growth. Castor oil, Vitamin E, Hibiscus is also useful in treating dry and damaged hair, provides hydration to the scalp. Thus, preparation of the herbal formulation using natural products will help in treatment of various hair diseases.

MLP (multi-layer perceptron) and RBF (radial basis function) neural network approach for estimating and optimizing 6-gingerol content in Zingiber officinale Rosc. in different agro-climatic conditions

The principal bioactive phenolic component of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) rhizome is 6-gingerol, which is known to have several sensory and therapeutic properties. Due to its antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory properties, a sizable global market for ginger has been generated. The variation in yield of 6-gingerol is observed with changes in environmental, agronomic, and genetic conditions. The current study aims to examine how environmental and climatic factors affect 6-gingerol content using an artificial neural network (ANN) model and predict a new location to produce 6-gingerol. ANN-based models; MLP (multilayer perceptron) and RBF (radial basis function) with the desirable learning algorithms, transfer functions, number of neurons, and hidden layers were designed. The dataset of 60 unique Zingiber officinale rhizomes obtained from ten agro-climatic zones of Odisha was included in this study. The content of 6-gingerol was ascertained using a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique. The experimental dataset was randomly divided into 70 % for training, 15 % for testing, and 15 % for validation to carry out the optimization. In 60 accessions from various locations of Odisha, the concentration of 6-gingerol in ginger rhizomes ranged from 0.203 % to 0.813 % on a wet weight basis. It was revealed that the ANN model with the MLP algorithm was superior to the RBF algorithm. The findings showed that an ANN-MLP architecture with a single hidden layer of 11 neurons and a 16–11–1 topology could accurately predict the content of 6-gingerol, with an R2 (coefficient of determination) of 0.99. Altitude, pH, maximum temperature, and phosphorus were identified as the factors that influenced the model's prediction accuracy, which was 95 %. The content of 6-gingerol was enhanced from 0.363 % to 0.408 % by regulating the present model's sensitive parameters. The current study concluded that the developed ANN model efficiently predicts the best region for optimum 6-gingerol yield.

Substitution of NPK with Organic Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Red Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Var. Rubrum)

Red ginger with superior content of 6-shogaol, 6-gingerol, and gingerdion are commonly used as traditional medicines that are useful for the health of the body and have a high market demand. Satisfaction of market interest for red ginger should be possible utilizing ideal and reasonable development innovation. This study aims to obtain a substitution of NPK fertilizer with Dirjanik as organic fertilizer that gives better results. The study was carried out in Pelem, Wonorejo, Jatiyoso, Karanganyar, Indonesia during March to July 2021. The experiment was using a one-factor randomized complete block design (RCBD), five levels, 5 replications, namely D0 (100% NPK), D1 (75 % NPK + 25% organic fertilizer), D2 (50% NPK + 50% organic fertilizer), D3 (25% NPK + 75% organic fertilizer), and D4 (100% organic fertilizer). Data analysis used orthogonal contrast (5% F test) variance to obtain differences between organic fertilization and other fertilizers, as well as differences between substitution doses. The results showed that D2 fertilization gave higher plant growth in the form of number of leaves, number of stems per clump, and biomass. D3 fertilization gave higher yields per plot in the form of rhizome thickness, fresh weight (1.4 tons ha−1), and rhizome storage weight (1.2 tons ha−1). Fertilization 100% organic/7,419.4 kg ha−1 organic fertilizer effect on the yield of fresh weight and storage weight per clumsp higher.

Hot Air Convective Drying of Ginger Slices: Drying Behaviour, Quality Characteristics, Optimisation of Parameters, and Volatile Fingerprints Analysis.

Ginger is one of the most popular spices and medical herbs with its unique pungent flavour and taste. Although there has been much research into the drying methods of ginger, the effect of drying parameters in hot air convective drying on ginger quality needs to be explored in depth. This study investigated the differences in drying behaviour and quality characteristics of ginger with the variables of temperature, thickness, and loading density. The moisture states and diffusion pattern in the different stages during the drying process were analysed using low-field NMR techniques. The results of quality evaluation showed that the temperature greatly influenced the colour and gingerol content of dried ginger, and the thickness of a ginger slice greatly influenced the rehydration rate. Optimal drying conditions were determined by considering a combination of specific energy consumptions with quality retention based on the response surface methodology: a temperature of 66.41 °C, thickness of 2 mm, and loading density of 5 kg/m2. HS-GC-IMS combined with multivariate chemometrics was used to achieve the characterisation of flavour profiles and fingerprinting of dried ginger. The principal component analysis and correlation analysis revealed that the alterations in ginger quality were intimately related to moisture diffusion during drying.

6-Gingerol contents of several ginger varieties of Northeast India and correlation of their antioxidant activity in respect to phenolics and flavonoids contents.

Ginger constitutes the rhizome part of the plant Zingiber officinale from the Zingiberaceae family. A large number of ginger varieties with high sensorial and functional quality are found in Northeast India. Hence, phytopharmacological screening of different ginger varieties is essential that will serve as a guideline in applied research to develop high-end products and improve economical margins. To determine the variation in total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and antioxidant activities and correlate that with 6-gingerol contents of different ginger varieties collected from Northeast India using Pearson's correlation analysis. The TPC and TFC values were determined using standard methods. Antioxidant activities were measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, while reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis was utilised for quantitative determination of 6-gingerol content. The result revealed that ginger variety 6 (GV6) contains the highest 6-gingerol content and TPC value showing maximum antioxidant activity, followed by GV5, GV4, GV9, GV3, GV2, GV8, GV1, and GV7. The findings also suggested that the antioxidant activity has much better correlations with TPC as compared with TFC values. Pearson's correlation analysis showed a significant correlation between 6-gingerol contents and TPC values. This work underlines the importance of ginger varieties from Northeast India as a source of natural antioxidants with health benefits.

THE EFFECT OF WARM RED GINGER COMPRESSES ON JOINT PAIN IN THE ELDERLY WITH GOUT


 
 
 
 The elderly go through the aging process, which will lose resistance to infection with the accumulation of degenerative diseases and also the accumulation of uric acid. The elderly with increased uric acid will experience repeated joint pain due to the precipitate of monosodium urate crystals accumulated in the joints. One of the treatments of joint pain in addition to pharmacological therapy there are also non-pharmacological therapies that can reduce side effects, affordable, easy to get and easy to do, namely one of the natural ingredients that are suitable for causing warm sensations, one of which is red ginger. Red ginger reduces pain due to the content of gingerol and shangoal which add heat to warm compresses, besides that the skilooginase content in red ginger is able to inhibit prostaglandins to deliver pain. The purpose of this research to knowing the effect of red ginger warm compresses on changes in joint pain in elderly with gout. This research is a pre-experimental research with One-Group Pre-Post test design approach. The study was conducted in 20 people with the total sampling technique in the Posyandu for the Elderly of Bagor Kulon Villageor 3 days. Measurement of the pain was VAS was given before and after the patients were given warm red ginger compresses. The data was analyzed SPSS 21 Paired Samples test. The Statistical test results obtained p value 0.000 so there is an Effect of Red Ginger Warm Compresses On changes in Joint pain in elderly gout. Red ginger warm compresses can be used as a non-pharmacological therapy in reducing gouty arthritis in the elderly.
 
 
 

Medicinal Plant Extraction of Zingiber Officinale Rhizome using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Characterization of the Product

Ginger oleoresin is a valuable product with functional health benefits. Oleoresin has components in the form of volatile and non-volatile substances that are very easy to decompose. One of the essential components and easy-to-decompose compound is gingerol, which has improved functionality and is effective in enhancing immunity in herds of bodies. Oleoresin is a ginger rhizome extraction product full of active ingredients that may be utilized as medicines. Ginger oleoresin extract has a pale yellow, oily fat, and a unique and spicy odor. Gingerol is one of the compounds in ginger oleoresin that is easily decomposed into another substance. Gingerol (C17H26O4) is an easy compound to decompose into Shogaols (C17H24O3). Both of these compounds, whether gingerol or shogaol, have health benefits in the body, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-cancer. The aim of the research is an initial study on the preparation of oleoresin extract with ethanol solvent using the Response Surface Method (RSM) with a three-factor experimental and two responses (yield and [6]-gingerol content). A maximum oleoresin extract yield of 7.44 % and [6]-gingerol content of 11.71% was obtained from the experimental design. The extraction of zingiber rhizomes powder was processed under the best condition at a solvent ratio (S/L) of 6.577, a temperature of 58.87°C, and the extraction process lasted 182 minutes.

In Silico Prediction and In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induced Zingiber officinale Var. Rubrum

Objective: Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has various medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-nausea/antiemetic, antibacterial, cytotoxic, and antidiabetic activities. Methods: In silico analysis was performed to predict absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Prediction of bond and bond free energy using Autodock Vina, MGL Tools and Biovia Discovery Studio. Gingerol content of Ginger-Ethanolic Extract (MGE) was determined by thin-layer chromatography densitometry and cytotoxic activity by MTT assay. Results : The Gibbs free energy value for 6-Gingerol is -7.686 (kcal/mol), and 6-Shogaol is -7.279 (kcal/mol). Prediction of hydrogen bonding at 6-Gingerol in the amino acids Arg394, Glu353, Ala350. Hydrogen bonding in shogaol on the amino acid Arg394. Statistical analysis showed that the MGE could significantly inhibit breast cancer cells T47D growth (P< 0.05) with IC50 was 16.51 ± 3.67 μg/mL. Conclusion : Based on in silico and in vitro screening Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum has the potential to be developed for anticancer treatment.

Effects of vacuum ultrasonic infiltration and combined drying on rehydration quality of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

Ginger is susceptible to deterioration during storage, drying is an efficient approach to extend its shelf life. This research mainly aimed to investigate the effects of different osmotic pretreatments (NaCl solution osmotic (NOD), ultrasonic-assisted NaCl solution osmotic (UOD) and vacuum combined ultrasonic-assisted NaCl solution osmotic (VUOD)) and vacuum freeze-drying combined with hot air drying (FAD) on the drying time, rehydration ability, and physical and chemical properties of rehydrated ginger slices. Compared with single vacuum freeze-drying (VFD), vacuum combined with ultrasonic-assisted infiltration vacuum freeze-drying combined with hot air drying (VUOD-FAD) shortened the drying time by 59.75%. Rehydrated ginger treated with VUOD-FAD had a lower total color difference (5.65), and higher rehydration rate (4.89), with an odor that closer to the fresh sample’s odor. Compared with the fresh sample, the chemical properties of the rehydrated samples had changed greatly. Compared with the rehydrated samples treated with VFD, FAD samples had higher gingerol content, 6-gingerol content, total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and oxidation resistance. It can be concluded that the processing method of VUOD-FAD is better than the other methods.

Effect of drying and processing on diterpenes and other chemical constituents of ginger.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a perennial plant widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, and its rhizomes are sometimes processed for use in traditional medicine. In Japan, "ginger" (Shokyo in Japanese) and "processed ginger" (Kankyo in Japanese) are defined as crude drugs derived from ginger rhizomes, which have different medicinal properties due to complex changes in their chemical composition during processing. The effects of processing on gingerols and shogaols are well known, but for other phytochemicals remain unclear. Therefore, the present study prepared dried ginger and processed ginger derived from three ginger cultivars (Kintoki, Kogane, and Tosa ginger) and examined the effects of drying and processing on multiple secondary metabolites. Drying showed only a limited effect on ginger chemical constituents and significantly reduced [6]-gingerol content in Tosa ginger. In contrast, processing altered content of numerous metabolites, such as terpenes and gingerol-related compounds, in addition to those gingerols and shogaols. Notably, processing reduced labdane diterpene content, including labdadienedial, aframodial, and galanolactone in all ginger cultivars. Our results show galanolactone with anti-emetic activity was abundant in dried ginger and decreased following processing, highlighting different uses between "ginger" and "processed ginger" in traditional medicine. Overall, we comprehensively clarified the impact of drying and processing on terpenes and gingerol-related compounds. These findings help reveal the varying medicinal properties among crude drugs prepared from Z. officinale.

Effects of cutting and drying method (vacuum freezing, catalytic infrared, and hot air drying) on rehydration kinetics and physicochemical characteristics of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe).

The purpose of this study was to discuss the effects of cutting methods (transverse cutting [TC] and longitudinal cutting [LC]) and drying methods (vacuum freeze-drying [FD], hot air drying [HD], catalytic infrared drying [CID]) on rehydration kinetics and physical and chemical characteristics of rehydrated ginger. The research results showed that the rehydration rate and equilibrium moisture content increased with an increase in temperature. LC samples had a higher rehydration rate, while TC samples showed higher equilibrium moisture. Peleg model can fit the rehydration curve of the sample well. The highest coefficient of determination (R2 ) was 0.99, while the sum of squares error and lowest chi-square (χ2 ) was close to zero. Compared with fresh samples, the rehydrated ginger slices had lower gingerol content, total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and higher antioxidant activity. The different cutting methods had no significant effect on the physical and chemical properties of rehydrated ginger. In conclusion, TC-CID rehydrated products have better retention of gingerol, TPC, TFC, and antioxidant properties, which was similar to the principal component analysis. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The results of this study show that transverse cutting combined with catalytic infrared drying is a unique processing technology. Due to the short xylem of transverse cutting ginger, the xylem diameter can be restored during rehydration, the balanced water content was high, and the quality of dried ginger can be restored to the greatest extent. This makes food processors competitive in the operation process and provides better services to consumers.

Efficacy and safety of a food supplement with standardized menthol, limonene, and gingerol content in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

BackgroundIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) affects 9,2% of the global population and places a considerable burden on healthcare systems. Most medications for treating IBS, including spasmolytics, laxatives, and antidiarrheals, have low efficacy. Effective and safe therapeutic treatments have yet to be developed for IBS.PurposeThis study assessed the efficacy and safety of a food supplement containing standardized menthol, limonene, and gingerol in human participants with IBS or IBS/functional dyspepsia (FD).DesignA double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.MethodsWe randomly assigned 56 patients with IBS or IBS/FD to an intervention group (Group 1) or control group (Group 2) that were given supplement or placebo, respectively, in addition to the standard treatment regimen for 30 d. Three outpatient visits were conducted during the study. Symptom severity was measured at each visit using a 7×7 questionnaire. Qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal microbiota were assessed at visits 1 and 3 based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing.ResultsAt visit 1 (before treatment), the median total 7×7 questionnaire score was in the moderately ill range for both groups, with no difference between the groups (p = 0.1). At visit 2, the total 7×7 score decreased to mildly ill, with no difference between the groups (p = 0.4). At visit 3, the total score for group 1 indicated borderline illness and for group 2 remained indicated mild illness (p = 0.009). Even though we observed some variations in gut microbiota between the groups, we did not find any statistically significant changes.ConclusionThe food supplement with standardized menthol, limonene, and gingerol content increased the efficacy of standard therapy in IBS and FD patients. The use of the supplement did not cause any obvious side effects.RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04484467

Analysis and modelling of temperature and moisture gradient for ginger slices in hot air drying

To understand the temperature and moisture distribution of ginger slices during hot air drying, mathematical models were developed to simulate the heat and mass transfer in various drying modes, including constant hot-air drying modes (the drying temperatures were kept at 50, 60, 70, 80 °C, respectively) and multistage drying modes (the drying temperature was varied between 50 °C and 80 °C during a single drying process). The simulation results showed that the developed models fitted the experimental data well, which proved their effectiveness in various drying modes. The three-dimensional temperature and moisture distribution models also demonstrated that the low temperature gradient between the surface and the core had little effect on the drying results. In the case of a high drying temperature, the core part contained high moisture content even after drying. Among all drying modes, the L-H-L (the drying temperature was increased from 50 °C to 80 °C and then to 50 °C again) was the best if the maximum moisture difference during the drying process and the final moisture difference between the surface and the core were all considered. For the final product quality, this drying mode also performed well and resulted in a higher rehydration ratio, better microstructure, less color difference, higher total gingerol content, and good sensory evaluation. Therefore, it was necessary to keep the air temperature at a low level at the beginning and final stages for the quality and storage safety consideration. While in the middle stage, the drying temperature could be increased to a higher level to accelerate the drying speed.

Naturopathic Therapy Efforts: Potential Gingerol Content in Ginger (Zingiber officinale) As An Antidiabetic

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is caused by unhealthy lifestyle habits and one of the treatment efforts is naturopathic therapy by utilizing the gingerol content in red ginger (Zingiber officinale). The role of nurses in complementary fields as providers of interventions can improve public health status. This narrative review aims to interpret research the potential content of red ginger as an antidiabetic. The research were carried out by identifying research questions, "what is the content of gingerol in red ginger as antidiabetic?". Literature search using EBSCO, PubMed, Springer Experiment, and Neliti. Used keywords ''Nathuropathic therapy efforts AND Gingerol OR Red ginger OR Zingiber officinale AND Antidiabetic'' obtained 140 articles. Then sorted with inclusion and exclusion criteria, so we obtained 7 articles stated that red ginger concerning intake doses per day of 1-3 and 6 grams can lower blood glucose which contains gingerol which stimulates insulin secretion and improves glucose tolerance. Red ginger as a natural ingredient is certainly easy to find, practical, has no side effects, and economical. It is necessary to conduct further research regarding the type of red ginger and the dosage that adjusted to the habits of the Indonesian people so not to cause confusion regarding the application process

THE STABILITY STUDY OF GINGER EXHAUSTIVE EXTRACTION USING HPLC

Ginger contains biologically active components that may contribute significantly to the therapeutic applications of ginger and some ginger-derived products. 6-Gingerol has long been used as a ginger marker. HPLC was used to perform quantitative measurements of 6-Gingerol and its principal degradation product. In addition, the pH factor to be one of the most important factors in the stability condition of ginger liquid extractions. The rate of degradation was shown to be pH dependent, with the maximum stability at pH 4. At 100°C and pH 1, the reversible breakdown of 6-gingerol was quite quick, reaching equilibrium in less than 2 hours. The coefficient of correlation were larger than 0.994. The HPLC approach described in this article has been validated by researchers and can be used to verify the stability of 6-gingerol. It is also suitable for ginger reformulation research. The stability of ginger solution at various pH (4-7) was investigated. The content of 6-gingerol in various formulations was assessed. Ginger stability: According to the regulations, the extract must be stable after 180 days at 40 degrees Celsius, with not more than 10% of the active component or active markers degraded. Therefore, the experimental work has been put on hold while the researchers wait for the samples to go through the process of repose at 40 degrees Celsius for a period of time, after which they will be analyzed; if the results are promising, the researchers will continue to confirm the final time of 180 days; if not, the researchers will try another theory.

Pengaruh Variasi Gula Terhadap Karakteristik Sediaan Minuman Serbuk Instan Kombinasi Rimpang Jahe Dan Temu Putih

The combination of ginger and white turmeric is the right way to make instant powder drink preparations. The content of gingerol in ginger and curcumin in white turmeric is useful as a natural diuretic (urine laxative). Instant powder drink preparations are made of 2 formulas with different variations of sweeteners, namely formula 1 with 100% granulated sugar and formula 2 with a combination of granulated sugar and brown sugar (3:1). This study was to determine the effect of variations in sugar on physical characteristics and the level of preference of panelists for the preparation of an instant powder drink containing a combination of ginger rhizome and white turmeric. Making instant powder drinks using the crystallization method Physical test data was analyzed by the Independent Sample T-Test. The test results showed that the two formulas met the powder test requirements with the pH value, setting, moisture content, flow time, and angle of repose in formula 1 each being 6.53; 9.3%; 0.26%; 15.63 grams/second; and 31.62, while formula 2 is 6.19; 5.6%; 1.04%; 11.55 grams/second; and 36.44. The hedonic test shows that there is a significant difference in preference values where formula 2, with a combination of sugar and brown sugar (3:1), is more preferred by the panelists.

Comparison of ultrasound and ethanol pretreatments before catalytic infrared drying on physicochemical properties, drying, and contamination of Chinese ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different pretreatment methods on the drying process and quality of catalytic infrared dried ginger slices, particularly the safety quality. Four different pretreatments strategies were used: sample submerged in distilled water, water + US pretreatment, ethanol pretreatment, and ethanol + US pretreatment. The results showed that all pretreatments reduced drying time, and sample pretreatment by ethanol + US had the highest drying efficiency, hardness, highest total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content retention. However, these pretreatments slightly decreased the rehydration ratio and gingerol content. The possible explanation for these results has been put forward by microstructure analysis. CIR-dried ginger samples were pretreated by four methods required by the agricultural standards of China. This study provides a new perspective on the commercial application of ethanol + US pretreatment for CIR-dried ginger slices.

Development of starch/chitosan expandable films as a gastroretentive carrier for ginger extract-loaded solid dispersion

Gastroretentive expandable films were developed to provide controlled release of ginger extract (GE) for treatment of gastric diseases. The dosage form consisted of ginger extract solid dispersion (GE-SD) loaded in a starch/chitosan composite film, which was subsequently folded and inserted into a hard gelatin capsule. GE-SD was prepared by solvent evaporation using an optimum weight ratio of 1:1 for GE and PVP K30. Expandable films containing GE-SD were prepared by solvent casting combinations of chitosan and either rice-, glutinous rice - or pregelatinized maize starch with glycerin incorporated as a plasticizer. The optimized film formulation prepared from glutinous rice starch, exhibited tensile strength of 5.4 N/cm2 and high expansion in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), resulting in a 2.8-fold increase in area. The films resulted in sustained release of up to 90% of the content of 6-gingerol during 8 h exposure to SGF. Furthermore, the 6-gingerol released from the film displayed dose-dependent cytotoxic activity against AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells and anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-stimulatedRAW264.7cells.

Determination of the best combination of organic materials for enhanced 6-gingerol in ginger (Zingiber officinale): An effort towards enhancing the medicinal activity of ginger

Organic manure use to meet crop nutrient requirements is anticipated to become an inevitable practice for sustainable agriculture in the future, as it has been shown to improve soil physical, chemical, and biological qualities. It is also been frequently utilized to dispose of animal waste and reduce pollution. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of combination of organic material for enhanced 6-gingerol content of ginger hence field and laboratory experiments were carried out to evaluate this. The treatments used were Cow dung+ Sawdust at 50% each, Cow dung+ Poultry manure at 50% each, Poultry manure+ rice mill waste at 50% each, Rice mill waste + Sawdust at 50% each, absolute control(no amendments), Poultry manure+ Sawdust at 50% each, Cow dung +Rice mill waste at 50%each and Poultrymanure +Rice mill waste + Sawdust+Cowdung at 25%each.Eight treatments were used and replicated three times using randomized complete block design (RCBD). 6-gingerol content of the harvested ginger was quantified in the laboratory using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Data analysis was done using Open source R environment version 4.1.0 statistical software. The result showed that combination of organic amendments enhanced the 6-gingerol concentration of ginger at different rates. The plot amended with cowdung+poultry manure gave the highest value which was significantly different from the absolute control. 6-gingerol content of other combinations of organic materials used in this experiment were also significantly different from the control. The rank order of 6-gingerol content among the treatments were > cowdung + Poultry manure (476.5089 ug/ml) > Cowdung +Ricemillwaste,(467.1398ug/ml)> PoultryManure+Ricemillwaste+Sawdust+Cowdung(455,4349ug/ml)>Poultry manure + Rice mill waste (449.0128 ug/ml) > Cowdung + Sawdust (444.8956 ug/ml) > Poultry manure + Sawdust (434.4819 ug/ml) > Rice mill waste + Sawdust (428.5675 ug/ml) > Absolute Control (270.1886 ug/ml).. The result showed that use of cowdung manure +poultry manure at the rate of 134g and 157g respectively for a 2m bed gave the best result among the organic combinations used in this study.

Effects of drying techniques on bioactivity of ginger (<i>Zingiber officinale)</i>: A meta-analysis investigation

<abstract> <p>Ginger is a spice with various uses for humans, such as flavoring agents and nutraceuticals. Drying is commonly used in the processing and preserving of ginger and affects the characteristics of the final ginger product. This study aimed to review the studies that have evaluated the effects of drying techniques on the bioactivity of ginger. A meta-analysis investigation was conducted to identify a study that evaluated the effects of drying techniques on the levels of bioactivity in ginger. The database search found 113 results. There are 13 articles from 2010 to 2020 that met the inclusion criteria. The drying techniques have different effects on the optimum levels of ginger characteristics. After drying treatment there were significant different on total flavonoid and antioxidant activity and there were not significant on total phenolic content and 6-gingerol content of ginger. In conclusion, drying has different effects on ginger in terms of bioactivity. Therefore, choosing the best method must be made based on the purpose of the process and the final product criteria.</p> </abstract>