Panda Research Articles

Microbial species from multiple maternal body sites shape the developing giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) cub gut microbiome.

The gut microbiome of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) plays a vital role in nutrient acquisition from its specialized bamboo diet. Giant panda cubs harbour significantly different gut microbiota during their growth and development when feeding on milk before switching to bamboo. The fetal gut is sterile, and following birth, mother-to-infant microbial transmission has been implicated as a seeding source for the infant gut microbiota. Details of this transmission in giant pandas remain unclear. In this study, faecal samples were collected from seven panda mother-cub pairs when the cubs were 4-16 months old. Additional samples from the cubs' diet, soil and drinking water, and multiple body sites of the mothers were collected. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing and shotgun metagenomic sequencing were performed to determine the source and potential transmission routes of the cub gut microbiome. Source tracking analysis showed that maternal vagina, milk and faeces were the primary contributory sources of microbes, shaping the cub gut microbiome. Bacterial species from maternal faeces persisted the longest in the cub gut. Bacterial species in the diet contributed to the microbial community. Metagenomics analysis indicated that the predicted metabolic pathways of the gut microbiome also varied at different growth stages. Gut colonization with bacteria from various body sites of the mothers provides a foundational microbial community that is beneficial in fulfilling the evolving dietary needs of the cubs. This study suggests that mother-to-cub transmission is indispensable in shaping the gut microbiome of the developing panda cub.

Feeding habits and foraging patch selection strategy of the giant panda in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province, China.

Despite retaining a digestive system with carnivorous characteristics, the giant panda has now specialized to eat bamboo. Therefore, research on its feeding habits and foraging strategies has always been an important field in the study of giant panda population ecology. Located in the core distribution area of the giant panda population in the Liangshan mountains, the Meigu Dafengding Nature Reserve acts as the link between the major panda reserves in the Liangshan mountains and the key corridor zone connecting the giant panda populations in the east and west. This study was performed in 2017 and aimed to determine the feeding habits of giant pandas in this region, the heterogeneity of food resources in different seasons, and the selection strategy for foraging patches. To achieve this, we used the line transect method to investigate the giant panda population, collected fresh feces, analyzed the nutritional composition of bamboo samples, and set up a sampling grid of foraging patches in different seasonal distribution areas. It was found that wild giant pandas in the region spend most of the year at lower elevations(1939-3296m) foraging for Yushania maculata and Yushania ailuropodina, and only move to higher elevations(2844-3770m) in summer for Bashania fangiana. Their preferred foraging patches(n = 65) had certain topographical features, such as gentle slopes(< 25°) and closer proximity to water sources(< 500m), and the nutritional quality of bamboo resources in foraging patches was significantly better than in those they avoided or rarely used. The food habits and foraging patch selection strategies of giant pandas in the Liangshan and Qinling mountains are relatively similar, and the results of this study can help provide a scientific basis for the conservation and management of wild giant panda habitats in different mountain regions.

Large-scale genetic surveys for main extant population of wild giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) reveals an urgent need of human management.

There are only six isolated living giant panda populations, and a comprehensive understanding of their genetic health status is crucial for the conservation of this vulnerable species. Liangshan Mountains is one of the main distribution areas of living giant pandas and is outside the newly established Giant panda national park. In this study, 971 giant panda fecal samples were collected in the heartland of Liangshan Mountains (Mabian Dafengding Nature Reserve: MB; Meigu Dafengding Nature Reserve: MG; and Heizhugou Nature Reserve: HZG). Microsatellite markers and mitochondrial D-loop sequences were used to estimate population size and genetic diversity. We identified 92 individuals (MB: 27, MG: 22, HZG: 43) from the three reserves. Our results showed that: (1) genetic diversity of three giant panda populations was moderate; (2) several loci deviated significantly from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and almost all these deviated loci showed significant heterozygote deficiencies and inbreeding; (3) three giant panda populations have substantial genetic differentiation with the most differentiation between MB and the two other populations; and (4) a large amount of giant panda feces outside the three reserves were found, implying the existence of protection gap. These results indicated that under stochastic events, the giant panda populations in Liangshan Mountains are at risk of genetic decline or extinction and urgent need of human management. This study revealed that high attention should be paid to the protection of these giant panda populations outside the Giant panda national park, to ensure their survival in their distribution areas.

Coexistence patterns of sympatric giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) in Changqing National Nature Reserve, China

Similar species may co-occur in sympatry because of the partitioning of habitat use and resources at different spatial and temporal scales. Understanding coexistence patterns of species may contribute to further uncovering the underlying coexistence mechanisms, and ultimately benefit the conservation of threatened species. In this study, camera trapping was used to investigate spatial and temporal activity patterns of sympatric giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) in Changqing National Nature Reserve in Qinling Mountains, China. Our study obtained 281 independent detections of giant pandas and 185 of Asiatic black bears during 93,606 camera-trap days from April 2014 to October 2017. We performed occupancy modeling and temporal overlap analyses to examine the spatial-temporal relationships between pandas and bears, and results showed that: (1) giant pandas had higher detection probabilities than Asiatic black bears, while having lower occupancy probabilities; (2) Elevation positively predicted giant panda and negatively predicted Asiatic black bear occupancy, understory vegetation type negatively predicted giant panda occupancy, and distance to nearest settlement positively predicted Asiatic black bear occupancy; (3) giant pandas were more active in spring and winter, while Asiatic black bears were more active in summer, and the two species had low spatial overlap with one another throughout the year; (4) both giant pandas and Asiatic black bears showed mainly diurnal activity patterns, and had high temporal overlap with one another in spring and moderate temporal overlap with one another in autumn. Our results provide detailed information of the spatial and temporal ecology of sympatric giant pandas and Asiatic black bears in the Qinling Mountains of China, which could act as a guide to construct conservation priorities as well as design efficient management programs.

Virulence gene detection and antimicrobial resistance analysis of Enterococcus faecium in captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in China

BackgroundThe emergence of multidrug resistance among enterococci makes effective treatment of enterococcal infections more challenging. Giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) are vulnerable to oral trauma and lesions as they feast on bamboo. Enterococci may contaminate such oral lesions and cause infection necessitating treatment with antibiotics. However, few studies have focused on the virulence and drug resistance of oral-derived enterococci, including Enterococcus faecium, in giant pandas. In this study, we analyzed the prevalence of 8 virulence genes and 14 drug resistance genes in E. faecium isolates isolated from saliva samples of giant pandas held in captivity in China and examined the antimicrobial drug susceptibility patterns of the E. faecium isolates.ResultsTwenty-eight isolates of E. faecium were successfully isolated from the saliva samples. Four virulence genes were detected, with the acm gene showing the highest prevalence (89%). The cylA, cpd, esp, and hyl genes were not detected. The isolated E. faecium isolates possessed strong resistance to a variety of drugs; however, they were sensitive to high concentrations of aminoglycosides. The resistance rates to vancomycin, linezolid, and nitrofurantoin were higher than those previously revealed by similar studies in China and other countries.ConclusionsThe findings of the present study indicate the drugs of choice for treatment of oral E. faecium infection in the giant panda.

Small-scale spatial patterns of bamboos Bashania fargesii and Fargesia qinlingensis in the Qinling Mountains, China

While the spatial distribution of bamboos may substantially affect the quality of giant panda habitats, no attempts have been made to examine the spatial pattern of bamboos at small scales. We analyzed small-scale spatial patterns of two bamboos, Bashania fargesii and Fargesia qinlingensis, that are grazed by the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in the Qinling Mountains, China. The analysis used univariate and bivariate Ripley’s K function, and geostatistics. Culms (live and dead) and live shoots were aggregately or randomly distributed in space with aggregation repeated. The mortality pattern of F. qinlingensis was aggregated throughout the entire study scale (0–5 m), while the mortality pattern of B. fargesii was aggregated at smaller scales< 1.3 m. The size class distribution showed more medium-sized dead culms of B. fargesii and F. qinlingensis than expected, suggesting ramet survivorship was size-dependent. The shoot distribution in space either resulted from the characteristics of clonal growth or resource limitation. Both clonal habit and resource limitation drove the observed shoot distribution pattern in F. qinlingensis throughout the entire study scale, while clonal growth was likely responsible for the shoot regeneration pattern in B. fargesii at smaller scales. A positive relationship was observed between live culms and the number of dead culms in B. fargesii and F. qinlingensis, implying the importance of intraspecific competition for resources among culms. However, a negative relationship was found between the average basal diameter and culm density in B. fargesii and F. qinlingensis, indicating density-dependent mortality among culms. Variograms revealed spatially explicit structures of culms and new shoots, and revealed repeated patterns in space. These findings imply that intraspecific competition and clonal growth habit in heterogeneous microenvironments in space generated the spatial pattern of F. qinlingensis and B. fargesii. We further concluded that the quality of giant panda habitats varied in space, based on size class distribution and spatial patterns, implying that giant panda habitat may be over-estimated.

Spatiotemporal evolution analysis of human disturbances on giant panda: A new approach to study cumulative influences with large spatial scales

The disturbance of wildlife habitats by human activities has become an important driving force in the evolution of ecological landscapes. However, human disturbances in panda habitats are highly diverse and complex. To study the changes in the temporal and spatial dynamics of human disturbances affecting panda populations, an analysis model for the evolution of human interference was designed using information entropy and statistical methods. Based on data from the third and fourth National Wild Giant Panda surveys in China, we analyzed the developmental trend, spatial distribution, and characteristics of the current state and regional distribution of human disturbances affecting panda populations. The results showed that shoot gathering, farming, and tourism were key local distribution factors, whereas hunting, road infrastructure, and logging had a more widespread impact on panda habitat. Livestock and herb gatherings, however, showed no clear distribution patterns. The influence of the main disturbance factors (logging, livestock, road infrastructure, and shoot gathering) tended to increase over time, whereas the development of the relative strength and weakness of the disturbances showed an evolutionary trend. Although logging, livestock, shoot gathering, and road infrastructure have historically been the main panda habitat disturbances, the impact of logging and shoot gathering has been diminishing over time, with road infrastructure emerging as the leading disturbance factor. Farming has shaped the distribution area of giant panda habitats over the past several hundred years. Additionally, logging has caused current fragmentation patterns for several decades. Moreover, it is estimated that road infrastructure will have a broad and profound impact in the coming decades. Our results indicate that the information entropy theory can be effectively used to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of human disturbances that affect wildlife. Our findings will provide a basis for ecological policies that aid the preservation of threatened panda populations and guide future research on habitat disturbance.

Giant Panda Microhabitat Study in the Daxiangling Niba Mountain Corridor.

Habitat reduction and increased fragmentation are urgent issues for the survival and recovery of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). However, changes in the distribution and microhabitat selection of giant panda habitats in different seasons in the same region have rarely been assessed. To further understand giant panda habitat requirements, this study analyzed the giant panda habitat selection characteristics and differences using the sample data of the giant panda occurrence sites collected during 2020-2022. The results showed that the giant panda in both seasons selected medium altitudes (2000-2400 m), southeastern slopes, slopes less than 15°, taller tree layers (8-15 m) with a larger diameter at breast height (17-25 cm) and medium density (25-55%), shorter shrub layers (<4 m) with sparse density (<30%), and taller bamboo (>2 m) with high density (>35%). The giant panda microhabitat survey in the Niba Mountain corridor clarified the characteristics of suitable habitat selection for the giant panda in the corridor. The findings of the study can provide scientific references for the development of practical habitat conservation and management measures for giant pandas in the study area.

Giant panda feces: potential raw material in preparation of nitrocellulose for propellants

Giant panda feces: potential raw material in preparation of nitrocellulose for propellants

Gene expressions between obligate bamboo-eating pandas and non-herbivorous mammals reveal converged specialized bamboo diet adaptation

BackgroundIt is inevitable to change the function or expression of genes during the environmental adaption of species. Both the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red panda (Ailurus fulgens) belong to Carnivora and have developed similar adaptations to the same dietary switch to bamboos at the morphological and genomic levels. However, the genetic adaptation at the gene expression level is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to examine the gene expression patterns of giant and red panda convergent specialized bamboo-diets. We examined differences in liver and pancreas transcriptomes between the two panda species and other non-herbivorous species.ResultsThe clustering and PCA plots suggested that the specialized bamboo diet may drive similar expression shifts in these two species of pandas. Therefore, we focused on shared liver and pancreas DEGs (differentially expressed genes) in the giant and red panda relative to other non-herbivorous species. Genetic convergence occurred at multiple levels spanning carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and lysine degradation. The shared adaptive convergence DEGs in both organs probably be an evolutionary response to the high carbohydrate, low lipid and lysine bamboo diet. Convergent expression of those nutrient metabolism-related genes in both pandas was an intricate process and subjected to multi-level regulation, including DNA methylation and transcription factor. A large number of lysine degradation and lipid metabolism related genes were hypermethylated in promoter regions in the red panda. Most genes related to carbohydrate metabolism had reduced DNA methylation with increased mRNA expression in giant pandas. Unlike the red panda, the core gene of the lysine degradation pathway (AASS) doesn’t exhibit hypermethylation modification in the giant panda, and dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that transcription factor, NR3C1, functions as a transcriptional activator in AASS transcription through the binding to AASS promoter region.ConclusionsOur results revealed the adaptive expressions and regulations of the metabolism-related genes responding to the unique nutrients in bamboo food and provided data accumulation and research hints for the future revelation of complex mechanism of two pandas underlying convergent adaptation to a specialized bamboo diet.

The new image of Panda diplomat in the digital age: Innovations of the iPanda Channel in international communication

Nowadays, the giant panda has become a Chinese symbol on the international stage thanks to its uniqueness, positive cultural connotations, and constant effort of “Panda Diplomacy”. In the new media era, new possibilities are opened up for the transformation and reconstruction of the novel image of the panda diplomat. As an international communication platform built by CCTV, the iPanda Channel is characterized by its all-media approach, diverse and globalized content. Combining quantitative and qualitative research, this paper discusses and summarizes the tactics and overseas influences of iPanda, and its impact on boosting China’s diplomatic activities, promoting official and non-government exchanges, shaping the image of a peacefully rising China, and enhancing China’s soft power at the global level.

Comparative transcriptome analyses of immune responses to LPS in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the giant panda, human, mouse, and monkey.

Gram-negative bacteria are major pathogens that can cause illnesses in giant pandas. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), components of Gram-negative bacteria, can activate immune responses in mammals (i.e., humans and mice) through recognition by toll-like receptors (TLRs). However, the giant pandas' immune response to LPS stimulation and the differences between the giant panda and other mammals are not fully known. In this study, we administrated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from giant pandas, humans, C57BL/6 mice, and rhesus monkeys by LPS treatment at 6h followed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), respectively, with control of non-stimulation. KEGG analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) pathways indicated that LPS could activate the classic signaling pathway of NF-κB in PBMCs from those four tested species. Thus, similar to the other three species, NF-κB is an LPS-responsive regulator of innate immune responses in giant pandas. Furthermore, the expression patterns of adapter genes, inflammatory cytokine genes, chemokines, interferon genes, cytokine genes related to cell growth and development, costimulatory molecules, Th1/Th2 cytokine genes, Th17 cytokine genes, Th9, and Th22 cytokine genes were compared among giant pandas and three other species. Our data indicated that in addition to the similar expression patterns of certain genes among giant pandas and other species, the unique expression pattern response to LPS in giant pandas was also discovered. Furthermore, Th9, Th17, and Th22 cells might be involved in the response to LPS in giant pandas at this tested time point. This study reveals that LPS-induced immune responses have different sensitivities and response timelines in giant pandas compared with other mammals. This study facilitates further understanding of the role of the TLR signaling pathway and the immune system in giant pandas, which might be helpful for disease prevention and protection.

Pregnancy length and health in giant pandas: What can metabolic and urinary endocrine markers unveil?

Mature female giant pandas usually ovulate once a year. This is followed by an obligatory luteal phase, consisting of a long-lasting corpus luteum dormancy phase (CLD; primary increase in progestogens) and a much shorter active luteal phase (AL; secondary increase in progestogens). Varying duration of both the dormant (embryonic diapause) and AL (post-embryo reactivation) phases has hampered unambiguous pregnancy length determination in giant pandas until today. Additionally, progestogen profiles have been considered not to differ between pregnant and pseudopregnant cycles. Only ceruloplasmin, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α (PGFM) and – more recently – estrogens have been assigned diagnostic power so far. Our study investigated the competence of metabolic (fecal output) and Urinary Specific Gravity (USpG)-normalized urinary endocrine (progestogens, PGFM, glucocorticoids (GCM) and ceruloplasmin) markers for pregnancy monitoring including defining the duration of the AL phase length. Research on 24 (6 pregnant, 8 pseudopregnant and 10 non-birth) cycles of 6 giant pandas revealed a fixed AL phase length of 42 days in giant pandas, e.g. representing 6 weeks of post- diapause development in case of pregnancy. Progestogen concentrations were significantly higher in pregnant cycles throughout the majority of the AL phase, with significant higher values during the AL phase in healthy twin compared to singleton pregnancies. GCM concentrations were also markedly higher in giant pandas expecting offspring, with a clear increase towards birth in the final 2 weeks of pregnancy. This increase in GCM was running in parallel with elevating estrogen and PGFM concentrations, and decreasing progestogens. In addition, during the AL phase, a more pronounced decrease in fecal output was obvious for pregnant females. The combined profiles of non-invasive metabolic and endocrine markers, the latter normalized based on USpG, showed a true pregnancy signature during the AL phase. The findings of this study are applicable to retrospective evaluations of non-birth cycles facilitating categorizing those into pseudopregnant or lost pregnancies, with USpG-normalization of the urinary endocrine markers as a prerequisite.

Stable seasonal migration patterns in giant pandas.

A critical function of animal movement is to maximize access to essential resources in temporally fluctuating and spatially heterogeneous environments. Seasonally mediated resource fluctuations may influence animal movements, enabling them to track changing resource distributions, resulting in annual migration patterns. The conservation-dependent giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca) displays seasonal movement patterns; however, the key factor driving these seasonal migration patterns remains poorly understood. Here, we used GPS tracking collars to monitor the movements of six giant pandas over a 12-year period across different elevations, and performed statistical analysis of seasonal migration directions, routes, habitat revisitation, home range overlap, first arrival events, and stability. Our results revealed a compelling pattern of seasonal migrations that facilitated the ability of the pandas to forage at the appropriate time and place to maximize nutritional intake. Our results indicated that pandas utilize spatial memory to locate reliable food resources, as evidenced by their annual return to the same or similar winter and summer home ranges and the consistently maintained percentage of home range overlap. These novel insights into giant panda foraging and movement ecology not only enhance our understanding of its ability to adapt to nutritionally poor dietary resources but also provide important information for the development of resource utilization-based protection and management strategies.

Identifying priority protection areas of key food resources of the giant panda.

Animals that live in seasonal environments adjust their reproduction cycle to optimize seasonal forage quality. Giant pandas ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca) are seasonal altitudinal migrants that feed on bamboo shoots and leaves with different nutritional quality. However, the importance of bamboo shoots to giant pandas, especially small and isolated populations, is not fully appreciated. Here, we explored whether mating time of giant pandas is shaped by bamboo shoot phenology. We also assessed the intensity of ongoing bamboo shoot harvesting by local communities in 42 giant panda reserves based on questionnaire surveys. Varying intensity and protection levels of bamboo shoot harvesting were found. From these data, we developed a priority ranking scheme of protection areas for this key food resource. Our study showed that pandas time their mating behavior to coincide with bamboo shoot phenology due to the high nutritional demands associated with mating and pregnancy. We also found that bamboo shoots were not well protected in many places. Liangshan, Daxiangling, and Xiaoxiangling, containing the most isolated panda populations, were identified as the areas with the most urgent need of protection. Furthermore, equal attention should be paid to the QiongL-B population, as this region holds considerable potential to serve as a corridor between the Minshan and Qionglai populations. To address the challenges posed by bamboo shoot harvesting, we recommend establishing more practical bamboo shoot management policies, increasing public awareness of bamboo shoot protection, and providing alternative sources of income for local communities.

Automatic recognition of giant panda vocalizations using wide spectrum features and deep neural network.

The goal of this study is to present an automatic vocalization recognition system of giant pandas (GPs). Over 12800 vocal samples of GPs were recorded at Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding (CRBGPB) and labeled by CRBGPB animal husbandry staff. These vocal samples were divided into 16 categories, each with 800 samples. A novel deep neural network (DNN) named 3Fbank-GRU was proposed to automatically give labels to GP's vocalizations. Unlike existing human vocalization recognition frameworks based on Mel filter bank (Fbank) which used low-frequency features of voice only, we extracted the high, medium and low frequency features by Fbank and two self-deduced filter banks, named Medium Mel Filter bank (MFbank) and Reversed Mel Filter bank (RFbank). The three frequency features were sent into the 3Fbank-GRU to train and test. By training models using datasets labeled by CRBGPB animal husbandry staff and subsequent testing of trained models on recognizing tasks, the proposed method achieved recognition accuracy over 95%, which means that the automatic system can be used to accurately label large data sets of GP vocalizations collected by camera traps or other recording methods.

Serum Virome of Southern Beaufort Sea polar bears (Ursus maritimus) during a period of rapid climate change.

Climate change affects the behavior, physiology and life history of many Arctic wildlife species. It can also influence the distribution and ecology of infectious agents. The southern Beaufort Sea (SB) subpopulation of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) has experienced dramatic behavioral changes due to retreating sea ice and other climate-related factors, but the effects of these changes on physiology and infection remain poorly understood. Using serum from polar bears sampled between 2004 and 2015 and metagenomic DNA sequencing, we identified 48 viruses, all of the family Anelloviridae. Anelloviruses are small, ubiquitous infectious agents with circular single-stranded DNA genomes that are not known to cause disease but, in humans, covary in diversity and load with immunological compromise. We therefore examined the usefulness of anelloviruses as biomarkers of polar bear physiological stress related to climate and habitat use. Polar bear anelloviruses sorted into two distinct clades on a phylogenetic tree, both of which also contained anelloviruses of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), another ursid. Neither anellovirus diversity nor load were associated with any demographic variables, behavioral factors or direct physiological measures. However, pairwise genetic distances between anelloviruses were positively correlated with pairwise differences in sampling date, suggesting that the polar bear "anellome" is evolving over time. These findings suggest that anelloviruses are not a sensitive indicator of polar physiological stress, but they do provide a baseline for evaluating future changes to polar bear viromes.

Sentiment Analysis of Yaya Event of Giant Panda in the United States based on LDA Topic Model

With the rapid rise of the Internet and social media, hot topics can often become hotspots of online public opinion. In order to explore the netizens’ views on hot topics, this paper constructs an LDA model to analyse the sentiment of the incident of travelling panda Yaya by crawling the Weibo comments on the incident of travelling Giant Panda Yaya in the U.S. The study shows that netizens suspect that Yaya has suffered some abuse in the U.S. Memphis Zoo, and urgently hope that the panda Yaya will come back to China as soon as possible to receive treatment and care in the domestic zoo. The results of the study are helpful for the relevant departments to understand the attitudes and tendencies of netizens towards hot topics in a timely manner, and quickly deduce the development trend of the topics, so as to guide the public opinion accordingly.

国家公园生态产品价值核算

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 国家公园生态产品价值核算 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202112163575 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家公园研究院研究专项课项目（KFJ-STS-ZDTP-2021-003） Research on accounting of ecological products value in National Parks Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: the Special Program for the Institute of National Parks, Chinese Academy of Sciences 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:生态产品是维系生态安全、保障生态调节功能、提供良好人居环境的自然要素，国家公园作为我国代表性生态系统、自然景观和遗产、野生动植物物种分布的重要区域，是生态产品的重要供给区域，在提供高质量调节服务和文化服务中发挥着重要作用。生态产品总值（GEP）是生态产品价值的总和，并能够客观反映生态系统状况和生态保护成效。以我国首批5处国家公园为研究对象，通过核算其2000年和2015年GEP，得出如下结论：（1）2015年国家公园总GEP为10813.6亿元，主导服务功能是水源涵养和气候调节，占总值的70.0%，单位面积GEP为652.0万元/km2，是全国均值的1.4倍。（2）三江源国家公园GEP最高（4547.7亿元），其次是大熊猫、海南热带雨林国家公园等；海南热带雨林国家公园单位面积GEP最高（5140.5万元/km2），其次是武夷山、大熊猫国家公园等。（3）2000-2015年，国家公园GEP增长1.0%，单位面积GEP基本稳定，三江源和海南热带雨林国家公园增幅较大（3.1%和1.0%），而大熊猫国家公园有所下降（-2.0%），主要与地质灾害导致的森林、灌丛等生态系统面积减少有关。通过核算国家公园GEP，评估国家公园的生态保护成效，探究核算结果在其建设中的应用，推动国家公园的绿色发展及"两山"转化。 Abstract:Ecological products are nature elements that maintain ecological security, guarantee ecosystem service functions, and provide well living environments. National parks are the crucial areas for representative ecosystems, natural landscapes and heritages, and wildlife species, and also the main areas for ecological products supply in China which play an important role in providing high-quality ecological products. Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP) is the sum of the ecological products value and can reflect ecosystem status and protection effectiveness objectively. We took the first batch of national parks as the research objects and calculated the value of their ecological products. The conclusions were as follows. (1) The total GEP of the national parks was 1081.36 billion yuan, and the main ecosystem service functions were water retention (420.09 billion yuan) and climate regulation (336.69 billion yuan), both accounted for 70.0%; the GEP per unit area of the national park was 6.5 million yuan/km2 which was 1.4 times higher than the national average (4.8 million yuan/km2). (2) Three-River-Source National Park had the highest GEP (454.77 billion yuan), and followed by Giant Panda and Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park (278.14 billion yuan and 226.34 billion yuan); Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park had the highest GEP per unit area (51.41 million yuan/km2), and followed by Wuyishan and Giant Panda National Park (48.16 million yuan/km2 and 12.23 million yuan/km2). (3) From 2000 to 2015, the total GEP of national parks increased 1.0%, and the GEP per unit area was basically stable. The GEP of Three-River-Source and Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park increased significantly (3.1% and 1.0%), while Giant Panda National Park decreased 2.0% which mainly related to the reduction of the area of forests, shrubs and other ecosystems caused by geological disasters. By accounting of GEP, this paper aimed to assess the protection effectiveness of national parks, explore the results application in their construction, and promote green development and "two mountains" transformations in the national parks. This paper still had some difficulties and deficiencies. Firstly, due to the difficulty of obtaining data, this paper did not calculate the value of material products and cultural services of national parks; secondly, due to the large geographical span of national parks, it was difficult to obtain localized parameters that were mainly from references, and their accuracy need to be improved. This paper could reflect the state and changes of the ecological environment in a certain period of time within the national park, and provided a scientific basis for the ecological protection and management of national parks. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Social Impact Assessment of the Giant Panda National Park in China: A Comparative Analysis of the Inside, Gateway, and Fringe Communities

Social Impact Assessment of the Giant Panda National Park in China: A Comparative Analysis of the Inside, Gateway, and Fringe Communities