Enzymes GGT Research Articles

Protective effect of menthol against thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation, augmenting expression of BDNF and α7-nACh receptor, and improving spatial memory

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome that can occur in people with acute or chronic liver disease. Here, we investigated the effects of menthol, a natural monoterpene, on HE induced by thioacetamide (TA) in male Wistar rats. The rats received 200 mg/kg of TA twice a week for four weeks and were administered 10 mg/kg of menthol intraperitoneally daily for the same period. The results showed that menthol treatment reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in the livers and hippocampi of the rats that received TA. It also lowered the levels of ammonium and liver enzymes AST, ALT, ALP, and GGT in the serum of these animals and prevented liver histopathological damage. In addition, the expression and activity of acetylcholinesterase in the hippocampus of HE model rats were decreased by menthol. Likewise, this monoterpene reduced the expression of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB in the hippocampus while increasing the expression of BDNF and α7-nACh receptor. Menthol also reduced neuronal death in the hippocampal cornu ammonis-1 and dentate gyrus regions and reduced astrocyte swelling, which led to improved learning and spatial memory in rats with HE. In conclusion, the study suggests that menthol may have strong protective effects on the liver and brain, making it a potential treatment for HE and neurodegenerative diseases.

Evaluation of some proinflammatory cytokines and biochemical parameters in pre and postmenopausal breast cancer women

The study was planned to evaluate the differences in certain proinflammatory cytokines(IL-6, TNF-α) with CRP and biochemical parameters (E2, D3, LDH, GGT, TSB, Ca, Ph, uric acid), between women with pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer and seemingly healthy women in Iraqi women as controls; at medical city in teaching Oncology hospital,70 breast cancer patients women their ages ranged (47.51 ± 1.18) and 20 healthy women with age (44.45 ± 2.66) begun from September (2020) to February (2021). The aims of this study to investigate the evaluation of chemotherapy effects especially doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide only use in this study in pre and postmenopausal breast cancer women on proinflammatory cytokines(IL-6, TNF-α) with CRP and on biochemical parameters(E2, D3, LDH, GGT, TSB, Ca, Ph, uric acid) in pre and postmenapausal breast cancer women. The patients were divided into five groups and each group contains 14 patients women with breast cancer during pre and postmenopausal periods. The control groups were divided into 10 pre and 10 postmenopausal women(Fig. 1). The results of proinflammatory cytokines of and biochemical parameters in premenopausal groups were as the levels of IL-6 (pg/ml),TNF-α(pg/ml) and CRP (ng/ml) showed significant increase differences (P < 0.01)among breast cancer treated (BCT) groups in comparison with control groups,While the Liver enzymes GGT,LDH and TSB showed highly significant increase (P < 0.01) in BCT groups, Estrogen levels (pg/ml) and D3(ng/ml) increased significantly (P < 0.01)among BCT groups. Blood serum calcium and phosphorus with uric acid levels (mg/dl) showed significant difference (P < 0.01); While the result in postmenopausal of IL-6(pg/ml), TNF-α (pg/ml) and CRP (ng/ml) showed highly significant differences (P < 0.01)among BCT groups.While GGT(IU/L), LDH(IU/L) and TSB (mg/dl) enzymes were increased significantly (p < 0.01), Estrogen (pg/ml) and D3(ng/ml) levels showed significant increase (P < 0.01) among BCT groups.Blood calcium and phosphorus showed significant increase (P < 0.01) while uric acid was non-significant increase (P > 0.05).

In vitro characteristics of X- and Y-bearing ram spermatozoa sorted by bovine serum albumin (BSA) column and TLR7/8 ligand R848

The quality of the separated fractions in sex-sorted semen is very important for the success of the artificial insemination. This study aimed to evaluate some in vitro characteristics (DNA quantity, kinematic parameters and enzymes activity) of X- and Y-bearing ram spermatozoa sorted by bovine serum albumin (BSA) column and toll-like receptors (TLR)7/8 ligand R848. The ejaculates from six rams were collected by artificial vagina and subjected to a computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA). Total motility and percentage of the sperms with rapid and medium progressivity or non-progressivity in whole ejaculates and in X and Y fractions were analyzed. Activity of the enzymes ALP, GGT, CK, LDH and accumulation of lactate in the seminal plasma of ejaculates and in the environmental fluid of sexed spermatozoa were measured by biochemical analyzer. DNA was isolated from precipitated spermatozoa, and its quantity was measured. For both protocols the DNA mass from X-bearing fractions was higher, than from Y-bearing fractions. The high total motility of X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa as well as greater percent sperms with progressive motility were observed after use of BSA protocol. The application of TLR7/8 ligand R848 protocol led to reducing of Y-sperm motility and enhancement of non-progressivity in both fractions, which corresponded to the determined high amount of the extracellular lactate. For both methods, the significantly reduced activity of enzymes in the X and Y spermatozoa environmental fluids was established. Both protocols produce X- and Y-sperm fractions with satisfactory quality (over 80% total motility and over 50% rapid and medium progressive spermatozoa in each fraction).

Manipulated sperm motility via soot nanoparticles-induced biochemical alterations in human seminal plasma

Obtaining spermatozoa with progressive motility, via postejaculatory activation with pharmacological agents such as theophylline and pentoxifylline, is crucial for the success rate of assisted reproduction in couples with severe male factor infertility. Regrettably, the possibility of premature acrosome reactions and impared oocyte function questions the practical applicability of phosphodiesterase inhibitors. The rapid development of nanotechnologies promotes the use of hydrophobic rapeseed oil soot as a non-cytotoxic biomaterial for sperm motility activation, but the scarcity of knowledge regarding the interactions of soot with components from the seminal plasma hinders the eventual commercialization of this cutting-edge approach. Aiming to eliminate this shortcoming, the current study shows for the first time how the soot nanomaterials alter the biochemistry of human seminal plasma. Upon 270 min incubation with soot nanoparticles, the activity of AST, ALT, CK, LDH and GGT enzymes in the seminal plasma of ten patients changes inversely to the registered sperm motility (i.e., lower enzyme activity, higher sperm motility and vice versa). This phenomenon is primarily related to termination of the enzymes-substrate binding or extraction of enzymes from the gametes via chemical bonding with the soot. These novel mechanisms depend on the physicochemical features of used carbon nanomaterials, revealing opportunities for predictable tuning of the sperm reproductive potential.

Health assessment of Holstein calves born after in vitro fertilization, biopsy-based genotyping at the blastocyst stage and subsequent embryo transfer

Establishing methods for evaluating genomic estimated breeding values of bovine embryos can potentially increase the efficiency of breeding programs by transferring only embryos with a high genomic estimated breeding value. This may be achieved by analyzing DNA from trophectoderm biopsies. However, manipulation of bovine embryos is associated with a risk of impaired conceptus health. More knowledge on the health implications of embryonic handling procedures is required. In this study, we followed pregnancies after transfer of in vitro-produced (IVP) embryos and assessed the health of the offspring during the first 2 weeks of life. Three groups of calves were studied: i) freshly transferred non-biopsied embryos (39 transfers, 17 calves; Group B-/C-); ii) biopsied and freshly transferred IVP embryos (42 transfers, 21 calves; Group B+/C-); iii) biopsied and cryopreserved IVP embryos (17 transfers, 6 calves; Group B+/C+). Blood biochemical and hematologic values were compared between groups and to a control group of 13 calves produced by conventional artificial insemination. The pregnancy rate on day 50 and the calving rate did not differ among the groups, but the average gestation length of the B+/C+ group was significantly shorter and with wider variation than the two other groups. There was a tendency toward a higher average body weight at birth in group B+/C+ (45.1 kg) and the standard deviation in body weight was larger (11.7 kg) compared to the B-/C- (39.5 kg; 3.2 kg) and B+/C- (41.8 kg; 6 kg) groups. Body weight on day 14 was higher in the B+/C+ calves compared to the other groups. There was no difference in the biochemical and hematological values at birth between the groups and these were within the normal range. However, when compared to a group of calves produced by standard artificial insemination, significantly higher concentrations were found for the hepatic-related enzymes ALAT, ASAT, ALP, and GGT in group B-/C-and B+/C-, while only higher ALP concentrations were found in B+/C+ calves. The biochemical findings indicate higher heterogeneity in IVP calves compared to calves produced by artificial insemination. The more manipulated IVP embryos also showed increased heterogeneity in body weight at birth, with a shift toward heavier calves, which calls for closer attendance at parturition to handle dystocia in a timely manner and minimize fetal losses.

Isotope tracing reveals bacterial catabolism of host-derived glutathione during Helicobacter pylori infection.

Mammalian cells synthesize the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) to shield cellular biomolecules from oxidative damage. Certain bacteria, including the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori, can perturb host GSH homeostasis. H. pylori infection significantly decreases GSH levels in host tissues, which has been attributed to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in infected cells. However, the precise mechanism of H. pylori-induced GSH depletion remains unknown, and tools for studying this process during infection are limited. We developed an isotope-tracing approach to quantitatively monitor host-derived GSH in H. pylori-infected cells by mass spectrometry. Using this method, we determined that H. pylori catabolizes reduced GSH from gastric cells using γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (gGT), an enzyme that hydrolyzes GSH to glutamate and cysteinylglycine (Cys-Gly). gGT is an established virulence factor with immunomodulatory properties that is required for H. pylori colonization in vivo. We found that H. pylori internalizes Cys-Gly in a gGT-dependent manner and that Cys-Gly production during H. pylori infection is coupled to the depletion of intracellular GSH from infected cells. Consistent with bacterial catabolism of host GSH, levels of oxidized GSH did not increase during H. pylori infection, and exogenous antioxidants were unable to restore the GSH content of infected cells. Altogether, our results indicate that H. pylori-induced GSH depletion proceeds via an oxidation-independent mechanism driven by the bacterial enzyme gGT, which fortifies bacterial acquisition of nutrients from the host. Additionally, our work establishes a method for tracking the metabolic fate of host-derived GSH during infection.

Cytokine Profile and Enzymes of Tubular Nephrothelium in the Urine of Children with Congenital Megaureter

The objective: to determine the concentration of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), activity levels of tubular nephrothelium enzymes total N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), its thermostable NAG isoenzyme B (NAG-B), β-galactosidase (β-Gal), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and neutral α-glucosidase (Nα-Gl) as cytokine-enzymological risk criteria for the development of nephrofibrosis in the urine of children with congenital nonrefluxing megaureter (NRMU) and refluxing megaureter (RMU) with unilateral and bilateral localization of the pathological process. Materials and methods. 174 patients with congenital MU were examined, who were divided into two groups. Group 1 included 131 children with NRMU, group 2 – 43 children with RMU aged from 6 months to 15 years. The control group included 25 practically healthy children. There were 97 patients with unilateral NRMU (group 1a), with bilateral – 34 persons (group 1b); there were 16 patients with unilateral RMU (group 2a), with bilateral – 27 (group 2b). Cytokine and enzyme indicators were studied in the morning portion of urine before reconstructive treatment. The levels of cytokines were determined by the ELISA method. Enzyme activity of urine was determined by the colorimetric method. Statistical processing of data was performed after analyzing the conformity of their distribution to the norm parameters. Results. It was found that the levels of TGF-β1, IL-1β and TNF-α, as well as the activity levels of NAG, NAG-B, β-Gal, GGT and Nα-Gl in the urine of patients with both congenital NRMU and congenital RMU are significantly increased compared to similar indicators in the control group (p&lt;0.001). In patients with congenital RMU, compared to similar average indicators of patients with congenital NRMU, there is a significant increase of all cytokine and enzyme parameters (р&lt;0.05–0.001), which indicates the probability of ischemic-hypoxic, as well as fibrotic damages in the kidney parenchyma in children with MU, especially in patients with RMU. A significant increase in the cytokine levels and enzyme activity levels were established in patients with NRMU and RMU with a unilateral process compared to similar control data (p&lt;0.001. A statistically significant increase of TNF-α, the activity of NAG-B and β-Gal in patients with bilateral NRMU, the concentration of IL-1β, TNF-α and activity levels of NAG, NAG-B, β-Gal, GGT and Nα-Gl in patients with bilateral RMU compared with similar data in groups of patients with unilateral process was found (p&lt;0.05–0.001). Conclusions. Congenital MU (NRMU, RMU) negatively affects the function of the tubular nephrothelium, which is manifested by an increased level of profibrogenic cytokine TGF-β1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α in the urine of children, as well as the activity levels of lysosomal enzymes NAG, NAG-B, β-Gal and brush border enzymes GGT and Nα-Gl, which have renal specific properties. This indicates a high probability of ischemic processes in the kidney parenchyma and the risk of nephrofibrosis development in these patients, especially in patients with RMU with bilateral localization of the pathological process.

Pediatric reference values of alkaline phosphatase: Analysis from a German population-based cohort and influence of anthropometric and blood parameters

BackgroundDue to different growth and metabolic processes, reference values of alkaline phosphatase (AP) for children aged 3 month to 18 years are dependent on age and sex. They are not constant and differ from those of adults due to the growth processes taking place. Accordingly, reference levels of AP continuous across these ages were generated for boys and girls based on of a large German health- and population-based study, LIFE Child. We considered AP at different growth and Tanner stages and additionally its association with other anthropometric parameters. The association between AP and BMI was of particulary great interest due to controversial literature on this topic. The role of AP in liver metabolism was investigated by examining ALAT, ASAT, and GGT. Methods3976 healthy children (12,093 visits) were included from the LIFE Child study from 2011 to 2020. The subjects´ age ranged from 3 months to 18 years. Serum samples from 3704 subjects (10,272 cases, 1952 boys and 1753 girls) were analysed for AP after applying specific exclusion criteria. After calculating of reference percentiles, associations between AP and height-SDS, growth velocity, BMI-SDS, Tanner stage and the liver enzymes ALAT, ASAT and GGT were examined via linear regression models. ResultsIn the continuous reference levels, AP showed a first peak during the first year of life, followed by a plateau at a lower level until the start of puberty. In girls, AP increased beginning at the age 8, with a peak around 11 years, in boys beginning at the age 9, with a peak around age 13. Afterwards, AP values decreased continuously until age 18. In Tanner stages 1 and 2, AP levels did not differ between the two sexes. We found a strong positive association between AP-SDS and BMI-SDS. We also observed a significantly positive association between AP-SDS and height-SDS, which was stronger in boys than in girls. We found different intensities in the associations of AP with growth velocity depending on age group and sex. Furthermore, we found a significantly positive association between ALAT and AP in girls but not in boys, whereas ASAT-SDS and GGT-SDS were significantly positively associated with AP-SDS in both sexes. ConclusionSex and age, but also BMI may act as confounding factors for AP reference ranges. Our data confirm the remarkable association between AP and growth velocity (or height-SDS, respectively) during infancy and puberty. In addition, we were able to specify the associations between AP and ALAT, ASAT, and GGT and their differences in both sexes. These relations should be considered when evaluating liver and bone metabolism markers, especially in infancy.

Serum Biochemical Profile of Captive Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) in Tamil Nadu, India

The experiment was carried out in 46 apparently health captive elephants maintained in different parts of Tamil Nadu, India during the period from August 2020 to April 2021 to assess and evolve the baseline reference values for serum biochemical parameters in captive Asian elephants raised in the Tamil Nadu state of India.As part of the periodical health assessment, blood samples were collected from auricular vein for 46 apparently healthy captive Asian elephants maintained in Tamil Nadu, India. Biochemical analyses were performed using auto biochemical analyzer using commercial kits as per the recommendations of the manufacturer. The mean±SE, lower and upper value, 95% and 99% of confidence interval of the serum biochemistry parameters comprised of glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, serum enzymes AST, ALT, ALP, CK, GGT and LDH were evaluated. The observed values were found to be within the normal ranges reported for the captive elephants and there were no significant differences observed between the age groups. These serum biochemical values would serve as baseline reference to evaluate the health and clinical conditions of captive elephant populations, as well as for planning health care measures in elephants of this region and adjoining areas.

A γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT)-Triggered Charge Reversal Drug-Delivery System for Cervical Cancer Treatment: In Vitro and In Vivo Investigation.

Neutral/negatively charged nanoparticles are beneficial to reduce plasma protein adsorption and prolong their blood circulation time, while positively charged nanoparticles easily transverse the blood vessel endothelium into a tumor and easily penetrate the depth of the tumor via transcytosis. Γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is overexpressed on the external surface of endothelial cells of tumor blood vessels and metabolically active tumor cells. Nanocarriers modified by molecules containing γ-glutamyl moieties (such as glutathione, G-SH) can maintain a neutral/negative charge in the blood, as well as can be easily hydrolyzed by the GGT enzymes to expose the cationic surface at the tumor site, thus achieving good tumor accumulation via charge reversal. In this study, DSPE-PEG2000-GSH (DPG) was synthesized and used as a stabilizer to generate paclitaxel (PTX) nanosuspensions for the treatment of Hela cervical cancer (GGT-positive). The obtained drug-delivery system (PTX-DPG nanoparticles) was 164.6 ± 3.1 nm in diameter with a zeta potential of -9.85 ± 1.03 mV and a high drug-loaded content of 41.45 ± 0.7%. PTX-DPG NPs maintained their negative surface charge in a low concentration of GGT enzyme (0.05 U/mL), whereas they showed a significant charge-reversal property in the high-concentration solution of GGT enzyme (10 U/mL). After intravenous administration, PTX-DPG NPs mainly accumulated more in the tumor than in the liver, achieved good tumor-targetability, and significantly improved anti-tumor efficacy (68.48% vs. 24.07%, tumor inhibition rate, p < 0.05 in contrast to free PTX). This kind of GGT-triggered charge-reversal nanoparticle is promising to be a novel anti-tumor agent for the effective treatment of such GGT-positive cancers as cervical cancer.

Glutathione Contribution in Interactions between Turnip mosaic virus and Arabidopsis thaliana Mutants Lacking Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs D and F.

Respiratory burst oxidase homologs (Rbohs) play crucial and diverse roles in plant tissue-mediated production of reactive oxygen species during the development, growth, and response of plants to abiotic and biotic stress. Many studies have demonstrated the contribution of RbohD and RbohF in stress signaling in pathogen response differentially modulating the immune response, but the potential role of the Rbohs-mediated response in plant-virus interactions remains unknown. The present study analyzed, for the first time, the metabolism of glutathione in rbohD-, rbohF-, and rbohD/F-transposon-knockout mutants in response to Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection. rbohD-TuMV and Col-0-TuMV interactions were characterized by susceptible reaction to TuMV, associated with significant activity of GPXLs (glutathione peroxidase-like enzymes) and induction of lipid peroxidation in comparison to mock-inoculated plants, with reduced total cellular and apoplastic glutathione content observed at 7-14 dpi and dynamic induction of apoplast GSSG (oxidized glutathione) at 1-14 dpi. Systemic virus infection resulted in the induction of AtGSTU1 and AtGSTU24, which was highly correlated with significant downregulation of GSTs (glutathione transferases) and cellular and apoplastic GGT (γ-glutamyl transferase) with GR (glutathione reductase) activities. On the contrary, resistant rbohF-TuMV reactions, and especially enhanced rbohD/F-TuMV reactions, were characterized by a highly dynamic increase in total cellular and apoplastic glutathione content, with induction of relative expression of AtGGT1, AtGSTU13, and AtGSTU19 genes. Moreover, virus limitation was highly correlated with the upregulation of GSTs, as well as cellular and apoplastic GGT with GR activities. These findings clearly indicate that glutathione can act as a key signaling factor in not only susceptible rbohD reaction but also the resistance reaction presented by rbohF and rbohD/F mutants during TuMV interaction. Furthermore, by actively reducing the pool of glutathione in the apoplast, GGT and GR enzymes acted as a cell first line in the Arabidopsis-TuMV pathosystem response, protecting the cell from oxidative stress in resistant interactions. These dynamically changed signal transductions involved symplast and apoplast in mediated response to TuMV.

Correlation Between Clinical Features of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with CT Findings of Fatty Liver Patients

People with fatty liver disease are at major risk of liver cirrhosis and malignancies. This study aims to evaluate the correlation between fatty liver and diabetes features on computed tomography (CT) using Hounsfield units for the liver and spleen. The research was conducted in Jeddah Hospital’s Medical Imaging Department and CT scan department from March 2018 until March 2020. A total of 50 patients with diabetes were chosen randomly, with males (26) and females (24) ranging in age from 31 to 80 years old. Descriptive statistics of body mass index were recorded for the liver and the spleen; the main liver enzymes were Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), albumin, total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin, which were measured and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program, version 23. We found a significant correlation of ALT and direct bilirubin with liver and spleen HU at p value &lt; 0.017 and &lt; 0.073, respectively; the mean and standard deviation for the other liver enzymes GGT, albumin, and total bilirubin in segment 3 of the left liver were 45.48 ± 7.077 HU, 45.00 ± 7.797 HU, 36.67 ± 5.776 HU, and 37.23 ± 4.885 HU, respectively. We concluded that fatty liver is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus symptoms such as high ALT and direct bilirubin, with no significant association between GGT, albumin, total bilirubin, and liver and spleen HU.

Investigation the role of some biochemical variables in liver Cirrhosis

Objectives: The current study is to assess nitric oxide levels as well as a few other biochemical parameters in individuals with hepatic Cirrhosis disease. Methods: The study included 55 age-matched controls and 57 individuals with cirrhosis disease that were both clinically and biochemically identified. Adenosine deaminase (ADA), albumin, aspartate tansaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), -glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase were measured as part of the biochemical analyses (ALP). Results: The study group's serum nitric oxide (NO) levels were substantially (p 0.001) greater than those of the control group's. Additionally, the results showed that the activities of the enzymes ADA, GGT, ALP, AST, and ALT were significantly higher in liver cirrhotic patients than in the control group. Conclusions: Nitric oxide concentration elevation may serve as a potential diagnostic indicator for liver cirrhosis.

Effect of High-intensity Intermittent Swimming Training on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-αand Liver Enzymes in Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis Male Rats

Introduction: Accumulation of fat in the liver tissue is known as the most important cause of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which is associated with a decrease in the protein of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-α). This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIST) on PPAR-α and liver enzymes in high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis rats.&#x0D; Methods: The current research was semi-experimental. 40 Spraguedauli male rats (age: 6 to 8 weeks and weight: 230 ± 20 grams) were selected and divided into two equal groups, healthy and high-fat diet (HFD). The HFD group was subjected to gavage for eight weeks with the aim of inducing the disease. Rats were divided into four groups: control-healthy (n=9), healthy-swimming (n=9), control- disease (n=9) and disease -swimming (n=9). The training groups performed HIST for eight weeks (three sessions per week, each session lasting 30 minutes). In the end, liver PPAR-α was measured by western blot analysis; and ALT, AST and GGT enzymes in serum level were measured by photometric method. One-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to analyze the data. Significant level (P≥0.05) and all statistical methods were performed using SPSS16 software.&#x0D; Results: HIST controlled the weight gain caused by HFD and there was a significant decrease in serum ALT and AST in the healthy-swimming and sick-swimming groups compared to the control-patient group and a significant decrease in serum GGT in the healthy-swimming group compared to the control-patient (P≤0.001) and patient-swimming (P≤0.044) were observed. A significant increase in hepatic PPAR-α was observed in healthy-swimming patients compared to the control-patients (P≤0.002).&#x0D; Conclusion: HIST can control body weight and reduce liver enzymes. However, more research is needed to obtain definitive results.

In diabetics, Amylase, ALP, and GGT enzymes levels were determined

في مرضى السكري Amylase ,ALP ,GGT تحديد مستوى انزيمات يهدف هذا البحث إلى حيث تم اخذ مجموعتين من المرضى شملت المجموعة الاولى على 38 مريض وتم قياس مستوى ومقارنته مع مجموعة السيطرة والتي احتوت 14 شخص. اما المجموعة الثانية فشملت GGT في عدد من المرضى 15 مريض ومقارنتة مع مجموعةAmylase, ALP , GGT دراسة السيطرة 15 شخص. اظهرت النتائج ارتفاع معنوي في مستوى الانزيمات الثلاثة مما يدل على وجود علاقة بين مرض السكري وهذه الانزيمات.

Comparative Histopathologic Evaluation of the Effects of Portulaca oleracea, Omega-3, and Combination of Sodium Selenite and Vitamin E on Hepatic Enzymes of Experimental Diabetic Rats

Introduction: Portulaca oleracea (PO) plant, Omega 3, and Sodium Selenite plus Vitamin E have antidiabetic effects by compensating for the deficiency in insulin release and enhancing antioxidant status. The purpose of the present study was to comparatively assess the effect of Portulaca oleracea, omega-3, and a combination of Sodium Selenite and Vitamin E on hepatic enzyme activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Rats. Materials and methods: A total of 48 adult male Wistar rats (weighing approximately 220 ± 10 g) were injected by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight.) and were randomly assigned to 4 groups, and 4 replicates for each group. Group 1 served as diabetic control, groups 2, 3, and 4 received Portulaca oleracea extract (1.5 mg/kg/day, orally), Omega-3 (500 mg/kg/day, orally), and Sodium Selenite (0.5 mg/kg/day, orally) plus Vitamin E (400 Iu/kg/day, orally), respectively, for 28 days. At the end of the study, blood samples were taken for biochemical investigations. Results: The levels of blood glucose, AST, ALP, and GGT enzymes in all treatment groups were less than those of the control group. The ALT enzyme activity in rats treated with Portulaca oleracea and Vitamin E plus Selenium was less than in control and omega-3 treatment groups. Conclusion: Results indicated that Portulaca oleracea is more effective in hepatic enzyme activities of diabetic rats, compared to other treatment groups.

Evaluation of Liver Enzymes Activities among Type 2 Diabetic Patients, Attending Alribat University Hospital, Khartoum State

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease known by chronic hyperglycemia which results from defective insulin action and secretion. Various studies have documented liver disease as a major cause of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. It is well known that the liver plays an important role in the maintenance of normal glucose levels during fasting as well as in the postprandial period Aim: To evaluate the levels of liver markers in type 2 diabetes patients in Khartoum state. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in Alribat University hospital, Sudan during the period from January 2018 to April 2019. Hundred subjects were included in the study, fifty patients previously diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes and similar number of age- andgender-matchedhealthy control subjects. The design of the study was cross-sectional, with a retrospective historical review through apersonal interview of all subjects.Blood was collected in a heparinized tube at room temperature and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3500rpm, Serum liver markers concentrations were estimated by an enzymatic method in a fully Automated Biochemistry Analyzer (Cobas 3546). The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.Results: The majority of patients were &gt; 55 years. serum level of AST in type 2 diabetic patients and control group respectively were (31.26±10.34, 20.35±6.48) p value= 0.00), serum levels of ALT in type 2diabetic patients and control group respectively were (33.74±6.48, 19.70±6.23) p value= 0.00, serum level of ALP in Type 2 Diabetes patients and control group respectively were (125.20±49.61, 87.90±24.35) p value= 0.00,Serum level of GGT in Type 2 Diabetes patients and control group respectively were (47.72±9.01, 43.48±8.63) p value= 0.026. The mean BMI in type 2 diabetic patients and the control group respectively were (26.36±5.94,19.19±2.67), p value= 0.00, the correlation between duration of disease and liver enzymes GGT,ALT,AST and ALP respectively were (0.47,0.34,0.57,0.93). The current study showed in significant correlation between serum (GGT and ALT) and BMI of patients among type 2 diabetic patients (p value= 0.83,0.863) but significant correlation between serum (AST, ALT) and BMI of patients ( p value= 0.002,0.032).Conclusion: In the present study, a significant increase in the level of liver enzymes, ALT, AST, GGT ALP was observed in type 2 diabetic patients when compared to the normal group. Hence, we found an association between the level of liver enzymes, ALT, AST, and GGT in type 2 diabetic patients. Thus, these liver enzymes can be used as biomarkers for the assessment of type 2 diabetes, and we found no association between the level of liver enzymes, ALT, AST, and GGT in type 2 diabetic patients and duration of disease.

The association between elevated lipid profile and liver enzymes: a study on Bangladeshi adults

Dyslipidemia, a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases, is rapidly increasing in Asian countries including Bangladesh. In addition to the cardiovascular system, abnormal lipid levels are also known to cause complications in renal and hepatic systems. The data regarding dyslipidemia and its relationship with liver enzymes are scarce for the Bangladeshi population. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of dyslipidemia and determine the relationship between lipid profile and liver enzymes in Bangladeshi adults. A total of 405 participants (318 males and 87 females) were enrolled in the study. Serum levels of TG, TC, LDL, HDL and liver enzymes including ALT, AST, GGT and ALP were analyzed using standard methods. Dyslipidemia and liver function tests abnormalities were defined according to the international standard guidelines. The association between elevated lipid profile markers and liver enzyme abnormalities was assessed by logistic regression analysis. Overall, the prevalence of elevated TG, TC, LDL and low HDL were 30.9%, 23.7%, 26.2% and 78.8%, respectively. On the other hand, the prevalence of elevated liver enzymes ALT, AST, GGT and ALP were 18.8%, 21.6%, 12.9% and 21.9%, respectively. Dyslipidemia and liver enzyme abnormalities were higher in diabetic and hypertensive participants than in the healthy participants. About 61% of participants with dyslipidemia had at least one or more elevated liver enzymes. In regression analysis, an independent association was observed between serum GGT and all lipid components. In conclusion, a high prevalence of dyslipidemia and liver enzyme abnormalities were observed among the study participants. Of the four liver enzymes, the serum levels of GGT showed an independent association with all lipid components. Moreover, this study indicates that subjects with dyslipidemia often have a higher chance of having liver diseases than subjects with no dyslipidemia. However, large-scale prospective studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms of lipid-induced hepatic dysfunction in the Bangladeshi population.

Replenishing glutathione counters ciprofloxacin-induced acute liver failure via possible gene modifying mechanism

Background: Acute liver failure (ALF) can be defined as rapid loss of liver functions even in the absence of pre-existing liver disorders. ALF is a medical emergency that necessitates hospitalization and, if not properly treated, a liver transplant may be the only cure. Herein, we studied the potential therapeutic effects of exogenous glutathione on drug-induced ALF. Materials: Thirty male Wistar albino rats were used in the present study. Rats were divided (10/group) into: control group (received only intra-peritoneal injection of distilled water), ciprofloxacin-treated group (received intra-peritoneal injection of 800 mg/kg/day ciprofloxacin for 15 consequent days with concomitant intra-peritoneal injection of distilled water), and ciprofloxacin + glutathione-treated group (received intra-peritoneal injection of 800 mg/kg/day ciprofloxacin for 15 consequent days with concomitant intra-peritoneal injection of 200 mg/kg/day glutathione). Measurement of serum ALT, AST, GGT and LDH enzymes activities were performed, and hepatic gene expression of CYP3A, GPx, GSR and Nrf2 mRNA was assessed. Results: Treatment with ciprofloxacin resulted in significant increase in ALT, AST, GGT and LDH enzymes activities when compared to the control group. Ciprofloxacin also induced significant down-regulation of CYP3A, GPx, GSR and Nrf2 mRNA gene expression when compared to the corresponding values in the control group. Glutathione administration significantly normalized ALT, AST, GGT and LDH enzymes activities and up-regulated CYP3A, GPx, GSR and Nrf2 mRNA gene expression. Conclusion: Glutathione could play potential therapeutic roles in the treatment of acute liver failure by preventing oxidative stress-induced disruption of hepatocyes cell membranes and alteration in cytochrome P450 and the antioxidant genes.

Blood Biochemical Variables Found in Lidia Cattle after Intense Exercise.

Simple SummaryThere are limited published data in cattle on blood biological variables in response to intense work or after significant physical exertion. Stress should be considered in addition to exercise in the Lidia breed due to their agonistic behavioral characteristics. Therefore, changes in blood biological variables in response to intense exercise and stress were evaluated. Specifically, 438 bulls of the Lidia breed were sampled after a bullfight in order to determine the concentrations of different blood variables. We found that most of the measured blood variables clearly increased. Thus, severe hyperglycemia and an increase in various enzymes (LDH, AST, GGT, ALT, and particularly CK) were observed. The increase in all these variables is justified by the mobilization of energy sources, tissue and muscle damage, and dehydration, due to intense exercise and stress.There are limited published data in the bovine species on blood biological variables in response to intense work or after significant physical exertion. Lidia cattle, in addition to their exercise components, have some behavioral agonistic features that make them more susceptible to stress. The bullfight involves stress and exercise so intense that it causes significant changes in some metabolic variables. The study objective was to evaluate changes in blood biological variables in response to intense exercise and stress. After the fight in the arena, and once the bulls were dead (n = 438), blood samples were taken, and some biochemical and hormonal variables were determined in venous blood. A descriptive analysis was performed using the Statistica 8.0. computer program. The mean (±s.d.) results obtained were: total protein (85.8 ± 10.8 g/dL), albumin (3.74 ± 4.3 g/dL), triglycerides (39.65 ± 0.16 mg/dL), cholesterol (2.44 ± 0.03 mmol/L), glucose (22.2 ± 9.6 mmol/L), uric acid (340 ± 80 µmol/L), creatinine (236.9 ± 0.4 µmol/L), urea (5.93 ± 1.27 mmol/L), LDH (2828 ± 1975 IU/L), CK (6729 ± 10,931 IU/L), AST (495 ± 462 IU/L), ALP (90 ± 33 IU/L), GGT (50 ± 34 IU/L), ALT (59 ± 35 IU/L), cortisol (117.5 ± 46.6 nmol/L), and testosterone (20.2 ± 23.8 nmol/L). Most of the measured variables clearly increased; thus, we found severe hyperglycemia and increases in LDH, AST, GGT, and ALT enzymes, particularly in CK. The increases in all these variables are justified by the mobilization of energy sources, tissue/muscle damage, and dehydration due to continued stress and intense exercise.