Pelargonium Graveolens Research Articles

A study on geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L′Herit ex Aiton) cultivars’ productivity and economics as intervening by diverse climatic conditions of the western peninsular region of India

The essential oil of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L′Herit ex Aiton) has multifarious properties and is one of the industrially important aromatic crop. Since the productivity, content, and composition of essential oil of geranium is well recognized that geranium depends on both external and internal variabilities, which include suitable cultivars, climate, and seasonal changes, knowledge of the different agro-climatic conditions is necessary for the production of quality essential oil. Hence, the current investigation was carried out to study the variation in the yield productivity and essential oil composition of the two selected geranium cultivars, CIMAP Bio-G-171 (C1) existing cultivar and the newly released cultivar CIM-Bharat (C2). The study was conducted during the year 2020–2022 in a tropical region of five different districts/locations [Satara district (L1), Ratnagiri district (L2), Bhandara district (L3), Jalgaon district (L4) and Ahmednagar district (L5)] of Maharashtra, India. The results findings revealed that the productivity of geranium cultivars was influenced by different locations in Maharashtra. From the mean data of locations, fresh biomass yield was ranging 47.62–27.47 (ton ha−1). From the mean data of the cultivar, C2 showed a maximum (56.45 kg ha−1) essential oil yield over the presently dominant cultivar C1 (47.55 kg ha−1), however C:G ratio of cultivar C2 was higher than C1 in all locations. According to the average economic data from each location, L3 had the maximum gross return (10,270 US$ ha−1 or 8.036 × 105 INR ha−1), total net profit (7356 US$ ha−1 or 5.756 × 105 INR ha−1), and B:C ratio (2.52), while it was followed by L2 and lowest was achieved in L5.

Vermicompost as a suitable fertilizer for rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) production and reduction of chemical nitrogen need

Vermicompost as a suitable fertilizer for rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) production and reduction of chemical nitrogen need

First Report of Stem and Root Rot Caused by Fusarium oxysporum on Geranium in China.

Geranium (Pelargonium hortorum) is a widely cultivated ornamental plant in the world. In August 2021, geranium plants exhibited stem and root rot symptoms in a garden in Tianjin, China (117°20'E, 39°13'N) with an approximate incidence of 10%. Symptoms were rotted stem and root, chlorotic leaves, wilting, discolored vascular tissues and eventually plant death. White mycelia were observed growing on the surface of the infected stems and roots in a high humidity environment. Symptomatic plants were collected from three nurseries (20 plants per nursery) in the Tianjin garden, out of which 10 plants were arbitrarily selected for pathogen isolation. The diseased stem and root were rinsed under tap water, blotted dry, and excised into 3 mm2 pieces (three pieces per plant) at the boundary of the symptomatic area. The pieces were surface disinfected with 75% ethanol for 30 s, washed with sterile distilled water for three times, and then placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) containing 50 mg/L of streptomycin sulfate and incubated at 26℃ in the dark. After 6 days, 24 of 30 isolates generated white to pale pink aerial hyphae on PDA. Macroconidia were slightly curved at apex, hyaline and falcate, 3 to 5 septate, 19.2 to 41.08 μm in length and 2.95 to 5.62 μm in width (n = 30). Microconidia were single-celled, hyaline, non-septate and ovoid, and measured 4.98 to 16.48 μm in length and 1.58 to 4.69 μm in width (n = 30). These characteristics matched the description of Fusarium oxysporum (Leslie and Summerell 2006). The ITS gene, TEF1-α gene, mtSSU gene and RPB2 gene of representative isolates (T7, T8 and T9) were amplified and sequenced for species identification (Carbone and Kohn 1999; Li et al. 1994; Miller and Huhndorf 2005). BLASTn analyses of the ITS amplicon (OK326801, OK326789 and OK326823), TEF1-α amplicon (OM974708, OM974710 and OM974711), mtSSU amplicon (OK330481, OM948931 and OM948932) and RPB2 amplicon (OM974709, OM974712 and OP331332) obtained with cognate sequences available in GenBank showed 99.31% to 100% identity to sequences of F. oxysporum in the NCBI database and the Fusarium MLST database. The multilocus phylogenetic analysis from the Fusarium MLST database performed by UPGMA showed that the representative isolates were assigned to the group of F. oxysporum. Ten two-month-old healthy plants of geranium (cv. Horizon Scarle) were inoculated by dipping the roots into a conidial suspension of 1×107 conidia/mL for 10 min (Monther et al. 2021). Another ten plants dipped in sterile distilled water served as controls. After inoculated or noinoculated treatments, plants were planted in sterilized nutrient soil in plastic pots (one plant per pot). Each treatment was repeated three times in a greenhouse at 28℃ and 75% relative humidity. Two weeks later, inoculated plants exhibited similar symptoms to those of diseased plants in the garden. Whereas the control plants remained healthy. To fulfill the Koch's postulates, F. oxysporum was reisolated from each inoculated, symptomatic plant, but was not recovered from any of the control plants. The experiments were repeated twice with similar results. F. oxysporum is reported to cause disease on Pelargonium graveolens in Kenya (Nattrass 1961) and on Pelargonium sp. in California (French 1989), to our knowledge, this is the first report of F. oxysporum causing stem and root rot on Pelargonium hortorum in China. Identification of disease caused by F. oxysporum on geranium will guide disease management.

The Effect of a Combined Topical Herbal Cream on the Incidence and Severity of Striae Gravidarum in Primiparous Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Striae gravidarum, which occurs in most pregnancies, is unpleasant for women, and its treatment is costly. A preventive measure for this condition is applying herbal oils to maintain the skin's elasticity. The current study investigated the effect of a topical combined herbal cream on the occurrence and severity of striae gravidarum in primiparous women. Methods: In this triple-blind randomized clinical trial, 90 primiparous women in their first trimester of pregnancy, attending healthcare centres in Mashhad, Iran, were randomly allocated into two groups of herbal cream and placebo, from which 54 completed the study. The intervention group received 0.3 g of the cream, topically, composed of Calendula (Pot marigold), Anthemis nobilis (Chamomile), Pelargonium Graveolens (Rose Geranium), Theobroma oil (Cocoa Butter) and Soybean, twice a day for three days a week from 14-16 to 27-30 weeks of gestation and the placebo group received a moisturizing cream. At the gestational age of 38-40 weeks, the incidence and severity of striae on the abdominal skin were evaluated using the Atwal numerical scoring system and digital photography. Results: There was a significant difference between the prevalence of striae in the intervention and placebo group (43.3% vs 87.5%) (P<0.0001). Also, a significant difference was seen between the two groups in terms of the severity of the striae (P < 0.001). In the intervention group, the severity of striae in 86.7%, 13.3%, and 0% of the cases was mild, moderate, and severe, respectively, whereas, in the placebo group, it was occurred as mild, moderate, and severe in 37.5%, 58.3%, and 4.2% of the cases. Conclusion: Considering the effect of topically applied herbal cream, it is recommended that health care providers suggest pregnant women to use such herbal creams to avoid striae gravidarum development. Clinical Trial Registration Number: IRCT20190305042927

Understanding the role of key metabolic genes, transcription factors, and trichome-related genes in-terms of temperature-stress management techniques in the rose-scented Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) using transcriptomic analysis

Despite substantial researches on the phytochemical profile of Geranium under various circumstances, little is known about its temperature-stress management strategies and responsible key genes. The involvement of PgFPPS and PgGPPS in temperature-stress management was investigated via in-silico studies, and gene expression patterns in conjunction with other metabolic genes, transcription factors and trichome-related genes. Docking studies of PgFPPS and PgGPPS revealed the active site and key amino acids implicated in substrate bindings. Further, Geranium plants were grown under a variety of temperature-stress circumstances to examine the temperature-stress management strategies at physiological, biochemical, and molecular level. The plants were physiologically and biochemically (including enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant machinery) profiled. Gene expression analysis of PgFPPS, PgGPPS, PgDXS, PgDXR, PgHMGS, PgHMGR, PgGES, PgEDS, PgLS and transcription factors (PgMYB, PgWRKY, and PgERF) revealed their regulatory role in temperature-stress management. The GC and FT-IR analyses conferred the variation in its phytoconstituents (EOs) composition. The metabolite profiling led to the conclusion that temperature change was directly/indirectly correlated with oil yield and composition. Trichomes underwent a variation in density under temperature stress which was confirmed by gene expression analysis of trichome-related genes (PgCPC, PgGL1, PgTT8 and PgTRY). These genes was found to be involved in metabolite flux along with TFs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that provide interesting insights into the role of important metabolic genes, transcription factors, trichome-related genes in relation to essential oil content under temperature-stress management strategies.

Sorption Behaviour of Ibuprofen Using Activated Carbon Derived from Rose Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) Leaves

This research assessed the adsorption of a pharmaceutical compound, ibuprofen, using rose geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) leaves to prepare low-cost activated carbon through orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4) activation. The activated carbon from rose geranium leaves (AC-RGL) was characterized by TGA, SEM and FTIR. The results were compared with those from natural rose geranium leaves (Raw-RGL). The influence of chemical parameters for the uptake of ibuprofen on both adsorbents was evaluated through adsorption experiments. The results were subjected to adsorption models, kinetics models and thermodynamic studies to determine the distribution of ibuprofen in the solid and liquid phases. The results for both Raw-RGL and AC-RGL best fitted the Freundlich model, and the kinetic studies were shown to be pseudo-first order. The thermodynamic evaluation suggested exothermic and spontaneous process sorption for ibuprofen on both adsorbents. The maximum sorption capacities for AC-RGL and Raw-RGL were 113.76 and 74.12 mg/g, respectively. This work confirms that low-cost rose geranium leaves can be used as a potential adsorbent for the sorption of ibuprofen in solution.

Letter to the Editor: In response to “The effect of Aromatherapy with Geranium and Lemon Essential Oil on Situational Anxiety and Physiological Indices of Patients after Coronary Angioplasty”

Letter to the Editor: In response to “The effect of Aromatherapy with Geranium and Lemon Essential Oil on Situational Anxiety and Physiological Indices of Patients after Coronary Angioplasty”

Essential oil composition and antimicrobial potential of aromatic plants grown in the mid-hill conditions of the Western Himalayas

Essential oils are highly concentrated natural extracts obtained from plants, rich in bioactive constituents with antimicrobial properties, but the distinctive climate of the Western Himalayan region influences the same. Aromatic and medicinal plants, viz., Origanum majorana, Origanum vulgare, Cymbopogon winterianus, Pelargonium graveolens, and Nepeta cataria were grown in the foothills of the Western Himalayan condition and evaluated for essential oil content, composition, and their effect on some of the most common pathogenic microorganisms. The essential oil content (%) was 0.77, 0.45, 1.37, 0.15 and 0.17% in O. majorana, O. vulgare, C. winterianus, P. graveolens, and N. cataria, respectively. The major essential oil constituents of the isolated oils were terpinen-4-ol, thymol, citronellal, citronellol, and nepetalactone, contributing 41.24%, 31.81%, 43.13%, 43.35% and 91.43% in O. majorana, O. vulgare, C. winterianus, P. graveolens, and N. cataria, respectively. Well-diffusion assay revealed that the essential oil of O. majorana and O. vulgare was active against both the tested Gram-positive, viz., Bacillus subtilis MTCC 121, Micrococcus luteus MTCC 2470, and Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96; and Gram-negative, viz., Escherichia coli MTCC 43, Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC 109, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2453 bacteria, while the essential oil of C. winterianus, P. graveolens, and N. cataria showed activity against only some Gram-positive bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentration (v/v) values indicated the highest efficacy of O. majorana essential oil against B. subtilis (0.5%), M. luteus (1%), and S. aureus (1%), while O. vulgare was most efficient to E. coli (2%) and K. pneumoniae (2%). C. winterianus essential oil did not inhibit any bacterial strains. M. luteus was susceptible to the essential oil of P. graveolens (1%) and N. cataria (0.5%) at low concentrations. Present findings showed the association between the chemical constituents’ profile of isolated essential oils from the Himalayan region and their antimicrobial activity, indicating their perspective to be utilized as antibacterial means.

Changes in the essential oil content and composition of pelargonium graveolens l’hér with different drying methods

In this study, the effect of various drying methods (fresh plant, shade-drying, sun-drying, and oven-drying at 30 and 60 °C) on the essential oil (EO) composition of rose-scented geranium were determined. Essential oil samples were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC-MS systems. The highest EO contents were obtained in the fresh plant (1.98%), followed by shade-drying (1.34 %) and oven-drying at 30 °C (1.20 %). The main components were citronellol (23.99-39.87%), geraniol (4.15-17.09%), menthone (4.48-8.34%), linalool (1.96-7.42%), β-caryophyllene (2.63-4.32%), geranyl tiglate (0.99-4.52%), citronellyl butyrate (0.53-5.31%) and cis-rose oxide (0.71-3.15%). The drying methods showed a marked impact on the constituents of the EO samples. The results demonstrated that drying the aerial parts of fresh geranium, and shade-drying and oven-drying at 30 °C were the best optimal methods to obtain the highest oil yield, and citronellol, geraniol, and linalool contents in the oil.

Anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils from Tunisian aromatic and medicinal plants and their major constituents in THP-1 macrophages

In this study, the capacity of eight essential oils (EOs), sage (Salvia officinalis), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), black cumin (Nigella sativa), prickly juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus), geranium (Pelargonium graveolens), oregano (Origanum vulgare) and wormwood (Artemisia herba-alba), on the inhibition of NF-κB activation was screened at concentrations up to 0.25 µL/mL using THP-1 human macrophages bearing a NF-κB reporter. This screening selected coriander, geranium, and wormwood EOs as the most active, which later evidenced the ability to decrease over 50 % IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and COX-2 mRNA expression in LPS-stimulated THP-1 macrophages. The chemical composition of selected EOs was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The two major constituents (>50 % of each EO) were tested at the same concentrations presented in each EO. It was demonstrated that the major compound or the binary mixtures of the two major compounds could explain the anti-inflammatory effects reported for the crude EOs. Additionally, the selected EOs also inhibit>50 % caspase-1 activity. However, this effect could not be attributed to the major components (except for β-citronellol/geranium oil, 40 %/65 % caspase-1 inhibition), suggesting, in addition to potential synergistic effects, the presence of minor compounds with caspase-1 inhibitory activity.These results demonstrated the potential use of the EOs obtained from Tunisian flora as valuable sources of anti-inflammatory agents providing beneficial health effects by reducing the levels of inflammatory mediators involved in the genesis of several diseases.

Comparative Effect of Varieties and Types of Containers on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Geranium (Palergonium graveolens)

Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér.) is an important commercial horticultural plant extensively used in outdoor landscaping. Seed emergence has always remained a problem in geranium due to its hard seed nature. Hence its germination and other emergence-related attributes need to be adequately tested. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the germination and seedling growth of geraniums under different types of containers. In this regard, the seeds of two varieties of geranium viz. Large FID mixed and Star mixed were planted in different types of containers. The containers included black trays plastic pots, plastic bags, and nonwoven fabric bags. The seed emergence and other germination related parameters were significantly affected by the different types of containers. However, varieties exhibited similar responses for most germination and growth characteristics. Data were collected for seed germination, mean germination time, germination index and seedling vigor index. The type of containers showed a significant impact on seedling growth and development. The taller plants with more leaves and maximum biomass production were recorded from seeds sown in nonwoven fabric type bags. The results pertaining to varieties demonstrated that Star mixed showed better emergence and vigorous seedlings in comparison with large FID mixed. The taller seedlings with maximum leaves and shoot biomass were also recorded from Star mixed grown in nonwoven fabric type bags. Based on the results, it is concluded that germanium may be raised in nonwoven fabric bags for better seed emergence and seedling growth and development.

Estragole, a potential attractant of the winged melon aphid Aphis gossypii.

Aphids are sap-sucking insect pests of economic importance. They exhibit polyphenism, producing two kinds of morphotypes; winged (alate) and wingless (aptera) morphs. While wingless morphs can be controlled by insecticides, winged morphs are a challenge for targeted control measures as they can fly. Although colored sticky traps are used to control and monitor winged aphids, only a small population is trapped, making sticky traps less effective in controlling aphids. Studies have shown that fragrant oils applied to sticky traps increased attraction of sap-sucking insects like whiteflies and thrips. Here, we tested selected essential oils for their attractiveness to winged Aphis gossypii in potato fields. In field assays, selected essential oils with yellow or colorless sticky traps attracted more winged A. gossypii than controls. The combination of yellow traps baited with essential oils attracted ~2-3-fold more winged A. gossypii than did colorless traps baited with essential oils. In a multi-cycle 2 year study, yellow sticky traps baited with basil oil consistently attracted more winged A. gossypii than yellow sticky traps baited with lavender, geranium or tea tree oils. In electrophysiological studies, winged A. gossypii's antennae responded consistently to estragole in basil oil. In olfactometer assays with estragole, winged A. gossypii spent significantly more time in the treatment arm of the olfactometer than in the control arm, validating estragole's attractiveness. Furthermore, yellow sticky traps baited with pure estragole, in potato fields, attracted similar number of winged A. gossypii as yellow sticky traps baited with basil oil. Our findings demonstrate the potential of using basil oil as a potential attractant to improve the efficacy of sticky traps in the monitoring and control of winged aphids. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Assessing Alternative Pre-Treatment Methods to Promote Essential Oil Fixation into Cotton and Polyethylene Terephthalate Fiber: A Comparative Study.

This study aims to develop a new refreshing feeling, ecological, and antimicrobial fabrics for medicinal applications. The geranium essential oils (GEO) are incorporated into polyester and cotton fabrics by different methods, such as ultrasound, diffusion, and padding. The effect of solvent, nature of fibers, and treatment processes were evaluated via the thermal properties, the color strength, the odor intensity, the wash fastness, and the antibacterial activities of the fabrics. It was found that the ultrasound method was the most efficient process for incorporation of GEO. Ultrasound produced a great effect on the color strength of the treated fabrics, suggesting the absorption of geranium oil in fiber surface. The color strength (K/S) increased from 0.22 for the original fabric to 0.91 for the modified counterpart. In addition, the treated fibers showed appreciable antibacterial capacity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria strains. Moreover, the ultrasound process can effectively guarantee the stability of geranium oil in fabrics without decreasing the significant odor intensity and antibacterial character. Based on the interesting properties like ecofriendliness, reusability, antibacterial, and a refreshing feeling, it was suggested that textile impregnated with geranium essential oil might be used as a potential material in cosmetic applications.

Genome-Based Analysis of the Potential Bioactivity of the Terrestrial Streptomyces vinaceusdrappus Strain AC-40.

Streptomyces are factories of antimicrobial secondary metabolites. We isolated a Streptomyces species associated with the Pelargonium graveolens rhizosphere. Its total metabolic extract exhibited potent antibacterial and antifungal properties against all the tested pathogenic microbes. Whole genome sequencing and genome analyses were performed to take a look at its main characteristics and to reconstruct the metabolic pathways that can be associated with biotechnologically useful traits. AntiSMASH was used to identify the secondary metabolite gene clusters. In addition, we searched for known genes associated with plant growth-promoting characteristics. Finally, a comparative and pan-genome analysis with three closely related genomes was conducted. It was identified as Streptomyces vinaceusdrappus strain AC-40. Genome mining indicated the presence of several secondary metabolite gene clusters. Some of them are identical or homologs to gene clusters of known metabolites with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and other bioactivities. It also showed the presence of several genes related to plant growth promotion traits. The comparative genome analysis indicated that at least five of these gene clusters are highly conserved through rochei group genomes. The genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of S. vinaceusdrappus strain AC-40 indicate that it is a promising source of beneficial secondary metabolites with pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications.

A comprehensive review on cultivation, productivity and essential oil quality of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L Herit. Ex. Aiton)

A comprehensive review on cultivation, productivity and essential oil quality of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L Herit. Ex. Aiton)

Biochar as organic fertilizer and interactive effect of compost tea alternative to mineral fertilization on geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L)

Nowadays, organic fertilizers such as biochar and compost tea have gained a huge interest in sustainable agricultural systems. Two field experiments were conducted during the 2019 and 2020 seasons to study the effect of biochar (BC) as soil applications, compost tea (CT) as foliar applications, and their combination on the growth, yield, and essential oil composition of P. graveolens. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replicates. Three biochar rates (0, 5, and 10 t ha-1) and four compost tea concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 %) were assigned randomly in plots. Plants were harvested twice; i.e., on 1st May and 30th September, and the following data were recorded for each cut: plant height, leaf area index, fresh herbage yield, oil %, oil yield, and chemical constituents of essential oil. Results indicated that P. graveolens growth parameters and yield components at both cuts were significantly affected by biochar application and foliar application of compost tea, and a significant interaction of these two factors also occurred. All treatments gave significantly the best values of plant height, leaf area index, and fresh herbage yield in addition to essential oil % and oil yield, in comparison with the control treatment. Among treatments, the plants receiving biochar at 10 t ha-1 in combination with compost tea 0.1% could be the best choice. The numerical increase in the abovementioned parameters, in comparison with that of control treatment, reached 115.30, 79.59, 68.85, 66.67 and 181.42 %, in the first cut and 118.66, 80.04, 65.81, 66.67 and 176.35 % in the second cuts for the tested parameters, respectively. Therefore, this treatment was recommended to achieve the highest yield and excellent quality of essential oil under these experimental conditions. Future investigation is required to determine the optimum doses of biochar and compost tea.

Chitosan microparticles loaded with essential oils inhibit duo-biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans.

Oral candidiasis is a common fungal infection that affects the oral mucosa, and happens when Candida albicans interacts with bacteria in the oral microbiota, such as Streptococcus mutans, causing severe early childhood caries. C. albicans and S. mutans mixed biofilms are challenging to treat with conventional antimicrobial therapies, thus, new anti-infective drugs are required. This study aimed to test a drug delivery system based on chitosan microparticles loaded with geranium and lemongrass essential oils to inhibit C. albicans and S. mutans mixed biofilms. Chitosan microparticles loaded with essential oils (CM-EOs) were obtained by spray-drying. Susceptibility of planktonic were performed according CLSI at 4 to 2,048 µg/mL. Mixed biofilms were incubated at 37ºC for 48 h and exposed to CM-EOs at 256 to 4,096 µg/mL. The antimicrobial effect was evaluated using the MTT assay, with biofilm architectural changes analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. RAW 264.7 cell was used to evaluate compound cytotoxicity. CM-EOs had better planktonic activity against C. albicans than S. mutans. All samples reduced the metabolic activity of mixed C. albicans and S. mutans biofilms, with encapsulated oils showing better activity than raw chitosan or oils. The microparticles reduced the biofilm on the slides. The essential oils showed cytotoxic effects against RAW 264.7 cells, but encapsulation into chitosan microparticles decreased their toxicity. This study demonstrates that chitosan loaded with essential oils may provide an alternative method for treating diseases caused by C. albicans and S. mutans mixed biofilm, such as dental caries.

Enhancing the NMR signals of plant oil components using hyperpolarisation relayed via proton exchange.

In this work, the limited sensitivity of magnetic resonance is addressed by using the hyperpolarisation method relayed signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE-Relay) to transfer latent magnetism from para-hydrogen, a readily isolated spin isomer of hydrogen gas, to components of key plant oils such as citronellol, geraniol, and nerol. This is achieved via relayed polarisation transfer in which an [Ir(H)2(IMes)(NH2R)3]Cl type complex produces hyperpolarised NH2R free in solution, before labile proton exchange between the hyperpolarisation carrier (NH2R) and the OH-containing plant oil component generates enhanced NMR signals for the latter. Consequently, up to ca. 200-fold 1H (0.65% 1H polarisation) and 800-fold 13C NMR signal enhancements (0.65% 13C polarisation) are recorded for these essential oils in seconds. Remarkably, the resulting NMR signals are not only diagnostic, but prove to propagate over large spin systems via a suitable coupling network. A route to optimise the enhancement process by varying the identity of the carrier NH2R, and its concentration is demonstrated. In order to prove utility, these pilot measurements are extended to study a much wider range of plant-derived molecules including rhodinol, verbenol, (1R)-endo-(+)-fenchyl alcohol, (-)-carveol, and linalool. Further measurements are then described which demonstrate citronellol and geraniol can be detected in an off-the-shelf healthcare product rose geranium oil at concentrations of just a few tens of μM in single scan 1H NMR measurements, which are not visible in comparable thermally polarised NMR experiments. This work therefore presents a significant expansion of the types of molecules amenable to hyperpolarisation using para-hydrogen and illustrates a real-world application in the diagnostic detection of low concentration analytes in mixtures.

Insecticidal Efficacy of Geranium Oil Nanoemulsion and Synergism with Sesame Oil and their Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition

Insecticidal Efficacy of Geranium Oil Nanoemulsion and Synergism with Sesame Oil and their Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition

Examination of the Effect of Aromatherapy Applications on Perceived Stress Level: Geranium (pelargonium graveolens) Essential Oil

Öz
 Bu araştırma ıtır (pelargonium graveolens) uçucu yağının aromaterapi uygulamalarıyla algılanan stres düzeyi üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma İstanbul ilinde yaşayan, aktif olarak çalışan, 25 yaş üstü, üniversite mezunu toplam 93 kadın ve erkek katılımcı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada ön test son test kontrol gruplu yarı deneysel desen kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın verileri Demografik Bilgi Formu ve Algılanan Stres Ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Araştırmada uygulama 30 gün boyunca düzenli olarak sabah ve akşam olmak üzere günde iki kez olacak şekilde baş(şakaklar) ve boyun bölgesine yavaş ve dairesel hareketlerle masaj yağıyla 5 dakika süresince masaj ve ardından 10 dakika inhaler ile koklama şeklinde 2 aşamalı olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Algılanan Stres Ölçeğiyle elde edilen veriler değerlendirildiğinde ıtır uçucu yağı ile yapılan aromaterapi uygulamalarının, Algılanan Stres Ölçeği Yetersiz Özyeterlik Algısı ve Algılanan Stres Ölçeği Stres\Rahatsızlık Algısı alt boyutu ile Algılanan Stres Ölçeği toplam puanına deney grubu ön test ile son test ikili karşılaştırma ortalama puan farkının istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu belirlenmiştir (p