Pelargonium Graveolens Research Articles

THE USE OF ESSENTIAL OILS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DERMATO-COSMETIC PRODUCTS

In the last decade, due to market demand, the cosmetics industry has turned to products based on natural ingredients. Essential oils have aroused special interest due to the multitude of phytocompounds that this class includes (over 30,000) and their absolutely remarkable pharmacological actions (anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, regenerative, photoprotective). The purpose of the work was to evaluate the most important volatile oils used in the cosmetic industry. To achieve this goal, I consulted the database of several platforms looking for information related to the use of essential oils in cosmetology. Just a few of the volatile oils studied (chamomile oil, rosemary oil, respectively geranium oil diluted in carrier vegetable oils) can be used for direct application on the skin . However, the vast majority of volatile oils require caution when applied directly to the skin due to the dermatological reactions they can generate. Numerous studies have highlighted the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiseptic, antioxidant action on the skin and anti-dandruff, anti-sebum, or stimulation of hair growth, whether we refer to essential oils incorporated in various pharmaceutical forms or using vegetable oils as a carrier.

Lavender and Geranium Essential Oil-Loaded Nanogels with Promising Repellent and Antibacterial Effects

Malaria and bacterial infections remain a life-threatening disease with a significant global impact. This study aimed to develop nanogels (NGs) of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) and geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér.) essential oils (EOs) with promising repellent and antibacterial effects. The NGs were formulated using a nanoemulsion-based gel approach; nanoemulsion droplet sizes and zeta potentials were obtained as 146 ± 7 and 106 ± 6 nm and −23.2 ± 0.7 and −17.4 ± 1 mV, respectively. The ATR-FTIR analysis confirmed the successful loading of EOs in NGs. Repellent bioassays conducted on Anopheles stephensi Liston. mosquitoes demonstrated that geranium NG (140 min) was as effective as DEET (140 min), a widely used repellent. Antibacterial tests showed that the nanogels effectively reduced bacterial growth, with the geranium NG exhibiting over 90% reduction against Escherichia coli Migula. The lavender NG displayed higher efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach. These findings highlighted the potential of nanogels containing EOs as promising repellents and antibacterial agents, offering a sustainable and eco-friendly approach for vector control and bacterial infections.

Therapeutic efficacy of geranium-thymol combination against murine eimeriosis with reference to its apoptotic activity

Eimeria is among the most harmful parasites that affect domestic animals. The development resistance in Eimeria to the majority of regularly used anticoccidials necessitates development of an effective alternative strategy. This study was therefore aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of essential oils combination, Pelargonium graveolens (geranium) with thymol (PGT) against Eimeria papillata murine model. Three doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg were tested in Eimeria experimentally infected mice to determine the combination's highest effective dose. The results showed that the 150 mg/kg dose was the most effective, reducing the oocyst output by 56.92 % (P ≤ 0.001). This result has been associated with a 66.19 % (P ≤ 0.001) reduction in the jejunal developmental stages. The antioxidant effect of PGT decreased lipid peroxidation (P ≤ 0.05) and increasing reduced glutathione (GSH) (P ≤ 0.001). Moreover, PGT decreased the jejunum's apoptotic cell count (P ≤ 0.001). The in vitro results showed that PGT significantly inhibited oocysts sporulation and destructed 96.33 % of treated oocysts. In conclusion, PGT has therapeutic effect as an anticoccidial alternative to control murine eimeriosis.

Antifungal Biofilm Inhibitory Effects of Combinations of Diclofenac and Essential Oils.

Systemic fungal infections have risen in recent decades and most of them are caused by Candida species, which are becoming increasingly resistant to conventional antifungal drugs. Biofilm production has been considered the most common growth form of Candida cells and is associated with a high level of antifungal resistance. At present, international research reports on the antifungal activity of non-traditional antimicrobial drugs and their potential use against life-threatening resistant fungal infections. Indeed, drug repurposing has led to the consideration of well-known compounds as a last-line therapy. The goal of this work is to evaluate the potential synergistic antifungal biofilm activity of new combinations between diclofenac sodium salt (DSS), a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), with the essential oils (EOs) of Mentha piperita, Pelargonium graveolens, and Melaleuca alternifolia, whose antifungal activity has been well documented over the years. The in vitro antifungal activity of DSS and EOs was determined on different Candida strains. Susceptibility testing and the synergism of DSS and EOs versus biofilm cells was performed by using the broth microdilution assay and checkerboard methods. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (sMIC50) of DSS alone ranged from 1.25 to 2.05 mg/mL for all the strains considered. These values significantly decreased when the drug was used in combination with the EOs. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was lower than 0.5 for almost all the associations, thus indicating a significant synergism, particularly for the DSS-Pelargonium graveolens combination towards the Candida strains examined. These preliminary results show that the combination of the EOs with DSS improves the antifungal activity on all the tested Candida strains, significantly lowering the concentrations of the components used and thus allowing any toxic effects to be overcome.

Effect of Different Concentrations of Auxin Hormone (IBA) Upon Promoting Root Development of Stem Cuttings in the ‘Scented Geranium’, Pelargonium graveolens L

The present investigation entitled “Effect of different concentrations of auxin hormone (IBA) upon promoting root development of stem cuttings in the ‘Scented Geranium’, Pelargonium graveolens L” was carried out at Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Station, (MAPRS) Rajendranagar, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Hyderabad during December 2022 to February 2023. The experiments were conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications under a shade net house. Each replication consisted of seven treatments, which included a control group and six different concentrations of IBA (500 mg L-1, 1000 mg L-1, 1500 mg L-1, 2000 mg L-1, 2500 mg L-1, 3000 mg L-1). The results indicated, that among the various IBA concentrations tested, specifically IBA @ 2000 mg L-1 for stem cuttings, proved to be more effective than all other treatments in terms of various root parameters. It recorded the minimum days taken for root initiation and also recorded better results for the number of roots per cutting, average length of roots per cutting, length of longest root per cutting, fresh weight of roots per cutting, and dry weight of roots per cuttings.

Optimization of oil yield of Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér using Box-Behnken design in relation to its antimicrobial activity and in silico study

Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér is an important species of genus Pelargonium with an economic value. The unique rose scent of its oil is used in perfume and cosmetic industry. The oil is characterized by the presence of citronellol, geraniol and rose oxide. Fresh aerial parts of P. graveolens at GC–MS analysis of four seasons revealed that autumn constituted the highest yield of the oil. For the first time, optimization of the yield of extracted oil of P. graveolens was performed employing 3-level Box-Behnken design using 3-factors. The GC–MS analysis of the essential oil was performed for the 17-runs. The optimized extraction of the oil was performed employing numerical optimization and studied for antimicrobial, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and biofilm inhibitory activities. The 3 factors followed rank (plant material amount > water volume > NaCl percent in water), in their magnitude of effect on increasing yield of the oil. Increasing the plant material amount increased the yield of the oil by 6-folds compared to NaCl percent in water. The optimized yield of oil (4 ml) was obtained from extraction criteria (150 g of plant, 750 ml of water and 3.585% (26.85 g) of NaCl). Computational docking was performed to overcome the multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacilli targeting undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase (UPPS). The optimized oil exhibited a promising inhibitory activity against Gram-negative bacteria (K. pneumonia and P. aeruginosa) with significant antibiofilm action (P < 0.05). Moreover, it exerted a synergistic effect when combined with various antibiotics (Cefoxitin, Cloxacillin, Oxacillin and Vancomycin) against MRSA clinical strains.

Melatonin Enhanced Drought Stress Tolerance and Productivity of Pelargonium graveolens L. (Herit) by Regulating Physiological and Biochemical Responses

As a type of abiotic stress, drought limits plant growth and productivity. The increased demand for the valuable essential oil extracted from geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) is mainly regulated by plant growth, which is adversely affected by drought. Melatonin (MT) has been used to enhance plant growth under various abiotic stresses, although its impact on overcoming drought stress in aromatic plants, including geranium, has not yet been investigated. In the current investigation, MT at 100 µM was applied at 100% (well-watered) or 50% (drought stress) field capacity to verify the role of MT in geranium under drought stress. Drought stress markedly reduced growth parameters, herb yield, and total chlorophyll content; however, MT alleviated these effects. The herb yield of the stressed plants was reduced by 59.91% compared to the unstressed plants, while this reduction was only 14.38% when MT was applied. In contrast, drought enhanced the essential oil percentage in geranium leaves. Despite the reduction in oil yield caused by drought, MT application mitigated this reduction and improved both oil yield and oil components. Moreover, the MT treatment enhanced the accumulation of total phenols, glutathione, and proline and improved the activity of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione reductase, resulting in the alleviation of drought-induced oxidative damage. Consequently, MT reduced both hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde accumulation by 71.11 and 48.30%, respectively, under drought, thereby maintaining the cellular structures’ integrity. Overall, this is the first report that reveals the ability of MT application to improve geranium oil yield and resistance to drought by enhancing the antioxidant defense system. The results enrich awareness regarding the potential benefits of the external application of MT and its roles that can help researchers to improve aromatic plants’ performance and productivity under drought stress.

UV-A and UV-B combined with photosynthetically active radiation change plant growth, antioxidant capacity and essential oil composition of Pelargonium graveolens

BackgroundThe different wavelengths of solar radiation incident on earth [herein: Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) , Ultra Violet-A (UV-A) and Ultra Violet-B (UV-B)] and their spectral balance not only have an impact on plants’ growth, morphology and physiology, but also are important for the quality and quantity of plant secondary metabolites.Material and methodsIn an outdoor study we addressed the effects of PAR intensity and UV-A and UV-B on the growth, yield, phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and essential oil composition of Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. The experiment was performed with split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. During the growth, two PAR intensities (ambient PAR and reduced PAR) and four UV treatments (ambient UV, enhanced UV-A, enhanced UV-B and enhanced UVA + B) were applied.ResultsHigh PAR intensity decreased the length and width of leaf, the height of plant and fresh weight of aerial parts, and increased the dry weight of aerial parts. Enhanced UV-B irradiation was associated with reduced plant height, leaf expansion and fresh and dry weight of aerial parts. Interestingly, the negative effect of UV-B radiation on morphology and growth of plant was largely alleviated by high PAR intensity. The amount of total phenols and flavonoids, antioxidant activity and essential oil production of P. graveolens strongly increased with the increase of UV-B irradiation and PAR. On the other hand, UV-A radiation did not significantly influence total phenol and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and essential oil composition. Moreover, the combination of high PAR intensity and UV-B led to further increases in total flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity. Both high PAR intensity and enhanced UV-B increased the percentage of geraniol in essential oil, leading to a slight reduction of citronellol/geraniol ratio which is a marker of quality for rose geranium essential oil.ConclusionsOverall, we conclude that UV-B irradiation was associated to reduction of plant growth and yield, while, the adverse effect of UV-B irradiation on the plant was mitigated by high PAR intensity. On the other hand, both high PAR and enhanced UV-B boosted the production of phenols, flavonoids and essential oil. Considering that the lower citronellol/geraniol ratio is the most important indicator for the economic value of rose geranium essential oil, reducing citronellol/geraniol ratio under enhanced UV-B radiation and/or high PAR is likely to be favorable.

Evaluation of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil to prevent gray mold in rose flowers

Evaluation of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil to prevent gray mold in rose flowers

Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel (Myrtaceae), Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f. (Rutaceae), Caryocar brasiliense Cambess (Caryocaraceae), Pelargonium graveolens L´Hér (Geraniaceae) and Propolis extract as in vitro Sporothrix schenckii inhibitors

Sporotrichosis, a mycosis caused by fungus of the genus Sporothrix, has the itraconazole therapy of first choice. Resistance reports have been observed to both Itraconazol and amphotericin B, culminating in treatment failures and clinical cases like pulmonary or systemic infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of essential oils from Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel (Myrtaceae), Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f. (Rutaceae), Caryocar brasiliense Cambess (Caryocaraceae), Pelargonium graveolens L´Hér (Geraniaceae) and pure propolis extract or associated in inhibiting of S. schenckii growth. The methods used were Kirb-Bauer, disk diffusion on agar, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Fungicide Concentration. The essential oils and the propolis extract were effective in inhibiting fungal growth, overcoming the effects of itraconazole. Itraconazole was able to inhibit the growth of S. schenckii up to a dilution of 4mg.mL-1 (10-3 dilution). The essential oils of melaleuca, geranium, lemon, all at a concentration of 10mg.mL-1 and propolis extract at a concentration of 20mg.mL-1, were able to inhibit, respectively, the development of this fungus at concentrations lower than 0.325mg.mL-1 (10-6 dilution), 0.15625mg.mL-1 (10-7 dilution), 0.325mg.mL-1 (10-4 dilution) and 0.625mg.mL-1 (10-6 dilution). Geranium and melaleuca essential oils showed the best inhibition and fungicidal potential against S. schenckii. These results suggest the importance of in vivo tests to evaluate the use of these herbal medicines as an alternative treatment against sporotrichosis.

Insecticidal Activity of Selected Essential Oils against Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae).

The spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is an invasive polyphagous pest of soft-skinned fruit that has started to threaten small fruit production in Europe since 2008. High reproductive capacity, short generation time, and difficulties in visualizing early damage contribute to its rapid spread. Currently, the control strategy against D. suzukii mostly relies on treatment with synthetic insecticides. Keeping in mind that this pest causes the greatest damage during the harvesting period, control using chemicals is not recommended due to the increased risk of high pesticide residue levels in the fruit. With the aim of reducing the use of insecticides, there is a need for developing an environmentally safer way of control. Alternative solutions could rely on the use of essential oils (EOs), which can be used in conventional and organic production systems. Four essential oils, geranium (Pelargonium graveolens), dill (Anethum graveolens), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), and bergamot (Citrus bergamia), were assessed for their insecticidal effects using four different tests (contact toxicity, fumigant-contact toxicity, repellent effect, and multiple-choice tests). The EOs applied were dissolved in acetone at three different concentrations. The most promising one was the geranium essential oil, which had the best effect in all conducted tests, even at the lowest applied concentration. Geranium oil caused very high mortality (95%), even at the lowest concentration applied, after 24 h in the fumigant-contact test, and it caused a mortality of over 85% in the contact test. It was also noticed that geranium demonstrated a deterrent effect by repelling females from laying eggs for four days after at the lowest applied concentration. Scots pine and dill EOs have moderate to strong effects in most tests. The mortality of 100% was achieved for the highest applied concentration in the fumigant-contact and contact tests. Bergamot EO did not have any significant insecticidal activity. Geranium, Scots pine, and dill have great potential to be used as an environmentally friendly way of controlling D. suzukii as they exhibit deterrent, repellent, and insecticidal effects.

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil of Pelargonium graveolens and its fractions

This work aims to study the chemical composition and evaluate the antibacterial activity of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil and its fractions collected in the Er-Rachidia region of Morocco. GC-MS analysis of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil and its fractions yielded majority compounds such as; epi-γ-Eudesmol (16.67 %), Geraniol (12.54 %), β-Citronellol (12, 34 %), Citronellyl formate (7.70 %) and Geranyl tiglate (5.21 %), for the crude essential oil of Pelargonium graveolons, while the fractions that is obtained by preparative plate chromatography gave the following compounds, fraction 1 consists mainly of β-Citronellol (35. 83 %) Geraniol (38.78 %), fraction 2 is dominated by epi-γ-Eudesmol (55. 10 %) and α-agorofuran (8.41 %)), as well as fraction 3 is revealed the presence of Geranylgeraniol (23.70 %) and epi-γ-Eudesmol (17.53 %) and Phenylethyl tiglate (12.01 %), fraction 4 consists mainly of Phenylethyl tiglate (58.19 %) and α-agorofuran (8.49 %), then the fraction 5 is represented by the compound majorities such as Geranyl tiglate (30.75 %) and Geranyl butanoate (10.94 %), while the fraction 6 is characterized mainly by 1-Isopropyl-4,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,5,6,8a-hexahydronaphthalene (12.08 %). Concerning the antibacterial activity of the essential oil and its fractions 1, 2, 3, and 4 showed bactericidal power against all tested bacteria: Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium, also fractions 5 and 6 have bactericidal power against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and no power against Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes.

Effect of Bone Meal Application on Soil Properties, Heavy Metal Accumulation, and Agronomic Traits of Pelargonium graveolens

Effect of Bone Meal Application on Soil Properties, Heavy Metal Accumulation, and Agronomic Traits of Pelargonium graveolens

Effect of harvest dates, mycorrhiza, and some biostimulants on some vegetative growth properties and yield of volatile oil for sweet scented geranium plant (Pelargonium graveolens L.Herit.)

The experiment was carried out in one of the fields of Research Station B in the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad - Al-Jadiriya on the fragrant plant for the spring season 2021 in order to study the effect of harvest date, mycorrhiza, bio-stimulants and the interaction among them on some characteristics of vegetative growth and the essential oil yield of sweet-scented geranium plants. The experiment used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a split-plot design with three replications. The experiment included three factors, as the factor of harvest dates represents the main panels with two harvest dates, which are 60 and 90 after planting and symbolized by H1 and H2. In contrast, the secondary panels include the treatment of the mycorrhizal fungal vaccine by two treatments, namely, not adding the mycorrhizal fungal vaccine to the root system and adding it with symbols M1 and M2 As for the sub-secondary panels, the treatments include four stimulating factors: the measurement treatment and the spraying of the vegetative mass with the amino acid phenylalanine at a concentration of 300 mg l ̄¹. The treatment of spraying the foliage with moringa leaf extract at a concentration of 10 gm L ̄¹ and the treatment of spraying the foliage with licorice root powder extract at a concentration of 10gm L ̄¹symbolized by B1, B2, B3, and B4 respectively. The results showed the superiority of the H2 treatment in most indicators of vegetative growth, as well as the increase in the percentages of each of the nutrients and volatile oil in the dried leaves and the volatile oil yield in the dried leaves. Treatment M2 significantly increased all vegetative growth characteristics as well as the percentages of nutrients and volatile oil in dried leaves and volatile oil yield in dried leaves. In contrast, treatment B3 showed an increase in the number of main branches, total number of leaves, total leaf area, fresh and dry weight of leaf yield in the plant and the content of The dried leaves of total chlorophyll as well as the percentages of nutrients and volatile oil in the dried leaves of the plant and the yield of volatile oil in the dried leaves. In contrast, treatment B2 had a significant effect in increasing the plant height rate, the number of main branches and the fresh weight of the leaves. It is one of the most prominent triple interaction treatments recorded. The largest increase in all the traits studied above is the triple interaction H2M2B3 treatment, which was characterized by an Bionatura http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/RB/CSS/2023.08.04.69 2 increase in most vegetative growth characteristics, especially the wet and dry weight of leaves and the percentages of nutrients as well as the percentage of volatile oil and volatile oil yield in the leaves. The triple interaction treatment H2M2B4 was also characterized by its recording of Remarkable superiority in both plant height and leaf content of Total chlorophyll and potassium percentage. Keywords: Sweet-scented geranium plant, Harvest date, Mycorrhizae, Biostimulants, vegetative growth, volatile oil.

Investigation into the Prevention of Environmental Degradation of Mild Steel in a 1M HCl Solution Using Extracts Derived from Pelargonium graveolens

Investigation into the Prevention of Environmental Degradation of Mild Steel in a 1M HCl Solution Using Extracts Derived from Pelargonium graveolens

Therapeutic Effects of Geranium Oil in MPTP-Induced Parkinsonian Mouse Model.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor and non-motor disabilities resulting from neuronal cell death in the substantia nigra and striatum. Microglial activation and oxidative stress are two of the primary mechanisms driving that neuronal death. Here, we evaluated the effects of geranium oil on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetra-hydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model for PD, on microglial activation, and oxidative stress. We demonstrate that oral treatment with geranium oil improved motor performance in this model. The therapeutic effects of geranium oil were observed as a significant increase in rotarod latency and distance among the mice treated with geranium oil, as compared to vehicle-treated MPTP mice. Geranium oil also prevented dopaminergic neuron death in the substantia nigra of the treated mice. These therapeutic effects can be partially attributed to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of geranium oil, which were observed as attenuated accumulation of reactive oxygen species and inhibition of the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from geranium oil-treated activated microglial cells. A repeated-dose oral toxicity study showed that geranium oil is not toxic to mice. In light of that finding and since geranium oil is defined by the FDA as generally recognized as safe (GRAS), we do not foresee any toxicity problems in the future and suggest that geranium oil may be a safe and effective oral treatment for PD. Since the MPTP model is only one of the preclinical models for PD, further studies are needed to confirm that geranium oil can be used to prevent or treat PD.

Antimicrobial activity of the interaction between essential oils against resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis

The control of bovine mastitis is crucial for the sustainability of dairy production. Phytotherapy emerges as a potential alternative for controlling resistant bacteria and potentially replacing conventional therapies. This study aimed to assess the in vitro antimicrobial effect of the Pelargonium graveolens (GEO) and Thymus vulgaris (TEO) essential oils, as well as the interaction between them against strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis. Eight strains of S. aureus isolated from bovine mastitis and two standard strains of human origin were used. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined using the microdilution method. The interaction between the oils was assessed using the checkerboard method. It was observed that both essential oils exhibited inhibitory effects when evaluated separately; however, TEO demonstrated superior bactericidal efficacy. The combination of both oils resulted in a bactericidal complex with a 99% reduction in the effective concentration of GEO. In conclusion, the TEO/GEO complex may contribute to improved therapeutic efficacy, reducing adverse effects, costs, and bacterial resistance development.

Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Tagetus erecta L. and Pelargonium Graveolens Against Xanthomonas Axonopodis Pv. Punicae

The antibacterial activity of selected medicinal plants namely Tagetus erecta L. and Pelargonium graveolens extracts was studied against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Punicae, the causative agent of Bacterial blight of Punica granatum. The plants are selected based on their traditional use as medicinal plants.The water, ethanol and methanol extracts of Tagetusr erecta L. and Pelargonium graveolens were used for antibacterial activity assay by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Among these extracts, only methanol extract of Taget erecta L.has showed substantial antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Punicaeand all other extracts showed less antibacterial activity.The phytochemical constituents such asalkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, proteins, resins, proteins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, and glycosides were found to be present in selected plant extracts as per preliminary phytochemical investigation. Only methanol extract showed maximum inhibition zone and all other extracts of Tagetus erecta and extracts of Pelargonium graveolens have showed less inhibition activity against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Punicae. The Minimum inhibitory Concentration and Minimum bacteriocidal concentration of Tagetus erecta L. methanol extract was found to be 25mg/ml and 25mg/ml respectively. Our study revealed the possible application of Tagetus erecta L. methanol extract in the management of Bacterial blight of Punica granatum.

Comparative In Vitro and In Silico Enzyme Inhibitory Screening of Rosa x damascena and Pelargonium graveolens Essential Oils and Geraniol.

The present work aims to evaluate Rosa x damascena Herrm. and Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér. essential oils, and the major constituent geraniol for their in vitro and in silico inhibitory activities against 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase (COX), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), butyryl cholinesterase (BuChE), and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2) enzymes. Geraniol most potently inhibited the ACE2 relative to other enzymes. R. damascena essential oil moderately inhibited the cancer cell lines with no toxic effects on healthy HEK 293 cells. P. graveolens essential oil inhibited a number of cancer cell lines including A549, MCF7, PC3, and HEK 293 that are reported here for the first time. The molecular docking of geraniol with the target enzymes revealed that it binds to the active sites similar to that of known drugs. Geraniol carries the potential for further drug development due to its drug-like binding mode for the target enzymes. Our work confirms that these essential oils possess similar biological activities due to their similar phytochemistry in terms of the major constituents of the plants. The promising biological activities reported in this work further warrant the inclusion of in vivo studies to establish safe use of the target essential oils and their constituents.

Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Pelargonium graveolens. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics, DFT, and in silico ADMET studies of five derivatives

In order to valorize Algerian aromatic and medicinal plants, this study focused on both the evaluation of the antifungal activity of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil against the citrus fungus Fusarium proliferatum and the in-silico study of its fractions. Moreover, the results showed a strong antifungal potential of all tested essential oil (EO) concentrations compared to the commercial fungicide Agriconazole. Five major molecules that, to our knowledge, have not been the subject of any theoretical study are selected to perform the in-silico study. The stability and molecular reactivity of these five molecules were computed using the HOMO-LUMO energies, energy gap, chemical potential (μ), electronegativity (χ), hardness (η), and softness (S) values. In silico analysis through molecular docking and pharmacokinetic evaluation was used to assess its antifungal activity and drug-likeness property. The in silico DFT, ADMET, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics studies confirm that the results have a greater affinity with the in vitro tests carried out for the selection of new antifungal products of natural origin.