Geomatic Approach Research Articles

Geomatics Approach for Assessment of respiratory disease Mapping

Abstract. Air quality is an important subject of relevance in the context of present times because air is the prime resource for sustenance of life especially human health position. Then with the aid of vast sums of data about ambient air quality is generated to know the character of air environment by utilizing technological advancements to know how well or bad the air is. This report supplies a reliable method in assessing the Air Quality Index (AQI) by using fuzzy logic. The fuzzy logic model is designed to predict Air Quality Index (AQI) that report monthly air qualities. With the aid of air quality index we can evaluate the condition of the environment of that area suitability regarding human health position. For appraisal of human health status in industrial area, utilizing information from health survey questionnaire for obtaining a respiratory risk map by applying IDW and Gettis Statistical Techniques. Gettis Statistical Techniques identifies different spatial clustering patterns like hot spots, high risk and cold spots over the entire work area with statistical significance.

Quantifying traces of tool use: a novel morphometric analysis of damage patterns on percussive tools.

Percussive technology continues to play an increasingly important role in understanding the evolution of tool use. Comparing the archaeological record with extractive foraging behaviors in nonhuman primates has focused on percussive implements as a key to investigating the origins of lithic technology. Despite this, archaeological approaches towards percussive tools have been obscured by a lack of standardized methodologies. Central to this issue have been the use of qualitative, non-diagnostic techniques to identify percussive tools from archaeological contexts. Here we describe a new morphometric method for distinguishing anthropogenically-generated damage patterns on percussive tools from naturally damaged river cobbles. We employ a geomatic approach through the use of three-dimensional scanning and geographical information systems software to statistically quantify the identification process in percussive technology research. This will strengthen current technological analyses of percussive tools in archaeological frameworks and open new avenues for translating behavioral inferences of early hominins from percussive damage patterns.

A more cost-effective geomatic approach to modelling PM10 dispersion across Europe

PM10 concentrations in most major European cities exceed the limits set by the European Directive and are expected to continue to do so in the coming years. Moreover, PM10s can be transported over long distances impacting air quality, public health and ecosystem functionality far from their sources of emission. Modelling remains one of the only options for tracking PM10 deposition in remote areas with no monitoring stations. Even so, air pollution models based on atmospheric physics usually imply substantial economic, logistical and computational investment. In this work, we present a new geomatic approach to modelling mean annual PM10 concentrations across Europe. Our model relies on applying the most appropriate dilatation factor (F) to several emission datasets in order to dilate the area of PM10 dispersion around the emitting pixel as a function of the quantity of emissions and the Euclidian distance to the receiving pixel. Datasets used in this work include emissions from the industrial, transport, residential and agricultural sectors. A new dataset called urban land zones (ULZs) is also used. ULZs are created by aggregating the urban pixels from Corine Land Cover to generate new polygons whose area (in km²) is used as a proxy for PM10 emissions. The final stepwise regression selects industry with F = 500, roads with F = 1000 and ULZs with F = 750. Mean annual PM10 concentrations can be predicted for Europe with an R² of 0.49 and a root mean square error of 5.3 μg/m3. Our results show that ULZs can be successfully used as a proxy for PM10 emissions. Although further work is recommended in order to overcome certain limitations of the model, the geomatic approach presented here is more accessible, more functional, faster and cheaper than existing models. This makes it a very useful instrument for tracking pollution levels and their effects on the functionality of sensitive ecosystems in isolated areas not covered by monitoring stations.

The combination of geomatic approaches and operational modal analysis to improve calibration of finite element models: A case of study in Saint Torcato Church (Guimarães, Portugal)

This paper present a set of procedures based on laser scanning, photogrammetry (Structure from Motion) and operational modal analysis in order to obtain accurate numeric models which allows identifying architectural complications that arise in historical buildings. In addition, the method includes tools that facilitate building-damage monitoring tasks. All of these aimed to obtain robust basis for numerical analysis of the actual behavior and monitoring task.This case study seeks to validate said methodologies, using as an example the case of Saint Torcato Church, located in Guimãres, Portugal.

Spatial quantification and pattern analysis of urban sustainability based on a subjectively weighted indicator model: A case study in the city of Saskatoon, SK, Canada

This study is purposed to explore whether urban sustainability can be measured and its patterns can be extracted from a spatial perspective. Based on integrating multiple data sources (GIS data, remote sensing data, census data, and surveyed data) into one geodatabase, this study spatially quantified a subjectively weighted urban sustainability indicator (USI) model by calculating ten indices in the city of Saskatoon (SK, Canada) as a case study. Both global and local spatial autocorrelation analyses were conducted to demonstrate how urban sustainability was spatially distributed across neighborhoods and what patterns (random, dispersed, or clustered) could be statistically identified. Results find evident disparity of urban sustainability existing in the west and east sides of Saskatoon city in 2006, especially in respect to the environmental and material well-being. Results also reveal that clustered patterns were statistically characterized in both inner-city neighborhoods and the suburban areas. Diverse historic and socioeconomic factors were discussed to explain the very findings. This work proves the possibility of applying geomatic approaches to spatially detect urban sustainability patterns, through which helpful insights can be visually provided for urban planners and administrators to minimize disparities and balance development in future policy making and implementation.

A GIS based method for soil mapping in Sardinia, Italy: A geomatic approach

A new project was recently initiated for the realization of the “Land Unit and Soil Capability Map of Sardinia” at a scale of 1:50,000 to support land use planning. In this study, we outline the general structure of the project and the methods used in the activities that have been thus far conducted. A GIS approach was used. We used the soil-landscape paradigm for the prediction of soil classes and their spatial distribution or the prediction of soil properties based on landscape features. The work is divided into two main phases. In the first phase, the available digital data on land cover, geology and topography were processed and classified according to their influence on weathering processes and soil properties. The methods used in the interpretation are based on consolidated and generalized knowledge about the influence of geology, topography and land cover on soil properties. The existing soil data (areal and point data) were collected, reviewed, validated and standardized according to international and national guidelines. Point data considered to be usable were input into a specific database created for the project. Using expert interpretation, all digital data were merged to produce a first draft of the Land Unit Map. During the second phase, this map will be implemented with the existing soil data and verified in the field if also needed with new soil data collection, and the final Land Unit Map will be produced. The Land Unit and Soil Capability Map will be produced by classifying the land units using a reference matching table of land capability classes created for this project.

VIRTUAL 3D CITY MODELING: TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS

Abstract. 3D city model is a digital representation of the Earth's surface and it's related objects such as Building, Tree, Vegetation, and some manmade feature belonging to urban area. There are various terms used for 3D city models such as "Cybertown", "Cybercity", "Virtual City", or "Digital City". 3D city models are basically a computerized or digital model of a city contains the graphic representation of buildings and other objects in 2.5 or 3D. Generally three main Geomatics approach are using for Virtual 3-D City models generation, in first approach, researcher are using Conventional techniques such as Vector Map data, DEM, Aerial images, second approach are based on High resolution satellite images with LASER scanning, In third method, many researcher are using Terrestrial images by using Close Range Photogrammetry with DSM & Texture mapping. We start this paper from the introduction of various Geomatics techniques for 3D City modeling. These techniques divided in to two main categories: one is based on Automation (Automatic, Semi-automatic and Manual methods), and another is Based on Data input techniques (one is Photogrammetry, another is Laser Techniques). After details study of this, finally in short, we are trying to give the conclusions of this study. In the last, we are trying to give the conclusions of this research paper and also giving a short view for justification and analysis, and present trend for 3D City modeling. This paper gives an overview about the Techniques related with "Generation of Virtual 3-D City models using Geomatics Techniques" and the Applications of Virtual 3D City models. Photogrammetry, (Close range, Aerial, Satellite), Lasergrammetry, GPS, or combination of these modern Geomatics techniques play a major role to create a virtual 3-D City model. Each and every techniques and method has some advantages and some drawbacks. Point cloud model is a modern trend for virtual 3-D city model. Photo-realistic, Scalable, Geo-referenced virtual 3-D City model is a very useful for various kinds of applications such as for planning in Navigation, Tourism, Disasters Management, Transportations, Municipality, Urban Environmental Managements and Real-estate industry. So the Construction of Virtual 3-D city models is a most interesting research topic in recent years.

Identification of suitable locations for rooftop rainwater harvesting structures

Roof top rainwater collection is one of the solutions for solving or reducing the problem of water availability, where there is inadequate groundwater supply and surface sources are either lacking or insignificant quality. Average annual rainfall in the campus of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad is 821mm with unutilized non-committed surplus monsoon runoff. Ground water levels are being monitored since 2008 and found to be 25 to 30 m bgl deep in pre-monsoon period and 16 to 19 m bgl in post-monsoon which indicates the ample scope for artificial recharge of rainwater. Present study deals with the geomatic approach by employing GIS, GPS and Remote Sensing techniques for identifying sites for construction of roof top rainwater harvesting structures in the study area by preparing various spatial maps. To meet the deficit water requirement in the campus through artificial recharge and re-use of ground water, three recharge structures each with a capacity of 1,00,000 liters and one reuse structure with a capacity of 2,00,000 liters have been identified using Geomatics.

Accuracy Assessment of Lidar Data Using Geomatic Approaches

Accuracy Assessment of Lidar Data Using Geomatic Approaches

Sensitivity analysis of environmental changes associated with riverscape evolutions following sediment reintroduction: geomatic approach on the Drôme River network, France

The present paper aims to put into practice a conceptual framework for gravel-bed river sustainable management previously proposed by Pont et al. [(2009) Conceptual framework and interdisciplinary approach for the sustainable management of gravel-bed rivers: the case of the Drôme River basin (SE France). Aquatic Sciences, 71 (3), 356–370] for the Drôme River Basin (France). It tests the capacity of the functional sector concept (Petts, G.E. and Amoros, C., 1996. Fluvial hydrosystems. Springer) when used to assess the risks of environmental changes. The application of this concept is illustrated by examples focusing on the potential impacts of sediment replenishment on functional sector diversity used as a proxy of habitat diversity, and on trout distribution at a network scale. We used remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) methods to produce original data. A cluster analysis performed on the components of a principal component analysis established a functional sector typology based on channel planform parameters. We calculated an index of present and 1948 functional sector diversity for the entire channel network to highlight past evolutions. A sensitivity analysis was then performed to predict changes in functional sector diversity resulting from defined options of sediment reintroduction through planned forest removal. A similar procedure was developed to evaluate likely changes in brown trout distribution resulting from the impacts of the actions on canopy cover and summer water temperature. The methodological procedure is described, as well as the different assumptions made to move from a theoretical framework to a more practical one. Two examples are used as pilots to evaluate the value of a sensitivity analysis approach based on functional sector types (FSTs) to test management actions aimed at improving aquatic ecology. Limitations and potential improvements are then discussed.

A Geomatics Approach to Multitemporal Shoreline Analysis in Western Mediterranean: The Case of Platamona-Maritza Beach (Northwest Sardinia, Italy)

VIRDIS, S.G.P.; OGGIANO, G., and DISPERATI, L., 2012. A geomatics approach to multitemporal shoreline analysis in Western Mediterranean: the case of Platamona-Maritza Beach (northwest Sardinia, Italy). This study examines the shoreline change evolution at two spatiotemporal scales over ca. 18 km of Platamona-Maritza beach (northwest Sardinia, Italy). A multitemporal dataset spanning the period 1955–2010 was used and made up of archival aerial photographs, orthophotos, satellite imagery, light detection and ranging data, terrestrial laser scanner, Global Positioning System, and recent and historical topographic maps. We integrated this dataset by implementing a repeatable processing procedure, for which the global sensitivity for shoreline change estimation was evaluated (ca. 10 m as a product of time interval and change rate). The applied methodology indicates that the wet/dry boundary can be used as a good shoreline proxy. It is also demonstrated how reliable shoreline positional uncertainty (from 1.9 to 8.6 m) can be estimated whenever a large set of multitemporal data is available and geomatic tools are properly integrated. Results showed how shoreline evolutionary trends affected the entire coastal zone and roughly migrated from east to west, with the largest rates between 1970 and 2000. Where long-term analysis provided higher erosion rates, a sediment volumetric change was estimated, although only for a 2-year window and for a 300-m-wide stretch of beach. An analysis of geomorphic features along the coast also indicates variable longshore drift direction as a consequence of changes in a combination of wind, wave, and current regimes. A direct relationship between the evolutionary trend of hydrometric and pluviometric data recorded at the study site highlight that, although rainfall regime is nearly constant, average discharge of main rivers underwent a dramatic decrease since 1965 in conjunction with land use change and upstream dam construction for agriculture and urban development. Therefore, it has been argued that river sediment supply also was reduced; hence, besides other natural and anthropogenic causes, it likely influenced erosion and accretion events in the southern sector of the Gulf of Asinara.

Mapping and Assessment of Groundwater Potential in Bilrai Watershed (Shivpuri District, M.P.)—A Geomatics Approach

The main objective of the present work is to delineate the groundwater potential zones in Bilari watershed of district Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh. Remote Sensing data and GIS were used to delineate the groundwater potential zones of the area. IRS-1D (LISS III) data have been utilized to extract information on various themes such as geomorphology, structure, drainage and land use/land cover. Available lithology and soil maps have also been used. DEM has been generated from contours taken from Survey of India topographical maps in order to obtain the slope percentage and slope aspect of the area. The groundwater potential zones were delineated by weighted overlay analysis. The themes geology, geomorphology, slope and soil were considered and the weightages assigned to different classes of respective themes according to their role in groundwater potential. Finally, five groundwater potential zones viz., very good, good, moderate; poor and very poor were delineated for the study area. It was estimated that about 110.41 sq km area which forms 37.55% of the total area are in the zones of very poor, poor and moderate category and about 183.75 sq km (62.45%) in zones of good and very good category.

Crime Scene Reconstruction Using a Fully Geomatic Approach.

This paper is focused on two main topics: crime scene reconstruction, based on a geomatic approach, and crime scene analysis, through GIS based procedures. According to the experience of the authors in performing forensic analysis for real cases, the aforesaid topics will be examined with the specific goal of verifying the relationship of human walk paths at a crime scene with blood patterns on the floor. In order to perform such analyses, the availability of pictures taken by first aiders is mandatory, since they provide information about the crime scene before items are moved or interfered with. Generally, those pictures are affected by large geometric distortions, thus - after a brief description of the geomatic techniques suitable for the acquisition of reference data (total station surveying, photogrammetry and laser scanning) - it will be shown the developed methodology, based on photogrammetric algorithms, aimed at calibrating, georeferencing and mosaicking the available images acquired on the scene. The crime scene analysis is based on a collection of GIS functionalities for simulating human walk movements and creating a statistically significant sample. The developed GIS software component will be described in detail, showing how the analysis of this statistical sample of simulated human walks allows to rigorously define the probability of performing a certain walk path without touching the bloodstains on the floor.

Effects of Urbanization on River morphometry: A case study for Nag River Urban Watershed using Geomatics Approach

Urbanization is responsible for the unexpected environmental degradation, which in turn has resulted in resource scarcity and damage to the towns and cities surroundings. Besides urbanization, the successive economic activities also exert tremendous pressure on the available limited natural resources. Especially in developing countries such as India, heavy urbanization has converted vast stretches of agricultural lands into built-up area, roads and other impervious surfaces, which obstructs water to get absorbed into the surface (UNEP 2000) It is estimated that 75% of pollution loads of all the rivers in India is due to urban wastewater. Nagpur is one of the fastest growing urban city with multitude of problems cropping up over the period of time. The severity of the problem can be understood by the fact that growing urbanization has changed the morphometry of Nag River. In this case study for Nag River urban watershed, remote sensing & GIS technologies are utilized to understand the impacts of growing urbanization on the river morphometry.