Geoinformation Modeling Research Articles

Разработка технологической схемы выполнения работ по определению границ загрязнения земельных участков полигонами твердых коммунальных отходов

The article is devoted to the research of approaches for monitoring the condition of land plots both occupied by MSW landfills and the ones negatively influenced by the neighboring landfills. The con-cept of a landfill of solid municipal waste (MSW) is considered. The characteristics of the negative environmental impact of municipal solid waste landfills on the state of land resources are given. Geo-analysis and geomodeling methods have been applied to plan the placement of municipal solid waste landfills, as well as to predict their negative impact. Examples of the placement of municipal solid waste landfills near settlements, as well as examples of the choice of land plots for the construction of landfills are considered. The list of optimality criteria that are used when choosing a land plot for the placement of a landfill is shown. A technological scheme of work has been compiled to determine the level and area of contamination of land plots by landfills of solid municipal waste. The stages of work are closely considered, which include: cadastral and geodetic works, as well as environmental monitoring of the state of land resources. The values of the mean square error of determining (predicting) the coordinates of the boundaries of contaminated land plots are proposed, depending on the category of land, the location of the landfill, as well as the speed of pollution propagation. The characteristics of different rates of pollution propagation, which is formed as a result of leachate ingress beyond the boundary of protective engineering structures, are given. The periodicity with which it is necessary to carry out monitoring measurements of the land pollution level is justified. The methods of coordinating the boundaries of pollution, as well as various measurement tools, are considered. The discussion touched the questions connected with waste recycling technologies and positive impact of refusal of storing SMW both on ecological state of resources and their investment and market appeal. In conclusion, it is stated that the modern concept of sustainable development of territories should be based on environmentally safe land use, the principles of which criticize the creation and operation of landfills of solid municipal waste. Existing municipal solid waste landfills should be operated using land information modeling technology, which should be based on a geoinformation model of the prospective development of the territory. This model includes the dynamics of changes in the number of residents within the boundaries of territorial entities served by a landfill of municipal solid waste.

Сетевой подход в изучении пространственной экологии крупных хищников и копытных юго-восточного Сихотэ-Aлиня (Приморский край)

Network analysis has proven to be an effective tool for understanding patterns and predicting consequences in the study of complex systems on a local, regional and global scale. In the south of the Russian Far East exists one of the highest levels of biodiversity in Russia. This paper presents mainly theoretical study, its results includes maps and of spatial structure distribution schemes in the winter of the Amur tiger and the main objects of its food interest—ungulates. The research model area situated within the mountain-forest territory of Southeastern Sikhote-Alin Mountains (Primorsky Krai). This region is home to species of worldwide conservation significance, including the Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). The results of the study show the interpenetration of places of human activity and infrastructure into the main habitats of large animals in winter. The factors threatening the existence of large predators can be divided into three types: anthropogenic (related to the presence of man and his economic activity); technogenic (caused by implemented technological systems, for example, transport and fuel and energy infrastructure); natural (natural disasters, as well as relief and landscape conditions that prevent the existence of living organisms of wildlife). The work presents: 1) network models and geoinformation mapping of the winter distribution of the Amur tiger, which is the result of using the proximity threshold as a key variable parameter of the network model; 2) maps of the distribution of ungulates have been compiled by recalculating the total number of animals by their population density in hunting grounds; 3) network models of the human-occupied space (roads, settlements) of the model territory have been prepared and distribution of hunting enterprises. The applied synergy of geoinformation modeling and network analysis provides effective analytical tools for research in the spatial ecology of animals.

Воздействие мобильных и стационарных источников загрязнений на геоэкологическое состояние урбанизированных территорий в горном регионе

Introduction. The air quality problems facing the world today become aggravated by rapid urban population growth, uncontrolled urban and industrial expansion and a phenomenal growth in the number and time of car use. In general, geoecological pollution of the territory is caused by stationary and mobile sources. The industry in the most of the regions today is experiencing degradation to one degree or another. At the same time, operating plants and factories, especially those associated with the processing of toxic heavy metals, are mostly equipped with filter systems that significantly reduce the territory pollution. On the other hand, in recent years, road transport has taken the first place in terms of urban areas pollution. Road traffic is the largest source of many air pollutants that are harmful to health, but emissions from internal combustion engines are not the only source of pollution. Car tyres and parts of brake systems are also a significant source of environmental pollution. Thus, the assessment of the level of environmental pollution by road transport seems to be a very urgent task. Research methods. Experimental research methods were used in the work. The authors introduced a new integral index of atmospheric air pollution Zatm. The assessment of the level of atmospheric air pollution was carried out using the Ecolab gas analyzer based on a specially developed measurement technique. The data of the existing foreign works on the assessment of environmental pollution by tyre wear products were also considered as the source material. The obtained data were extrapolated to the territory of Vladikavkaz city. Map compilation was carried out using geoinformation modeling methods. Research results. As part of the study of tyre wear for the territory of Vladikavkaz city, it was found that about 258 tons of tyre wear products are emitted into the city’s environment per year, which is 860 grams per head of population. On the basis of the obtained data on the actual content of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons С1-С10 and nitrogen and sulfur dioxides in the atmospheric air, a distribution map of the integral index of atmospheric air pollution Zatm in Vladikavkaz city was constructed. The map identified the sections of roads that are subjected to the greatest pollution Discussion. Traffic optimization models, in particular, “green corridors”, are currently being proposed as mitigation measures for pollutant emissions from road transport. Based on the analysis of the obtained data, which form the basis of the constructed maps of atmospheric air pollution in Vladikavkaz city, Recommendations for reducing the ecological load of road transport on the environment have been developed. Conclusion. Today, when most stationary sources (plants, factories, mining and processing centers, etc.) have practically stopped their activity or equipped with special treatment systems (filters, modern technologies), it is mobile pollution sources that emit the largest amount of pollutants. Road transport forms a high level of load on the geo-ecological state of the territory environment. The analysis of the obtained results made it possible to develop Recommendations for reducing pollutant emissions from road transport, which, due to the evergrowing number of vehicles and, as a result, increasing environmental pollution, is an actual result of the work. Resume. On the basis of the obtained data on the actual content of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen and sulfur dioxides in the atmospheric air, a distribution map of the introduced integral index of atmospheric air pollution Zatm in Vladikavkaz city was constructed. The map identifies the sections of roads that are subjected to the greatest pollution. In addition to the exhausts of internal combustion engines, car tyres are also considered as a pollution source and the assessment is given according to the amount of emissions generated by their wear particles. Recommendations are given to reduce the ecological load of road transport on the environment. In the future, it is planned to carry out experimental investigations to study the dynamics of emissions, as well as to study the concentrations of other pollutants.

ЖИТЛОВИЙ ЛЬВІВ. ІСТОРІЯ ФОРМУВАННЯ ЖИТЛОВОГО БУДІВНИЦТВА У ПЕРІОД 1945–2010 РР.

Housing has always largely determined the appearance of the city. It can be said that there is no city without housing and there never has been one. Even if at the beginning, when a fact of the urban environment appeared, this side played a secondary role (for example, if we are talking about a castle or a military camp), very soon the modifications were started for the benefit of the residential function. (Rossi, 1976, 2011). Italian architect Aldo Rossi’s opinion defines the role and place of the housing in the city landscape. Evaluating the residential sector of our cities, we often think of the soviet residential districts. The massive construction that took place in the 70-s–80-s years of the last century shaped the living environment for the majority of citizens. Portrait of residential Lviv is only partially composed of historic buildings and neighbourhoods. Most of it looks like a housing district, typical for most cities in Ukraine. What part of this portrait is modern? In 2020 in Lviv was built 460,000 sq. of residential areas, and the year before – 567,000 sq. In 2021 Lviv was ranked second city in Ukraine in terms of the volume of residential construction, having established itself in this status. Evaluation of modern residential construction in Lviv requires investigation of historical conditions of its development. Since the pre-war construction of the period, which now can be considered historic, was relatively insignificant part of the housing stock in terms of modern indicators, the study takes its beginning from the postwar years, the period in which Lviv and Ukraine were part of the Soviet Union. The article is devoted to the study of history of the formation of residential buildings in the city of Lviv, starting from the period of its highest development to the beginning of the modern phase of massive construction. Described the history of the main part of housing construction of the city and marked out the main historical stages of development. Based on the analysis of open data using the method of geoinformation modelling, the article analyses the territorial development of residential construction and distinguishes the main areas of development. It examines the main residential building characteristics and socio-economic phenomena that accompanied its development.

Geoinformation support for studies of the boundaries of flood zones in urban areas

The article presents the results of the use of geoinformation modelling of the processes of urbanised territories’ flooding by river waters. Physical, geographical, and climatic parameters of the key river basin (Vezelka River within the boundaries of the city of Belgorod) have been determined. A list of input data and methods that were used to create geoinformation models is presented. The peculiarities of the technique of aerial photography and the creation of a digital terrain model on its basis are disclosed. The formulas for the calculation of the level of water rise and calculation of the flooding model corrected by the terrain are disclosed. The results of determining high levels of river water by calculated sites are shown, longitudinal and transverse profiles with estimated water levels during flooding with different levels of the expected probability of occurrence have been created. The final map of the boundaries of flood zones in the urban area, which are calculated using geoinformation modelling, is demonstrated. We propose that the results of geoinformation modelling of flooding scenarios for large rivers be included in the regional GIS portal.

Mathematical and Geoinformation Modeling of Snow Melting Process in Catchment Areas in the Kama Region

Mathematical and Geoinformation Modeling of Snow Melting Process in Catchment Areas in the Kama Region

Анализ геоинформационных технологий в целях изучения визуализации и отображения вертикальных и горизонтальных деформаций поверхности Земли

Information on the movements and stress-strain state of the Earth`s surface and crust is necessary to predict catastrophic geodynamic processes, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, glacier collapses, karst sinkholes and subsidence of soils in mining areas. The authors summarize the existing experience of applying geoinformation technologies for modeling Earth’s surface deformations; reveal the shortcomings of current software solutions and the approach to their joint use for analyzing these processes. The relevance of using spatial data infrastructure as a source of data on Earth`s surface deformations is noted. Solutions for improvement of Earth`s surface deformations imaging with the help of the three-dimensional vector fields visualization method, presented by the authors in previous surveys, as well as the results of visualization of the Earth`s surface displacements model, demonstrating applicability and operability of the method developed by the authors, are offered. The requirements and the general functional layout of the thematic geographic information system intended for geoinformation modeling of the Earth`s surface deformations and administrative tasks solution are formed.

Evaluation of the efficiency of advanced tools for organizational training of concentrated construction

The article researched and established that in order to improve the tools, models and methods of organizational-technological and geo-informational modeling of complex organizational training, the branch specifics of objects were taken into account, since cluster construction represents a variety of objects, and is also characterized by significant uncertainty of information support . At the same time, a significant amount of geoinformation, which is necessary for high-quality organizational and technological preparation of the territories allocated for construction, is not used. The work analyzes the main tasks and stages of complex organizational preparation of concentrated construction, existing technologies of automation of construction processes, to identify the technology of geoinformation modeling taking into account the specifics of the industry and the necessary tools for assessing the adequacy of the necessary information support.
 The article describes the practical implementation of a geoinformation modeling tool for complex organizational preparation of concentrated construction for the development of a digital geoinformation 3D model of a consolidated plan of engineering networks based on the modern GEOCAD software complex of the GEOKAD company - a domestic developer of engineering GIS, which works in the AutoCAD 3D modeling environment. The researched experimental approbation of the methodology for assessing the reliability of the organizational preparation of the territorial cluster was carried out on the example of the development of the territorial cluster in the city of Vinnytsia, taking into account the possible states of the system and with the calculation of reliability indicators of consolidated calendar plans for the preparation of construction sites for the cluster objects. An analysis of the geoinformation provision of all cycles of organizational training was carried out and showed that in real practice there is no single system and comprehensive approach to both the formation of information provision and the functioning of the services of the customer-builder. In this connection, models of the functioning of the complex training system were considered and improved.

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ СОВМЕСТНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ ПРИ ПАРИРОВАНИИ НЕКОТОРЫХ УГРОЗ В ТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНО РАСПРЕДЕЛЕННОЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ

This article considers an approach to orga-nizing joint processing of spatial information when countering threats in a geographically distributed organization. A model is proposed for describing heterogeneous spatial data and their relationship, which are necessary for con-structing three-dimensional models of a territo-rially distributed organization, based on the set-theoretic approach. Subsequently, the model makes it possible to determine the methodology and algorithm for constructing three-dimensional models of such a geographically distributed organization as Ufa State Aviation Technical University. The paper shows that increasing the decision support efficiency when responding to some threats is achieved, among other things, by using three-dimensional visualization of technological information about the university facilities and operational information which incomes in case of emergency; the quality, content and optimization of a three-dimensional model directly affect the decisions made in fulfilling emergency response scenarios. The developed methods and algorithms are brought to practical implementation and applied to build a three-dimensional geoinformation model of Ufa State Aviation Technical University.

Development of a database of three-dimensional models of
 deciduous forest species of Birch and Aspen for a geoinformation model of the forest ecosystem

The article is a continuation of the authors' cycle of works devoted to the development of geoinformation modeling technology for forest ecosystems. The article deals with the formation of an object-oriented catalog of deciduous woody plants growing on the territory of the Lisinsky educational and Experimental Forestry, a branch of S. M. Kirov SPbGLTU. The main purpose of the work is to form a single 3D database of two forest-forming species of hanging birch (Betula Pendula Roth.) and trembling poplar (Populus Tremula L.) to integrate the generated catalog of tree models into the environment of geoinformation modeling of forest ecosystem

Геоинформационное моделирование и картографирование полноты функционирования географических систем

The completeness indicator is associated with the degree of the natural potential mani- festation and the reliable functioning of geosystems at a constantly high level. This is necessary to ensure sustainable development and effective solutions to environmental management problems. Geography and cartography can solve them using the methods of geoinformation modeling. By the example of the Slyudyansky district’s forests (Irkutsk oblast), the process of realizing the stocks completeness of the geosystem function, their reproduction under different environmental conditions is statistically studied using inventory databases. The mathematical model describes the options for the change in completeness over time, including sustainable growth and development of natural systems. A feature of the model is the existence of a bifurcation point of trends in the completeness of geosystem functions implementation. Sustainable development becomes possible only when the normative performance indicators are overflowed. According to the graphs of the time dependence of changes in forest stocks under various conditions, an assessment was made of the possibility of implementing sustainable management. To differentiate the territory according to the prerequisites for stable development, the methods of landscape-appraisal mapping were used. Geoinformation mapping of geosystem functions was carried out with the allocation of terrain areas recommended for effective nature management according to the criterion of functioning completeness.

Water Balance Components of Sub-Mediterranean Downy Oak Landscapes of Southeastern Crimea

This article discusses the processes of moisture intake, redistribution, and consumption within the downy oak forest community, along with their interannual and interseasonal water balance dynamics. The study of the water balance components was conducted using a combination of field research methods and geoinformation modeling on the territory of the Karadag landscape and ecological station of the Karadag Nature Reserve for the period from 2010 to 2020. The study of the water balance of downy oak forests located at the furthest extent of their range represents an important problem, whose solution will further scientific understanding by uncovering individual patterns of the internal organization of such systems. The indicators having the most tangible impact on the water balance are the amount of precipitation and evapotranspiration. The average annual precipitation on the territory of Karadag for the analyzed period was 448 mm; in recent years, a decrease in the amount of precipitation has been recorded. The evapotranspiration values within the downy oak forests approximately coincide with the values of this indicator in the Mediterranean region to average 450 mm per year. The influence of stemflow and relief features on the redistribution of moisture within the landscape is described. The analyzed water balance components’ dynamics form conditions conducive to the displacement of steppe communities by forest species.

Geoinformation modeling of rational and efficient use of territories with high investment attractiveness

The proposals on geoinformation modeling, ensuring the rational use of the territories adjacent to Moscow with high investment attractiveness for the placement of multistorey housing construction, are presented.

Development of a technology for geoinformation modelling of forest ecosystems (part 3)

In the third part of the article the structural components of forest ecosystems geoinformation modeling subsystems are considered, the technological map of the main components is indicated. Some objectives of forest geoinformation modelling and technological support of the forest ecosystems geoinformation modelling process are considered. The systems: mapping, modelling and management system at conceptual and logical level as a part of the instrumental support of geoinformation models’ operability are described. The objectives of forestry in the application of geo-referenced models of forest ecosystems that can improve the quality of forest management and provide a decision support system for economic tasks arising in the forestry sector are indicated.

REGULARITIES ANALYSIS OF THE LINEAR EROSION DEVELOPMENT IN RIVER BASINS IN THE SOUTH OF THE CENTRAL RUSSIAN HILL WITH THE USE OF GIS

Significant areas of the country’s territories are suffering erosion processes due to the increased anthropogenic load. Belgorod region territories are included. This fact makes the reason to the present study for the spatial and temporal patterns analysis of the linear erosion development. The analysis is needed to access the potential territory resistance to the erosion processes within the framework of the basin concept in the South of the Central Russian Upland. The spatial distribution analysis of erosional forms in the study area makes it possible to identify patterns of distribution and assess the possible development of erosion processes. Geoinformation modeling is used to maintain the study in conjunction with natural methods for studying the linear development of the erosion network.
 During the research, the methods of thematic processing of space images, geospatial analysis, GIS modeling, comparative geographic, the method of analogies, landscape planning, as well as methods of statistical and mathematical data processing were used.
 The study has revealed the fact, that territories with a high erosion density and a low share of the river density is characterized with the high ravine network density with a low density of ravines. Though, territories with low erosion density and a more developed river network are characterized by a decrease in the ravine network density; territories with a high erosion density are characterized with a weak development of upper link and the predominance of lower link of watercourses in the river network structure. Then, most basins with low ravine network density are significantly dissected in the upper and middle links of the river network. Establishing the regularity of the erosion forms distribution made it possible to assess the territory resistance of the erosion processes, as well as predict and analyze the need for anti-erosion measures.

Problems of geoinformation modeling of metropolis infrastructure accessibility for people with limited mobility

The accessibility of the infrastructure of settlements for low-mobility groups of the population still remain relevant in the Russian Federation. The state program Accessible Environment, which has been operating since 2011, is aimed at solving this problem. The cartographic and geodetic industry can and should contribute to the implementation of the program, since spatially coordinated information about the accessibility of the territory allows you to visualize and assess the current state of the territory, outline optimal ways to solve the problem of accessibility, build accessible routes when planning the movement of citizens around the city. The author suggests using the methods of mobile laser scanning to obtain a digital model of the surveyed travel route. A technological scheme for constructing a geoinformation model of the accessibility of the territory using three-dimensional laser scanning methods is presented.

ЦИФРОВОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ВЕТРОВЫХ ПОТОКОВ В ЖИЛОЙ ЗАСТРОЙКЕ

The article is devoted to the modeling of wind flows when placing new construction objects in the existing building. The CFD technologies are used (computational fluid dynamics) to assess the influence of wind, to determine the direction of airflow velocity vectors for a given location and geometric characteristics of buildings, the earth's surface topography. When solving the problems of modeling wind flows in a residential area, a review of tools for architectural and climatic analysis is carried out. In addition, the possibilities of calculating each of them are described, and advantages and disadvantages are highlighted. It is concluded that most of the tools remain proprietary and not integrated into the main programs for architectural and urban design. The main stages of modeling and obtaining initial data for CFD analysis are described: digital models of the terrain and buildings obtained on the basis of a geoinformation model of the city, annual data on the actual direction and speed of the wind in the study area. The values of speeds, wind for the residential group under consideration, the trajectories of its movement in the building, projected onto vertical and horizontal planes are obtained. The simulation results allow to consider measures for planning and beautification of urban space and reducing the negative impact of wind on the built-up area

Modeling the Territorial Structure Dynamics of the Northern Part of the Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain

The subject of our study is the tendency to reduce the floodplain area of regulated rivers and its impact on the degradation of the socio-environmental systems in the floodplain. The aim of the work is to create a new approach to the analysis and forecasting of the multidimensional degradation processes of floodplain territories under the influence of natural and technogenic factors. This approach uses methods of hydrodynamic and geoinformation modeling, statistical analysis of observational data and results of high-performance computational experiments. The basis of our approach is the dynamics model of the complex structure of the floodplain. This structure combines the characteristics of the frequency ranges of flooding and the socio-environmental features of various sites (cadastral data of land use). Modeling of the hydrological regime is based on numerical shallow water models. The regression model of the technogenic dynamics of the riverbed allowed us to calculate corrections to the parameters of real floods that imitate the effect of this factor. This made it possible to use digital maps of the modern topography for hydrodynamic modeling and the construction of floods maps for past and future decades. The technological basis of our study is a set of algorithms and software, consisting of three modules. The data module includes, first of all, the cadastres of the territory of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain (VAF, this floodplain is the interfluve of the Volga and Akhtuba rivers for the last 400 km before flowing into the Caspian Sea), satellite and natural observation data, spatial distributions of parameters of geoinformation and hydrodynamic models. The second module provides the construction of a multilayer digital model of the floodplain area, digital maps of floods and their aggregated characteristics. The third module calculates a complex territorial structure, criteria for the state of the environmental and socio-economic system (ESES) and a forecast of its changes. We have shown that the degradation of the ESES of the northern part of the VAF is caused by the negative dynamics of the hydrological structure of its territory, due to the technogenic influence the hydroelectric power station on the Volga riverbed. This dynamic manifests itself in a decrease in the stable flooded area and an increase in the unflooded and unstable flooded areas. An important result is the forecast of the complex territorial structure and criteria for the state of the interfluve until 2050.

Development of a technology for geoinformation modelling of forest ecosystems (part 2)

In the second part of the article the basic types of representation of different geoinformation models of forest ecosystem, possibilities of use of concrete type of models depending on tasks for the decision maker are considered. Some goals of forest geoinformation modeling are considered. This part of the article describes both the geographic information modeling process and the three types of forest ecosystem representation formed. The main tools of the process of geoinformation modeling of forest ecosystems are described and the possibilities of applying models at different levels of their representation.

USING SPACE SURVEY MATERIALS FOR MODELING HYDRODYNAMIC ACCIDENTS AT MINING ENTERPRISES IN KAZAKHSTAN

Abstract. The timeliness of using modern computer programs for modelling flood zones, the consequences of hydraulic accidents, dam breakthroughs, flood and flood forecasting in a complex system of rivers and channels for the prevention of hydro meteorological emergencies is beyond doubt. The use of BIM technologies will make it possible to move from point-based flood risk assessments to areal ones, which will significantly improve the reliability of planned measures to prevent natural and anthropogenic emergencies.The purpose - to perform works on modelling of hydrodynamic accident and forecast of its development by the example of tailings dumps in concentration plant in East Kazakhstan. As the initial data - digital model for the area of work, technical reports on engineering-hydrographical survey, topographic-geodetic works, engineering-geological survey, high-resolution satellite images in a panchromatic survey mode. On the basis of geoinformation modelling methods with use of initial and remote sensing data, final digital terrain model was built in Digital software. The method based on direct hydrodynamic modelling of area flooding was used to calculate hydrodynamic accidents, to model the dynamics of area flooding because of tailings dam break in several levels. The practical result is numerical hydrodynamic modelling of dynamics flooding area because of partial destruction, erosion of embankment dam of tailings concentrator, total area and extent of flooding, as well as the area and depth of partially flooded buildings of residential development was estimated, thematic maps of flooded area were created, as well as maps of water passage with flow velocities during the hydrodynamic accident.Thus, the application of advanced space imagery, GIS technologies in full measure allow for simulating the occurrence, development of hydrodynamic accidents in structures, to determine area, time of flooding.