Geographical Concepts Research Articles

ПОВЕДЕНЧЕСКАЯ ГЕОГРАФИЯ КАК НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ И МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ

The article discusses the concept of behavioral geography, defines its subject, basic methods, and models, showsthe difference between this approach and other areas of the theory of geographical science. Behavioral geography is analyzed within the intertheory of regulatory mechanisms in nature, society, and the economy – the interaction of components of integral geosystems that takes into account the peculiarities of the geographical environment as changing in time and space. A territorial object is studied in the local phase space of relative features that reflects the states of the individual system of behavior in space and time without taking into account the characteristics of the environment. The environmental geographic correction that binds the object to a specific territory is then factored in. Modeling procedures are based on ideas of differential geometry. From these metatheoretical positions, behavior is reflected by the Lagrange derivative formula and the Euler equation. There are distinguished holistic behavior, characterizing the trajectory of the geosystem as a whole, and the mechanical behavior, taking into account the mechanisms of interaction of parts of the whole in the control schemes, which unambiguously determines the subject of the intertheory of the behavior of systems. All this allows us to apply a broad arsenal of mathematical analysis methods used in mechanics, extending them to other processes in nature and society. There are distinguished stationary and non-stationary, stable and unstable, autonomous and non-autonomous behavior systems; the latter are associated with the impact of a variable environment and external management. Through the example of the life cycle of forest plantations, the paper describes the mechanisms of growth and self-thinning of stands in various geographical environments. We propose an algorithm of forecast modeling and mapping of forests with correction for completeness and site quality of plantations, based on similarity of time dependences of change in forest wood reserves. Forest geosystems are studied ‘in pure form’ for reference forests, and then, with the help of corrections, they are correlated with their environment, which regulates the behavior of a particular geosystem.

Examination of the Treasure Island Story Book in Terms of Geographical Concepts

Tüm disiplinlerde olduğu gibi coğrafyanın temelini de benzer olgu, olay ve süreçleri kategorize etmede kullanılan kavramlar oluşturmaktadır. Çocukların yaşadıkları dünyayı anlayabilmeleri ve anlamlandırabilmeleri için erken yaşlarda, dünyaya ilişkin bilgiler içeren ve bireyde keşfetme isteği oluşturan öğrenme yaşantıları oluşturulmalıdır. Çocukların okudukları hikâye kitapları da onlara farklı yaşamlara yönelik öğrenme yaşantıları sunan araçlardan biridir. Hikâyeler tema olarak doğadan ve insandan uzak olamayacağı için belli bir coğrafya ve coğrafi bilgiden de ayrı düşünülemez. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Define Adası hikâye kitabında yer alan coğrafi kavramları belirleyerek sınıflandırmaktır. Araştırmada, nitel araştırma desenlerinden doküman incelemesi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın veri kaynağını Türkçeye Sevda Dursun tarafından çevrilen, Robert L. Stevenson’un “Define Adası” adlı hikâye kitabı oluşturmaktadır. Veri analizi sürecinde, hikâye kitabındaki coğrafi kavramlar belirlenmiş ve belirli özelliklerine göre kategorize edilmiştir. Kavramlar, belirlenen kategoriler dâhilinde yüzde ve frekanslarına göre tablolaştırılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda, “fiziki coğrafya” ve “beşerî ve ekonomik coğrafya” olmak üzere iki temel kategori ve bu kategoriler içinde yer alan toplam 67 coğrafi kavram belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, kitapta en fazla fiziki coğrafyaya kategorisinde coğrafi kavram olduğu tespit edilmiştir. En sık tekrar eden coğrafi kavramlar; gemi, ada, gece, deniz, tepe ve ağaç kavramlarıdır. Coğrafi kavramların öğretimi açısından hikâye kitaplarındaki kavramlar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, hikâyelerin kavram öğretiminde kullanılması önerilebilir.

Aspiration and Leadership Research of the Diffusion of Indo-Pacific

The Indo Pacific concept (IPC) may be one of the hotspots in IR during the past decade. This ancient geographical concept was originally packaged by former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe into the so-called Free and Open Indo Pacific (FoIP). After being highly politicized, this concept has been officially adopted by Australia, the United States and India. After President Biden took office in 2020, the Indo Pacific strategy has undergone further diffusion around the world. Especially in Western democracies. By 2022, the Biden government has taken the promotion of FoIP into the primary strategic goal in the In-do-Pacific Strategy of the United States [11]. At the same time, the report emphasized that protecting the democratic values of regional allies from interference is the direction of the US efforts. Leading by values has become an important accelerator for the United States to boost the diffusion of Indo-Pacific strategy. However, It is implausible for observers to explain the global diffusion of IPC after 2020. This article adheres to the viewpoint of constructivism and holds that the IPC, as an idea, has been recognized and accepted by states with common values. When the IPC was put forward and used by states platform as an initiative, it was constructed as a blueprint of “Democratic Alliance”. The Western-dominated international order based on the values of democracy and freedom is socially, politically, and historically ‘embedded’. This article argues that the diffusion of IPC could be understood as an political aspiration. Such aspiration contains the expectation of reuniting states sharing values of western democracy and freedom.

Spatio-temporal constraints of carer-workers in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area: An exploratory analysis using potential path areas

Carer-workers are individuals providing regular unpaid care to an adult dependent while simultaneously employed in the paid labour market, and the group represents a significant portion of the Canadian adult population. Despite the prevalence of unpaid care in Canada, very limited research has explored the spatio-temporal tensions that carer-workers experience. The objective of this study is to explore the space–time constraints experienced by carer-workers. One way of measuring both space and time constraints on an individual is the foundational time geography concept of the Space-Time Prism, and its two-dimensional counterpart, the Potential Path Area (PPA). We collected three to seven day-long trip diaries of 25 carer-workers in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area in 2017–18, including all trips made over the diary period and whether the trip involved care work. We developed a customized Python tool and used Open Street Maps to derive PPAs for 12 of the sample carer-workers, which were aggregated to form daily PPAs. Descriptive analyses of the PPAs are presented, and comparisons of PPA size, and therefore, daily accessibility, across carer-workers’ sociodemographic and economic indicators, days of the week, and level of caregiving intensity are examined. Through its ability to represent, quantitatively and visually, the accessibility differences across various population groups, and to fill a gap in our understanding of carer-workers, the PPA represents an important methodological avenue for continuing research into carer-workers in Canada and around the world.

Between Horizontality and Verticality: Infrastructures and Geographical Imaginaries in Post-Colonial Peru

This article analyzes the different geographical imaginaries that emerged in Peru after independence and how they were shaped and molded by the infrastructures that were imposed upon complex landscapes. I argue that horizontal geographical conceptions of the Peruvian territory were reinforced by the development of “communication” infrastructures, specifically road building, which depicted the Andean Mountain chain as an obstacle towards national integration. Conversely, from the middle of the twentieth onwards, vertical depictions of Peruvian geography emerged, fueled by the construction of large-scale hydroelectric plants, which depended on the very complexity of Andean topography which made the construction of other types of infrastructures difficult. In this vertical conception, the complexity of the Andes not only had to be “conquered,” but also skillfully “harnessed.” Both horizontal and vertical imaginaries of Peruvian geography coexisted, furthering the notion that Peruvian geography presented both a problem and a possibility for the pursuit of national development.

Personalizing the dichotomy of fixed and flexible activities in everyday life: deriving prism anchors from GPS-enabled survey data.

Space-time prism is a fundamental concept in time geography that can model an individual's accessibility to resources under space-time constraints. A prism anchor is often defined by work, school, or home activity with a fixed location and schedule. Trips and other activities are relatively flexible and scheduled between prism anchors. This fixity-flexibility dichotomy may not capture the increasing complexity of human mobility behaviors or variations among individuals. Recent developments in location-aware technologies allow us to collect person-level mobility data with detailed space-time paths and contextual information. This article develops methods to extract prism anchors from these GPS-based survey data and examines whether home, work, and school activities can always be used to define prism anchors for everyone. To illustrate our methods, we use data collected in Minnesota and Beijing as two study cases. Results in both study cases suggest that not everyone has home, work, or school anchors, and people with the same socio-demographic background tend to have similar anchor types. By deriving home, work, and school anchors, we can better understand how a person's everyday schedules are governed by home, work, and school and refine person-based accessibility measures.

Geographical concepts for first-grade students who are enrolled or not enrolled in kindergarten

يهدف البحث الى 1)معرفة المفاهيم الجغرافية عند الاطفال الملتحقين وغير الملتحقين برياض الاطفال ولتحقيق أهداف البحث وضعت الباحثة الفرضيات التي تناسب بحثها. اقتصرت عينة البحث الحالي على عينة تلاميد الصف الاول الابتدائي الملتحقين وغير الملتحقين برياض الاطفال وقد اختيرت العينة من قبل الباحثة بالاسلوب العشوائي والتي بلغت (100) تلميد وتلميدة موزعين على خمس مدارس ابتدائية لكل مدرسة 20 تلميد وتلميدة 10 سبق لهم الالتحاق بالروضه و10 لم يسبق لهم الالتحاق بالروضة. ونظرا الى عدم وجود اداة محلية او عربية اووجود مقياس اجنبي مقنن على البيئة العراقية لقياس المفاهيم الجغرافية عند اطفال الروضه على حد علم الباحثة من اجل التعرف على المفاهيم الجغرافية عند الاطفال وجدت الباحثة انه من الافضل اعداد مقياس لقياس المفاهيم الجغرافية لاطفال الروضه ليكون ملائما لخصائص مجتمع البحث الحالي وتتوافر فيه شروط المقاييس العلمية نحو الصدق والثبات. تبعاً لفرضيات البحث، فقد عولجت البيانات إحصائياً وباستعمال الاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين (T-Test) . وتوصلت الباحثه الى النتائج الاتيه " " يوجد فرق ذو دلالة إحصائية في متوسط درجات اختبار المفاهيم الجغرافية بين الأطفال الملتحقين وغير الملتحقين في رياض الاطفال عند مستوى دلالة 0,05 ولصالح الملتحقين (2" لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة إحصائية في متوسط درجات اختبارالمفاهيم الجغرافية للتلاميد الصف الاول الابتدائي الملتحقين برياض الاطفال بحسب الجنس (ذكور/ اناث).

Reframing the Far North

Evgenia Arbugaeva, Untitled 90 (From the series IV. Chukotka), 2019-2020 Exploring the Far North historically meant an immense effort, meticulous planning and the endurance of many hardships. These are characteristics that partly still hold true today. The northern parts of our planet are therefore surrounded by a narrative of distance. In this simplified notion the Far North is pictured as an isolated and unspoiled wilderness, one of the last places on Earth free of human disruption. Meanwhile, the (sub-)Arctic areas are among the first to be profoundly affected by climate change. Melting snow and ice incites a chain reaction that is known as the albedo effect, causing an accelerated rise in temperature. The Far North comprises territories whose physical state is profoundly altered at the moment; the melting of ice and permafrost has lasting effects on the physical make-up of the area, and thus these places can be marked as vulnerable and unstable landscapes. This article explores how a theoretical focus on relationality can unearth relations between photography and the geographical concepts ‘isolation’ and ‘connection’ in order to put forward a type of caring that is more geographically dispersed. In the photographic series Borealis (2015-2020) by Dutch photographer Jeroen Toirkens and Hyperborea (2013-2019) by Russian photographer Evgenia Arbugaeva, the oppositions between ‘isolation’ and ‘connection’ are inverted. This article analyses their photographs not as flat representations of a secluded place, but as nodes in a spatial constellation in a wider sense. Eventually, the images construct a ‘landscape of care’ that moves beyond physical boundaries and underlines an ethical duty for anyone living on this planet to care for and about places that we otherwise deem disparate.

The impact of teaching geographic concepts through the systemic approach in developing the achievement of science processes, visual-spatial intelligence, and natural intelligence

التدريس ليس مجرد توصيل للمعرفة إلى الطلبة وليس كبحاً للرغبات والميول غير المرغوب فيها وانما هو أشمل من ذلك وأعم لأنه يتضمن إرشاد الطلاب وتوجيههم لبذل أقصى جهد في عملية التعلم، إلا ان مدرسينا يعقدون الأمور عليهم وعلى طلبتهم عندما يلجؤون إلى طرائق تدريسية مملة تدفعهم فيما بعد إلى استعمال القسر والإجبار لجعل الطلبة يتقدمون في تحصيلهم، فالتدني بمستويات التحصيل بشكل عام وعدم الجدية في دراسة وتعلم المواد الدراسية ومنها مادة الجغرافية يعزى بحسب بعض الدراسات ومنها دراسة المرزوك (2007) إلى تفضيل مدرسي هذه المادة للطرائق التقليدية لسهولتها، (المرزوك، 2007 :3).

The impact of the hill climbing strategy on acquiring geographical concepts among first grade intermediate female students

يهدف البحث الحالي الى تعرف ( أثر استراتيجية تسلق الهضبة في اكتساب المفاهيم الجغرافية لدى طالبات الصف الأول المتوسط ) . ولتحقيق ذلك اختارت الباحثة تصميماً تجريبياً ذا ضبط جزئي لمجموعتين تجريبيتين ذات الاختبار البعدي ، واختارت الباحثة قصدياً عينة من طالبات الصف الأول المتوسط من مدرسة متوسطة بغداد للبنات التابعة لمديرية التربية بغداد / الرصافة الثانية للعام الدراسي 2011/2012 م ، لغرض تطبيق التجربة .

Discursive displacement and semantic diffusion of sense of place: revisiting Tuan

ABSTRACT Sense of place is a key concept in geography, which resonates with an audience outside of disciplinary geography. And yet, sense of place no longer has the prominence in geography that it once held. We argue that this is due in part to ‘discursive displacement' or shifts in meaning that have occurred as the concept circulated amongst different disciplines (e.g. geography and environmental psychology) and competing paradigms within geography (e.g. humanistic and critical human geography). Within this process of circulation, geographers and other scholars have overlooked Yi-Fu Tuan's distinction between rootedness and sense of place. This ‘semantic diffusion' contributes to the profusion of competing terms in the literature. It also contributes to the displacement of a practical concern with place-making and enhancing place experience, by academic debates over basic definitions and underlying philosophical commitments. In this paper, we pursue two related goals: First, we present a selective history of sense of place as a concept. Second, we argue that the time has come for a reassessment of a ‘Tuanian' sense of place. This offers both a path through the discursive field of ‘sense of place', and an opportunity to revitalize the attentive geography at the heart of Tuan’s humanistic project.

Imaginaries, directionalities, agency and new path creation

This study focuses on how imaginaries and directionalities, i.e. the interpretation of the urban economic history and the derived fundamental perceptions, conventions, mental representations and identities, influence stakeholder behaviour (agency) with regard to enabling or inhibiting new path creation. Applying concepts of evolutionary economic geography (EEG) and sociology, this paper aims to contribute to the literature on the impact of historical dependences on urban structural change processes. These theoretical reflections are applied to an empirical case study analysing the decline and renaissance of the textile industry in Mönchengladbach, Germany. The qualitative case study is based on a document-based analysis and seven guideline-based interviews with local experts from the textile and clothing industry. It concludes that imaginaries and directionalities can take effect via four mechanisms: communication and cooperation, motivation, training and employment, and research and innovation.

Why anti-racism and critical whiteness now? A (tentative, subjunctive) conceptual geography of the empire of whiteness

Our essay provides a provocation supporting the special issue of the International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education’s titled “Why antiracism and critical whiteness now?” As editors, we circulated its call knowing that the conditions of our work in race and whiteness studies had changed. In our essay, we work through the special issue’s central question via the critical psychoanalytic notion of identification ruptures. Autobiographically and then historically-socially un-suturing ourselves and work, we subjunctively sketch a conceptual geography of the empire of whiteness on-the-rise.

A content analysis of text in children’s picture books with regard to the inclusion of geographical concepts

ABSTRACTThis article contains a representative listing of fictional children’s literature titles, which relate to selected geographic concepts. Texts in the picture books were examined based on their geographical concepts. Within the scope of the research, 82 picture storybooks selected through the criterion sampling method were analyzed via content analysis. Expressions devoted to location, place, interaction between human and environment, action and region themes were identified in the analyzed picture books. While statements regarding physical characteristics of at most one place seem to exist in the abovementioned expressions, these statements were determined to emphasize biodiversity the most. On the other hand, expressions about the region theme were seen to be the least in the picture books. Based on the obtained results, fulfilling the need for picture books including different geographical concepts was recommended.

“Truly a Distant and Dark Land”: the Rinan-Linyi Borderland in the Shuijing zhu

Abstract This paper is about the depictions of the southern borderland of the Sinitic ecumene in the Shuijing zhu (written by Li Daoyuan in c. 515–524 ce) and the geographical concepts that frame this account. This borderland, in what is now central Vietnam, had been part of the classical Han empire (202 bce–220 ce) but began at the end of the second century to separate and form an independent state called Linyi (Lâm Ấp). In contrast to the stark boundaries depicted in Han imperial geographies, the Shuijing zhu describes the complexities of gradated frontiers and fluid borderlands. It explores the concept of environmental determinism in this exotic southern climate, and it reveals the challenges inherent in trying to expand geographical knowledge into new frontiers.

Theoretical basis and technical path for the regional all-for-one customization model of black soil granary

The black soil area in Northeast China serves as a “ballast” to ensure China’s food security. Unreasonable development and utilization lead to serious black soil degradation in some areas and affect regional food production and economic and social development. In the context of the intensification of the contradiction between food supply and demand worldwide, we should pay more attention to the overall situation of regional sustainable development and seek for systematic, scientific, and economic solutions. This study establishes a regional all-for-one customization model of black soil granary on the basis of the regional system of human—land relationship, customized and accurate management, agricultural system theory, and agricultural informatization with the guidance of integrated geography concept. The aim of this regional all-for-one customization model is to systematically diagnose the key problems and leading factors of black soil degradation and determine a solution that combines the commonness and individuality of black soil protection from the perspective of multiscale linkage, multifactor coupling, and multitechnology cooperation. The regional all-for-one customization model of black soil granary integrates the two perspectives of “regional” and “customization” into the protection and comprehensive utilization of black soil for the first time. It adopts zoning, grading, and classification as the main strategy and big data and artificial intelligence as the main technical approaches. This model constructs three strategies of different scales by combining the “satellite—air—ground—network” 3D monitoring system and the all-for-one customization platform driven by big data and artificial intelligence. First, the “implementing strategies by regions” are implemented at the regional scale to formulate the regional agricultural resource allocation scheme and agricultural zoning, which can provide strategies to protect and utilize black soil effectively. Second, the “determining strategies in accordance with villages” are implemented at the village scale to formulate a black soil protection and utilization model for different categories of villages, which can promote the organic integration of black soil protection and rural revitalization. Third, a “one strategy for one field” concept is applied at the field scale to provide accurate strategies for soil restoration and yield improvement in a fixed, quantitative, and regular manner. Multiscale integrated demonstration and scheme verification of the regional all-for-one customization model of black soil granary are conducted in Qiqihar City at three scales, namely, region, village, and field, to solve the key issues in black soil protection and utilization and form a replicable and popularized system solution, thereby providing a model for the sustainable development of Chinese and global black soil agriculture. The proposed regional all-for-one customization model of black soil granary has important theoretical and practical value in promoting the high-quality development of regional agriculture and rural revitalization, and provides a demonstration model of land protection and utilization for the black soil area in China and the whole world.

Developing Handmade Teaching Material Innovation on Thailand Maps to Enhance Geography Concepts of Students with Visual Impairments to Creating an Equitable Ecology in Education for Sustainable Development

The objectives of the research were to study and develop handmade teaching materials innovation on Thailand maps to enhance geography concepts of students with visual impairments and 2) to study Thai geography concepts of students with visual impairments. The research was action research whereby there were samples in the research, namely (1) 5 experts in developing teaching materials for students with visual impairments (2) 5 experts in social studies learning management, and (3) 10 students with visual impairments. Simple random sampling was used. From the research studies, it was found that: 1) Handmade teaching materials on Thailand maps to enhance geography concepts for students with visual impairments have been developed by using the content of Thailand maps of secondary education students to enhance handmade teaching materials on Thailand maps accounting for 15 charts based on the design of CADDIE model of Mangkhang (2017). Assessment results had completeness and appropriate qualities at a high level. This was used together with our plan of learning management on Thailand maps for 4 plans accounting for 10 hours. The assessment results of the learning management plan came out with having completeness, correctness, and qualities suitable at a high level; 2) Building the assessment form of geography concepts of students with visual impairments had completeness and qualities suitable at a high level and students had geography concepts at the highest level.

Insecurity, incoherence, and imagined geographies in Central Europe

ABSTRACT This Commentary for the Research Colloquium on “Geopolitical Imaginaries of Regional Cooperation and National Identity: A Central European Perspective” foregrounds the significance of imagined geographies for driving policies, shaping nations, and making identities. It highlights the urgency of countering the self-aggrandizing, ethno-nationalist, illiberal, reductionist, and conservative imagined geographies that have emerged in recent years across Central Europe, in particular in Hungary. A more critical, pluralistic, and inclusive geopolitics of the region is presented in this Research Colloquium, which is in stark contrast to the attempts of certain political and intellectual elites to fix identities that foment mistrust and division within and between societies. The regional imaginaries espoused by some political leaders, and their tenuous historical and geographical grounding, tell us little about the geographical concepts and areas they purport to represent but much about the insecurities and agendas of the political elites who directly benefit from the uptake of these imaginings.

All Lines Flow In: excavating the geophilosophical relations of Singapore’s infrastructure through SEA STATE

Infrastructure has proven a polyvalent concept in human geography and anthropology for exploring the intersection of the social and technical. However, the ‘below’ of infrastructure, the infra, has remained underexamined in its relationship to the state, territory and the earth. This article proposes that infrastructure is better understood as a geophilosophical relation that renders a set of relations a subsurface for the propagation of another: it designates a socio-natural ground for political-economic figuration. It outlines the geophilosophical relations of infrastructure through thinking with the project SEA STATE by Singaporean artist Charles Lim, a series of artworks which document Singapore’s infrastructural underside, which Lim terms the sea-state, and provides a conceptual elaboration of SEA STATE’s aesthetic figures. In positing the continuity of figures across the sea-state’s varied infrastructures, SEA STATE exposes the colonial trajectory of its infrastructural systems, the contingencies it churns up as it endeavours to maintain its place in the world market, and the fundamental inversion of figure and ground the sea-state has effectuated. This inversion is all the more evident when we consider the expansive land reclamation projects of modern Singapore, wherein its territory has become infrastructure for bespoke logistical and petrochemical concerns, and will continue until the end of the century under the auspices of mitigating sea level rise. As the geological imaginary of the Anthropocene begins to seep into infrastructural anxieties of maintenance, breakdown and inundation, with governments and policymakers demanding that nature itself become infrastructure, it is critical to trace the longue durée of these infrastructural formations, how their continuities are remade and reiterated by the demands of subsequent historical-geographical junctures, and how the designation of figure and ground can ultimately result in the figure becoming the condition of possibility for its ground, requiring its continual reproduction.

Entrepreneurial agents, asset modification and new path development in rural China: The study of Gengche model, Jiangsu Province

This paper, through a case study of the Gengche Township in north Jiangsu (Subei), unveils how a less-favored region breaks out of the old industry path of waste recycling and processing and embarks on a green new one specializing in E-commerce. Drawing on key concepts in evolutionary economic geography, we propose a conceptual framework that addresses how entrepreneurial agents enact the processes of asset modification at multiple scales for new green path development in a rural context. Based on on-site interviews and survey, our analysis reveals that rural lead entrepreneurs and state elites pioneered and opened windows of opportunities for change, then legitimized by the state with wider support towards old path breaking. These state interventions enforce the bottom-up process of new green path development. In this process, extra-regional knowledge linkages and assets help facilitate the E-commerce development. It is concluded that rural new path development processes are not only contingent on local pre-conditions but are tempo-spatially dependent on collective actions of entrepreneurial multi-actors in identifying, transplanting and modifying local and non-local assets. The Gengche case demonstrates that rural new green path development in China requires the formation of strong system-level rural agency engaging in multi-scalar asset modification.