Analysis Of Genetic Relationships Research Articles

SAM-TB: a whole genome sequencing data analysis website for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance and transmission.

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) can provide insight into drug-resistance, transmission chains and the identification of outbreaks, but data analysis remains an obstacle to its routine clinical use. Although several drug-resistance prediction tools have appeared, until now no website integrates drug-resistance prediction with strain genetic relationships and species identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). We have established a free, function-rich, user-friendly online platform for MTB WGS data analysis (SAM-TB, http://samtb.szmbzx.com) that integrates drug-resistance prediction for 17 antituberculosis drugs, detection of variants, analysis of genetic relationships and NTM species identification. The accuracy of SAM-TB in predicting drug-resistance was assessed using 3177 sequenced clinical isolates with results of phenotypic drug-susceptibility tests (pDST). Compared to pDST, the sensitivity of SAM-TB for detecting multidrug-resistant tuberculosis was 93.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) 92.6–95.1%] with specificity of 96.2% (95% CI 95.2–97.1%). SAM-TB also analyzes the genetic relationships between multiple strains by reconstructing phylogenetic trees and calculating pairwise single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) distances to identify genomic clusters. The incorporated mlstverse software identifies NTM species with an accuracy of 98.2% and Kraken2 software can detect mixed MTB and NTM samples. SAM-TB also has the capacity to share both sequence data and analysis between users. SAM-TB is a multifunctional integrated website that uses WGS raw data to accurately predict antituberculosis drug-resistance profiles, analyze genetic relationships between multiple strains and identify NTM species and mixed samples containing both NTM and MTB. SAM-TB is a useful tool for guiding both treatment and epidemiological investigation.

Forensic characteristic of 19 X-STRs in Chuanqing, Tujia and Yi groups from Guizhou province and their genetic relationships with other reference populations

X chromosome exhibits gender-specific genetic patterns, which makes genetic markers on the X chromosome show important values in some complex kinship analyses and population genetic analysis. In this study, we investigated genetic distributions of 19 X-STRs in Chuanqing, Tujia and Yi groups from Guizhou province in China. Besides, population genetic relationship analyses among the three studied populations and other reference populations were conducted by multiple methods. We found the 19 X-STRs showed relatively high genetic diversities in Chuanqing, Tujia and Yi groups in Guizhou province. DA genetic distances, phylogenetic tree and principal component analysis indicated relatively close genetic affinities among Chuanqing, Tujia, Yi, Zuiyi Gelao, Guizhou Bouyei, Guizhou Miao and other geographically adjacent populations.

Erianthus germplasm collection in Thailand: genetic structure and phylogenetic aspects of tetraploid and hexaploid accessions

BackgroundThe genus Erianthus, which belongs to the “Saccharum complex”, includes C4 warm-season grasses. Erianthus species are widely distributed throughout Southeast Asia, East Asia and South Asia. Erianthus arundinaceus (Retz.) Jeswiet is highly adaptable to the environment, has a high percentage of dry matter, and is highly productive. Recently, this species has attracted attention as a novel bioenergy crop and as a breeding material for sugarcane improvement. Such interest in E. arundinaceus has accelerated the collection and conservation of its genetic resources, mainly in Asian countries, and also evaluation of morphological, agricultural, and cytogenetic features in germplasm collections. In Thailand, genetic resources of E. arundinaceus have been collected over the past 20 years and their phenotypic traits have been evaluated. However, the genetic differences and relatedness of the germplasms are not fully understood.ResultsA set of 41 primer pairs for nuclear simple sequence repeats (SSRs) developed from E. arundinaceus were used to assess the genetic diversity of 121 Erianthus germplasms collected in Thailand; of these primer pairs, 28 detected a total of 316 alleles. A Bayesian clustering approach with these alleles classified the accessions into four main groups, generally corresponding to the previous classification based on phenotypic analysis. The results of principal coordinate analysis and phylogenetic analysis of the 121 accessions on the basis of the SSR markers showed the same trend as Bayesian clustering, whereas sequence variations of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA revealed eight haplotypes among the accessions. The analysis of genetic structure and phylogenetic relationships, however, found some accessions whose classification contradicted the results of previous phenotypic classification.ConclusionsThe molecular approach used in this study characterized the genetic diversity and relatedness of Erianthus germplasms collected across Thailand. This knowledge would allow efficient maintenance and conservation of the genetic resources of this grass and would help to use Erianthus species as breeding materials for development of novel bioenergy crops and sugarcane improvement.

황기의 유전체 기반 SSR 마커 개발

Background: Although Astragalus membranaceus is a major medicinal herb used for food and medicinal purposes, genome-based research for its exploration is insufficient. The introduction of the genetic breeding system for medicinal crops, based on genomic analysis, will have a great impact not only on the establishment of the origin but also on understanding the existing traditional breeding system.<BR>Methods and Results: A. membranaceus from five accessions of Poongsung, Asung, Jecheon, Sancheong, and Jilin from China were used, which are cultivated in the test field. The produced nucleotide sequences were assembled de novo to obtain 450,449 contigs, and the repeat sequences were extracted using the selection criteria, two to six nucleotide sequences repeated five time or more. Finally, we obtained 147,766 simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker candidates. Using the CLC genomics workbench program, 949 SSR markers showing mutations for Astragalus in the 5 accessions were selected. From the designed primer sets, 99 were randomly selected and applied to the genomic DNA which was extracted from five cultivars and pooled. Ten primer sets showing more than two bands were finally selected as SSR markers, and were used for the genetic relationship analysis in 81 strains of A. membranaceus.<BR>Conclusions: The data of this study can be used as a marker when registering A. membranaceus varieties through pure line selection and line breeding in the future. It is thought that it can greatly contribute to securing intellectual property rights for domestic Astragalus breeding varieties.

Phenotyping and Genotyping Analyses Reveal the Spread of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Aeciospores From Susceptible Barberry to Wheat in Qinghai of China.

Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Eriks., the cause of wheat yellow or stripe rust on wheat, undergoes sexual reproduction on barberry, but it is unclear if barberry plays any role in stripe rust epidemics under natural conditions. P. striiformis f. sp. tritici was isolated from its alternate host barberry (Berberis spp.) and primary host wheat in the vicinity of barberry by inoculation of aeciospores and urediniospores on Mingxian 169 cultivar in Qinghai province of China in 2018. The P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates from barberry and wheat were characterized to virulence patterns by inoculation on 24 differentials bearing Yr gene under control conditions and analyzed using 12 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The occurrence frequency of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici on barberry was 1.87% by inoculation aecia, collected from barberry on Mingxian 169 of wheat. A close virulence relationship was presented between P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates from both barberry and wheat based on virulence simple matching coefficient and principal coordinates analysis (PCoA). Additionally, the same genetic ancestry, based on structure analysis by STRUCTURE program and genetic relationship analyses using discriminant analysis of principal components and PCoA, was shared between P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates from barberry and those from wheat. Together, all the results indicated that the role of barberry in providing aeciospores as an inoculum source causing wheat stripe rust epidemic in Qinghai in spring is of considerable importance.

Genetic Variability, Population Structure, and Relatedness Analysis of Meagre Stocks as an Informative Basis for New Breeding Schemes

This study evaluates the genetic diversity of different meagre broodstocks sampled in Greece. A multiplex of twelve microsatellite markers was used to genotype 946 fish from eleven stocks and batches used for broodstock selection, and the genetic data was used to calculate genetic population parameters as well as to investigate the genetic differentiation between stocks. The results from a relatedness analysis were used as the guiding lines for a fine-tuned and overall evaluation of the genetic distance between stocks, and the choice of candidate breeders from some of them. The approach implemented in this study uses well-established population genetics methods to evaluate the selection of breeder candidates in aquaculture commercial conditions utilizing a descriptive genetic data set based on microsatellite analyses, and to outline an efficient methodology for establishing the basis of new breeding schemes.

805. Outbreak of Ralstonia pickettii Bacteremia Caused by Contaminated Hydromorphone in a Universitary Hospital in Bogota, Colombia

Background Ralstonia pickettii are aerobic non fermenter gram negative bacilli isolated in water and soil. It is related to nosocomial infection outbreaks and considered an opportunistic pathogen. There have been outbreaks reports due to contaminated water systems and sterile drug solutions which mainly occurs during manufacturing. We present the report of an outbreak of R. pickettii bacteremia secondary to a contamination of hydromorphone vials.MethodsIn February 2021 an outbreak of R. pickettii bacteremia was identified. All isolates were from blood cultures with slow growth, thus indicating the culturing of liquid inputs, intravenous administration solutions and commonly used drugs among patients including hydromorphone. Mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) was used for the identification and automated microdilution to determine sensitivity to antimicrobials of the isolates and clonality analysis of genetic relationships was carried out using the DICE coefficient, UPGMA algorithm ResultsDuring the outbreak, 19 patients with R. pickettii bacteremia were identified The global attack rate was 1,9%. 11/19 (58%) were women and 13/19 (68%) of the isolations were from inward patients and 6/19 (32%) were from intensive care unit. Factors that could contribute to the appearance of the outbreak were underlying pathology, 2 patients with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, 10 patients with a diagnosis of arterial hypertension, 5 patients with obesity, 6 patients with heart disease, additionally 7 patients with a diagnosis of SARS COV 2 and 6 patients with the use of corticosteroids. The global attack rate was 1,9% and mortality was 31.5% (6 patients). R. pickettii was identified from two batches of hydromorphone by MALDI-TOF and the clonality study concluded that the isolates analyzed, were clonal with a 100% similarity. The associated mortality rate was 5/29 (26.3%). ConclusionWe confirmed an outbreak of R. pickettii due to the contamination of two hydromorphone badges in Colombia. It is crucial to acknowledge the importance of infection control and surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as maintaining adequate quality control of medication production in order to avoid presenting this kind of outbreaks. Disclosures Sandra Liliana. Valderrama-Beltrán, MD, MSc, Biotoscana (Speaker’s Bureau)MSD (Grant/Research Support, Scientific Research Study Investigator, Research Grant or Support, Speaker’s Bureau)Pfiezer (Speaker’s Bureau)

Genetic diversity and relationship analyses of the Korea native black goat line using microsatellite markers

Genetic diversity and relationship analyses of the Korea native black goat line using microsatellite markers

Development of a standardized multiplex SSR kit for genotyping both goats and sheep

In this technical note, we report the development of a reliable standardized protocol based on the multiplex SSR-PCR approach for genotyping the two small ruminant species, goats and sheep. The method is based on PCR conditions optimization allowing 12 informative microsatellites (SSR) markers to be co-amplified in two multiplex sets of 6 SSR markers, followed by a co-migration into one run onto a genetic analyzer. The performance of the assay was tested on a total of 207 goats and 197 sheep, originating from different breeds and localities sampled mainly in Benin, but also to lesser extent in Belgium. The optimized assay showed that the 12 selected markers were suited to amplify all the loci distributed between the two species with valuable genetic information, specific-species allelic patterns and similar polymorphism information content. The validated loci were polymorphic with high allele numbers for the two species, ranging from 6 to 21 for goats and 7 to 15 for sheep, with average 10.58 alleles per locus for goats and 11.33 for sheep, respectively. The Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) of selected markers averaged a value of 0.712 for goats and 0.751 for sheep. The differentiation of SSR alleles at an intraspecific resolution level allowed different heterotic groups to be detected, such as geographical or breeding groups. The newly developed genotyping kit could be successfully applied in diverse genetic variability studies and relatedness analyses, as well as for population structure assessment, parentage determination and traceability concerns, within and among sheep and goat species.

Genetic Variation Among Three Zea Mays L Cultivars In Iraq

Maize is a very fertile and widely environmental grown crop and it globally cultivated. The purpose of our research was to determine genetic variation among three Zea mays L. cultivars (Al maha, Drachma and Talar F-1). The primer ITS1 and ITS4 used as a molecular marker in a conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with a 290 bp ampli- fication outcome. The nucleotide sequences of amplification products were analyzed, sequence alignment was significantly revealed which confirming Zea mays diagnosis. Furthermore, analysis of genetic relationship revealed a neighboring relationship between Talar F-1 and Almaha cultivars(93),whereas phylogeny schematic diagram clearly showed presence of Drachma cultivar in other cluster(77).

Phenotypic and genetic characterization of “Aglione della Valdichiana”: Population structure and genetic relationship analysis of a white gentle giant

“Aglione della Valdichiana” (Allium ampeloprasum var. holmense) is a landrace of Great Headed Garlic (GHG), an historical and healthy vegetable that has been recently rediscovered and registered in the National and Regional catalog of local varieties. It is grown in small fields in a region between Tuscany and Umbria, Italy, and due to its high market value, it is at risk of commercial frauds. The morphological traits and molecular profile of 9 local populations were evaluated together with 36 accessions of leek, garlic, wild relatives and other GHGs of different geographic origins and used as controls. The 39 morphological descriptors were able to distinguish the 9 accessions from leek and garlic, but unable to distinguish among them. The 549 AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) amplicons obtained from nine primer combinations were able to clearly distinguish Aglione accessions from all the others, both by UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean) clustering and by STRUCTURE analysis, and this is due to several private AFLP bands, most from M+AGC/E+CTG primer combination. Despite its vegetative propagation, the within accession variability of Aglione is higher than expected and most likely due to somatic mutations. The genetic relationships are discussed, including the closer relationship found between Aglione and garlic vs. Aglione and leek.

Genetic and phenotypic analysis of the causal relationship between aging and COVID-19

BackgroundEpidemiological studies revealed that the elderly and those with comorbidities are most affected by COVID-19, but it is important to investigate shared genetic mechanisms between COVID-19 risk and aging.MethodsWe conducted a multi-instrument Mendelian Randomization analysis of multiple lifespan-related traits and COVID-19. Aging clock models were applied to the subjects with different COVID-19 conditions in the UK-Biobank cohort. We performed a bivariate genomic scan for age-related COVID-19 and Mendelian Randomization analysis of 389 immune cell traits to investigate their effect on lifespan and COVID-19 risk.ResultsWe show that the genetic variation that supports longer life is significantly associated with the lower risk of COVID-19 infection and hospitalization. The odds ratio is 0.31 (P = 9.7 × 10−6) and 0.46 (P = 3.3 × 10−4), respectively, per additional 10 years of life. We detect an association between biological age acceleration and future incidence and severity of COVID-19 infection. Genetic profiling of age-related COVID-19 infection indicates key contributions of Notch signaling and immune system development. We reveal a negative correlation between the effects of immune cell traits on lifespan and COVID-19 risk. We find that lower B-cell CD19 levels are indicative of an increased risk of COVID-19 and decreased life expectancy, which is further validated by COVID-19 clinical data.ConclusionsOur analysis suggests that the factors that accelerate aging lead to an increased COVID-19 risk and point to the importance of Notch signaling and B cells in both. Interventions that target these factors to reduce biological age may reduce the risk of COVID-19.

Genetic characterization of Carbapenem-Resistant\xa0Escherichia coli\xa0from China, 2015\u20132017

BackgroundThe molecular characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREco) remain unclear.MethodsWe conducted a multi-center bacterial resistance monitoring project from 2015 to 2017.The minimum inhibitory concentrations ofCREco were determined bybroth microdilution method. The genome sequencing of CREcoisolates was performed, and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was analyzed.ResultsA total of 144CREcoisolatescollected from 10 cities in China were involved in this study. ST167 (n = 43) is the most popular type, followed by ST410(n = 14), ST131(n = 9). There were 102 (70.83%) CREco isolates that produced various NDMs, including NDM-1 (n = 16), NDM-4(n = 1), NDM-5(n = 79), NDM-6(n = 2) and NDM-9(n = 4). In addition, 15 isolates produced KPC-2, three isolates wereIMP-4 positive, and three isolates produced OXA-48. Genetic relatedness and phylogenetic analysis showed that isolates with the same ST had a high degree of homology. Some STs (including ST167, ST410, ST131, ST46, ST405 and ST617) exhibited a trend of outbreak.ConclusionsThe majority of CREco belonged to ST167, followed by ST410 and ST131, and most of them carried various NDM-coding genes. The spread of high-risk clones of CREco has occurred in different regions of China.

Breeding Strategy Shapes the Composition of Bacterial Communities in Female Nile Tilapia Reared in a Recirculating Aquaculture System.

In industrial animal production, breeding strategies are essential to produce offspring of better quality and vitality. It is also known that host microbiome has a bearing on its health. Here, we report for the first time the influence of crossbreeding strategy, inbreeding or outbreeding, on the buccal and intestinal bacterial communities in female Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Crossbreeding was performed within a family and between different fish families to obtain the inbred and outbred study groups, respectively. The genetic relationship and structure analysis revealed significant genetic differentiation between the inbred and outbred groups. We also employed a 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique to understand the significant differences between the diversities of the bacterial communities of the inbred and outbred groups. The core microbiota composition in the mouth and the intestine was not affected by the crossbreeding strategy but their abundance varied between the two groups. Furthermore, opportunistic bacteria were abundant in the buccal cavity and intestine of the outbred group, whereas beneficial bacteria were abundant in the intestine of the inbred group. The present study indicates that crossbreeding can influence the abundance of beneficial bacteria, core microbiome and the inter-individual variation in the microbiome.

RecA gene genetic diversity and its regulatory element analysis: The case of Vibrio cholerae

In conventional systems, indicator organisms are used to monitor drinking water quality which is unspecific in detecting pathogens. On the contrary, molecular techniques play vital role in these aspects by providing precise genetic information about particular pathogen of interest via proper biomarkers. The aim of this study was to undertake genetic relatedness and promoter region analysis for V. cholerae strains based on recA gene sequences which were retrieved from NCBI. Sequences homologous were ensured using BLASTn from RefSeq sequence in the NCBI using V. cholerae serotype O1 strain N16961 as a reference. Accordingly, considering only complete and coding sequences with query coverage of greater than 90% and E-value of less than 5%, a total of 109 sequences were recovered from NCBI. The genetic diversity analysis was carried out using MEGA X. The analysis revealed more than 99% sequence similarity among V. cholerae strains. From promoter regions analyses, five motifs shared by all (100%) of the promoter input sequences were identified. Using TOMTOM web application, motif_1was compared to a known prokaryotes' transcription factor database to search for its similarity with known regulatory motifs and was shown to serve as abundant binding site for helix-turn-helix (HTH) transcription factor gene family to regulate expression of V. cholerae recA genes. Furthermore, our analysis revealed that the V. cholerae recA gene promoter regions are CpG islands rich. In conclusion, all V. cholerae strains shared a very high degree of recA gene sequence similarity apart from other vibrios, which indicates that these non-virulent strains may be the remnant of pathogenic strains with the loss of toxin encoding genes.

Analysis of genetic diversity and relationships of Perilla frutescens using novel EST-SSR markers derived from transcriptome between wild-type and mutant Perilla.

Perilla frutescens (Lamiaceae) is distributed in East Asia and is classified into var. frutescens and crispa. P. frutescens is multipurpose crop for human health because of a variety of secondary metabolites such as phenolic compound and essential oil. However, a lack of genetic information has hindered the development and utilization of Perilla genotypes. This study was performed to develop expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers from P. frutescens var. crispa (wild type) and Antisperill (a mutant cultivar) and used them to assess the genetic diversity of, and relationships among, 94 P. frutescens genotypes. We obtained 65Gb of sequence data comprising 632,970 transcripts by de novo RNA-sequencing. Of the 14,780 common SSRs, 102 polymorphic EST-SSRs were selected using in silico polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Overall, successful amplification from 58 EST-SSRs markers revealed remarkable genetic diversity and relationships among 94 P. frutescens genotypes. In total, 268 alleles were identified, with an average of 4.62 alleles per locus (range 2-11 alleles/locus). The average polymorphism information content (PIC) value was 0.50 (range 0.04-0.86). In phylogenetic and population structure analyses, the genotypes formed two major groups: Group I (var. crispa) and Group II (var. frutescens). This results suggest that 58 novel EST-SSR markers derived from wild-type cultivar (var. crispa) and its mutant cultivar (Antisperill) have potential uses for population genetics and recombinant inbred line mapping analyses, which will provide comprehensive insights into the genetic diversity and relationship of P. frutescens.

A new mutation in mgrb mediating polymyxin resistance in Klebsiella variicola

Polymyxin resistance is a public health concern – present in humans, animals and the environment – caused by chromosomal-encoding or plasmid-encoding mechanisms. Chromosomal alterations in MgrB are frequently detected in Klebsiella spp., but not yet reported and characterised in Klebsiella variicola (K. variicola). This study performed microbiological and genomic characterisation of three polymyxin-resistant K. variicola isolates (M14, M15 and M50) recovered from the microbiota of migratory birds in Brazil.The isolates were submitted to SpeI-PFGE, broth microdilution and whole genome sequencing using Illumina MiSeq for analysis of genetic relatedness, sequence typing and detection of antimicrobial-resistance genes. K. variicola isolates belonged to two clones, and susceptibility tests showed resistance only for polymyxins. Sequences of chromosomal two-component systems (PmrAB, PhoPQ, RstAB, CrrAB) and MgrB were evaluated by blastN and blastP against a polymyxin-susceptible K. variicola (A58243), and mutations with biological effect were checked by the PROVEAN tool. K. variicola isolates belonged to two clones, and susceptibility tests showed resistance for polymyxins. In M14 and M15, phoQ deleterious mutations (D90N, I122S and G385S) were identified, while an mgrB variant containing a single deletion (C deletion on position 93) leading to the production of a non-functional protein was detected in M50. mgrB complementation studies showed restoration of polymyxin susceptibility (64 to ≤ 0.25 mg/L) as a wild-type mgrB was inserted into the mgrB-deficient M50.This study confirmed the role of a non-functional mgrB variant in conferring polymyxin resistance, stressing the role of this regulator in K. variicola and drawing attention to novel polymyxin resistance mechanisms emerging in wildlife.

Genetic Diversity, Structure and Effective Population Size of Old-Growth vs. Second-Growth Populations of Keystone and Long-Lived Conifer, Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus): Conservation Value and Climate Adaptation Potential.

Whether old-growth (OG) forests have higher genetic diversity and effective population size, consequently higher conservation value and climate adaptive potential than second-growth (SG) forests, remain an unresolved issue. We have tested the hypothesis that old-growth forest tree populations have higher genetic diversity, effective population size (NE), climate adaptive potential and conservation value and lower genetic differentiation than second-growth forest tree populations, employing a keystone and long-lived conifer, eastern white pine (EWP; Pinus strobus). Genetic diversity and population structure of old-growth and second-growth populations of eastern white pine (EWP) were examined using microsatellites of the nuclear and chloroplast genomes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate nuclear genes putatively involved in adaptive responses to climate and underlying multilocus genetic architecture of local adaptation to climate in EWP. Old-growth and second-growth EWP populations had statistically similar genetic diversity, inbreeding coefficient and inter-population genetic differentiation based on nuclear microsatellites (nSSRs) and SNPs. However, old-growth populations had significantly higher chloroplast microsatellites (cpSSRs) haploid diversity than second-growth populations. Old-growth EWP populations had significantly higher coalescence-based historical long-term NE than second-growth EWP populations, but the linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based contemporary NE estimates were statistically similar between the old-growth and second-growth EWP populations. Analyses of population genetic structure and inter-population genetic relationships revealed some genetic constitution differences between the old-growth and second-growth EWP populations. Overall, our results suggest that old-growth and second-growth EWP populations have similar genetic resource conservation value. Because old-growth and second-growth EWP populations have similar levels of genetic diversity in genes putatively involved in adaptive responses to climate, old-growth, and second-growth populations may have similar adaptive potential under climate change. Our results could potentially be generalized across most of the boreal and temperate conifer forest trees. Our study contributes to address a long-standing issue, advances research field and knowledge about conservation and ecological and climate adaptation of forest trees.

AFLP analysis of Genetic diversity and Phylogenetic relationships of Vigna radiata (L) Wilczek

Among the important pulse-yielding plants Vigna radiata is important. In the Indian subcontinent, it is an essential source of dietary protein particularly in the vegetarian population. It contains abundant nutrients with biological activities. Soaked seeds are eaten as a good source of protein and mature seeds are cooked or can be sprouted for human consumption. Mung beans and its sprouts contain chemical constituents like flavonoids, phenolic acids, organic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. It is related to different biological activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and antihypertensive effects, etc. The seeds are a traditional source of cures for paralysis, rheumatism, coughs, fevers, and liver ailments. As a green manure or cover crop, the plant can be grown, enriching the soil with the nitrogen formed on its roots. The powerful Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) is a molecular marker used for a variety of applications like assessing genetic diversity within species or among closely related species, inferring population-level phylogenies, generating genetic maps, and determining the relatedness among cultivars. AFLP has become extremely beneficial in the study of taxa including bacteria, fungi, and plants, where much is still unknown about the genomic makeup of various organisms. A study was made to assess the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of a set of five varieties of Vigna radiata (L) Wilczek using the AFLP technique. Five different varieties of Vigna radiata viz. B1, TARM 2, PDM 84, TM 99, and TM 98 were subjected to AFLP analysis. A total of 471 fragments were scored across all the 12 AFLP primer sets used and the results were used to plot a dendrogram. It was observed that these five varieties formed three distinct groups among which the aromatic B1 variety formed a distinct group.

Epidemiology of resistance of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae to ceftazidime-avibactam in a Chinese hospital.

Aims Klebsiella pneumoniae has been reported to develop increased antibiotic resistance. Ceftazidime‐avibactam (CZA) is a novel antibiotic with activity against serine‐lactamase. Here, we investigated the sensitivity of carbapenem‐resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) to CZA and the mechanisms of drug resistance in our hospital.Methods and ResultsPatient characteristics were obtained from medical records. K. pneumoniae and its antibiotic susceptibility were determined using the Vitek‐2 Compact instrument. The antibiotic resistance genes KPC, NDM, OXA‐48, VIM, IMP, CIM, SPM, TMB, SMB, SIM, AIM and DIM were detected using real‐time PCR. Multilocus sequence typing was used for genetic RELATEDNESS analysis. In total, 121 CRKP strains were isolated from patients in the intensive care unit (51·2%), senior ward (12·4%) and neurosurgery department (10%). With an average age of 72·5 years, most patients were in care for respiratory (34·7%), brain (20·7%), digestive tract (13·2%) and cardiovascular (8·3%) diseases. Specimens were predominantly obtained from sputum (39·67%), urine (29·75%) and blood (6·61%).ConclusionOf 23 CZA‐resistant CRKP strains (19·01%), ST11 being the most common at 56·52%, 11 NDM‐1‐positive (47·83%) and four NDM‐5‐positive (17·39%) strains were detected.Significance and Impact of the StudyOur study indicates that CZA resistance occurs in ~19·01% CRKP strains and that bla NDM‐1 and bla NDM‐5 might be critical for resistance.