General Rule Research Articles

Hyperfine excitation of NH and ND by molecular hydrogen

The NH and ND radicals are of key importance in the comprehension of nitrogen chemistry and the enhancement of deuterated molecules in the interstellar medium. Observations by space telescopes yield spectra that can resolve the fine and hyperfine structure of these radicals, a consequence of the electronic and magnetic interactions of nitrogen, hydrogen, and deuterium nuclei. Accurate rate coefficients, induced by collisions with H2, are required to interpret spectra of these radicals. We report the first rate coefficients for fine and hyperfine transitions of NH and ND in collision with both ortho- and para-H2. Based on a recent four-dimensional potential energy surface, fine-structure resolved cross sections and rate coefficients are computed with the time-independent close-coupling method over a temperature range of 5–300 K. Our calculations include the first 25 energy levels of NH and ND. Hyperfine resolved cross sections and rate coefficients are determined using the infinite-order sudden (IOS) approximation between 5 and 200 K for NH and 100 K for ND. We consider the first 71 and 105 energy levels of NH and ND, respectively. General propensity rules are discussed. We found a significant isotopic substitution effect in the rate coefficients. In addition, the rate coefficients for collisions with H2 are larger than those with He by a factor of up to 5, leading to lower critical densities for collisional excitation with H2 than He. The impact of the new set of collisional data has been investigated in simple radiative transfer models of the NH emission seen toward the Orion Bar and the ejecta of the η Carinae binary star. We observed significant differences by a factor of 5 between the presently determined column densities for NH compared to those from the literature using He as a collider.

Automated generation of aircraft on-board system architectures and filtering through certification specification requirements

On-board systems represent an important part of an aircraft having a noticeable impact on mass and fuel consumption, among others. New innovative systems might increase the performance of the new generation of aircraft. Aircraft on-board system architectures are defined by the different subsystems, components and connections among them. The big amount of possible combinations usually creates a huge architectural design space that requires automation in order to be properly explored. Certification aspects can be used as a filter in early design stages of on-board systems, this allows to discard some architectures if they are not compliant with the certification specifications. The discarded architectures do not need to be sized and calculated, saving computational time. The proposed methodology shows how to create this link between on-board system architectures generation and certification rules. Results show an application case regarding the modelling of a flight spoiler system. Several architectures are automatically generated from the design space and then automatically filtered by the certification specification rules. This achieves a preliminary certification of innovative on-board system architectures and allows certification aspects to also drive the design process.

Quantum circuit distillation and compression

Quantum coherence in a qubit is vulnerable to environmental noise. When long quantum calculation is run on a quantum processor without error correction, the noise causes fatal errors and messes up the calculation. Here, we propose quantum-circuit distillation to generate quantum circuits that are short but have enough functions to produce an output similar to that of the original circuits. The distilled circuits are less sensitive to the noise and can complete calculation before the quantum coherence is broken. We created a quantum-circuit distillator by building a reinforcement learning model, and applied it to the inverse quantum Fourier transform (IQFT) and Shor’s quantum prime factorization. The obtained distilled circuit allows correct calculation on IBM-Quantum processors. By working with the distillator, we also found a general rule to generate quantum circuits approximating the general n-qubit IQFTs. The quantum-circuit distillator offers a new approach to improve performance of noisy quantum processors.

Exploring the relationship between environment and brain morphology in anurans: a comparative phylogenetic approach

Abstract The correlation of ecological and behavioural characteristics with morphological features of brain structures has been recurrently corroborated for different vertebrate taxa, such as mammals, birds, and fishes. Here, we asked whether such correlations can also be detected in amphibians, an animal group of great interest due to its great behavioural and ecological diversity. We analysed the shape of two brain regions, cerebellum and optic tectum, of 67 species from 32 families of the order Anura (frogs and toads), applying 2D geometric morphometrics in a phylogenetic context. We found species that share similar environments and daily patterns have a similarly shaped cerebellum and optic tectum, with diurnal and arboreal species with more varied brain shapes. We did not find a correlation between activity mode or lifestyle with shape for both brain regions; however, we found that shared ancestry had an influence in their evolution. Future studies including a higher number of species from each ecological group, and from more families, would help to better clarify whether the patterns found here are a general rule for anurans.

Systemic Interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights and its Protocols: Creeping Fragmentation of State Responsibility

The article discusses how the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter — ECtHR, the Court) influences the way the European Convention on Human Rights (hereinafter — ECHR, the Convention) is systematically interpreted in the context of state responsibility. The article highlights that interpretation of the Convention and general principles of state responsibility is crucial for holding states accountable, ensuring justice for victims, and upholding the credibility and coherence of international law. For this reason, it is essential for the Court to carefully interpret the ECHR within the broader context of international law. The authors believe that one of the most practical strategies to analyse this issue is through determining the consistency of the European Court of Human Rights’ approach to state responsibility issues, elaborated through its case-law, with general customary rules of international law. It can be effectively performed through the lens of three fundamental problems: jurisdiction and attribution interaction problem; issues of state responsibility for the acts of international organisations, paying special attention to peace-keeping operations; and third-state responsibility problem. The analysis shows that the Court creates its own criteria, often conflicting with each other, by ignoring established general rules of international law on state responsibility. Lastly, the authors show that while the Court often acts as a lawmaker, it should create the law in a unified way to apply it fair and equally for the purposes of human rights protection. It is not the states and their particular interests that should govern the application of law by the Court. In the end, the authors come to the conclusion that the policy behind the Court’s decisions is not only predominantly inconsistent with the general customary rules of international law and the object and purpose of the Convention, but also results in the creeping fragmentation of the international law on state responsibility.

Реализация принципа справедливости в договорном наследственном правопреемстве

The article is devoted to the study of the implementation of the principle of justice in relation to hereditary succession in inheritance on the basis of the law, the will, including spouses, inheritance contract and subjects of law enforcement of both general rules of inheritance law and its individual institutions — executor, custodian and manager of inheritance, notary and court, as well as in relation to the inheritance itself a contract, which acts as a legal form of inheritance, ensuring compliance with the constitutional balance of private and public interests in this area.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE CIVIL LIABILITY STANDARD OF MOTORSPORT SPORTS LEAGUES IN BRAZIL

Civil liability is a way of resolving patrimonial and extra-patrimonial compensation arising from an unlawful act, represented by an action or omission that causes harm to another, even if the damage is exclusively moral. The research sought to answer the problem found, namely: what is the responsibility of motorsport sports leagues in Brazil for accidents caused during races? Thus, the research had the general objective of defining the responsibility of motorsport sports leagues in Brazil for accidents caused during races. And specifically, analyze the general rules of civil liability provided for in the civil code; verify the agent's civil liability; examine the athlete's term of self-responsibility in motorsport sports leagues. The research modality chosen for the development of the theme is normative-legal empirical research, verifying the norms of the Brazilian Automobile Confederation with norms in force in the legal system, in a qualitative approach of the exploratory type in primary research sources (laws, norms, decrees) and secondary (books, articles, monographs, dissertations and theses). The research presents the application of the general rules of civil liability provided for in the civil code due to the lack of specific regulation by automobile confederations; and the feasibility of the sportsman's responsibility in relation to the civil liability of motorsport sports leagues. In conclusion to the research, it was demonstrated that it is necessary to provide for a normative closure in the statute to guarantee legal security within a sporting space, since it is a place where risk is imminent and is part of the activity, which can cause losses and damages.

Positivity-preserving and entropy-bounded discontinuous Galerkin method for the chemically reacting, compressible Euler equations. Part II: The multidimensional case

In this second part of our two-part paper, we extend to multiple spatial dimensions the one-dimensional, fully conservative, positivity-preserving, and entropy-bounded discontinuous Galerkin scheme developed in the first part for the chemically reacting Euler equations. Our primary objective is to enable robust and accurate solutions to complex reacting-flow problems using the high-order discontinuous Galerkin method without requiring extremely high resolution. Variable thermodynamics and detailed chemistry are considered. Our multidimensional framework can be regarded as a further generalization of similar positivity-preserving and/or entropy-bounded discontinuous Galerkin schemes in the literature. In particular, the proposed formulation is compatible with curved elements of arbitrary shape, a variety of numerical flux functions, general quadrature rules with positive weights, and mixtures of thermally perfect gases. Preservation of pressure equilibrium between adjacent elements, especially crucial in simulations of multicomponent flows, is discussed. Complex detonation waves in two and three dimensions are accurately computed using high-order polynomials. Enforcement of an entropy bound, as opposed to solely the positivity property, is found to significantly improve stability. Mass, total energy, and atomic elements are shown to be discretely conserved.

Design and harmonic analysis of single winding bearingless PM synchronous motor with high winding coefficient

Compared with double-winding bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor, single-winding bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor (SBPMSM) has the advantages of low copper loss and low failure rate. However, if the slot-pole combination of SBPMSM is not reasonably selected, the winding coefficient will be reduced, and even many advantages of the single-winding structure will be offset. In this paper, a single-winding design method based on magnetomotive force (MMF) star diagram is proposed, which can ensure high winding coefficient. The design process of the proposed single winding structure is introduced. This method can match the appropriate number of stator slots according to the number of rotor poles, and the winding phase separation design can be realized by reversing the slot number transposition. The mathematical models of the suspension force and torque of the bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor are derived considering the magnetic field harmonics, and the 6-slot/2-pole SBPMSM and 18-slot/8-pole SBPMSM are taken as examples to analyze the magnetic field. The finite element simulation models of 6-slot/2-pole SBPMSM and 18-slot/8-pole SBPMSM are built and analyzed. Through the analysis of electromagnetic torque, suspension force and air-gap magnetic field under different magnetic fields, the general rules of main torque fluctuation and suspension force fluctuation are summarized.

Impacts of spatial symmetries on stimulated Brillouin scatterings in nanoscale silicon waveguides: a theoretical and numerical study considering material anisotropies.

Fully considering the mechanical and photoelastic anisotropies of monocrystalline silicon, the impacts of spatial symmetries on the stimulated Brillouin scatterings (SBSs) in nanoscale suspended silicon waveguides are studied theoretically and numerically based on group theory. First, starting from an assumption that the principal material coordinate system can be arbitrarily orientated in a waveguide with fixed geometry, the silicon waveguides are systematically classified into a number of point groups according to their spatial symmetry features. Thereafter, the symmetry characteristics of physical fields and SBS opto-mechanical coupling characteristics in the silicon waveguides belonging to different point groups are further examined, and the major new findings can be summarized as follows: The SBS opto-mechanical couplings in several kinds of silicon waveguides with certain nontrivial symmetry features exhibit relatively predictable behaviors in that the opto-mechanical coupling coefficients can be deterministically vanishing or nonvanishing under very few constraints, which can thus serve as general symmetry selection rules for SBSs in suspended silicon waveguides. The results obtained in the present study could be a useful theoretical reference for the design of novel SBS-active silicon photonic devices.

Comprehensive evaluation of intrinsic safety of railway facilities and equipment based on improved cloud model-fuzzy Petri net

In order to achieve the goal of transforming China into a modernized railway powerhouse, a comprehensive evaluation model of intrinsic safety is constructed in this paper by focussing on the intrinsic safety of railway facilities and equipment. Firstly, the index system for evaluating the intrinsic safety of railway facilities and equipment is divided. Secondly, the fuzzy Petri net (FPN) model for intrinsic safety evaluation is constructed according to the fuzzy generative rules, and the similarity calculation method of the cloud model based on shape and distance is applied to derive the initial state value of the FPN model and carry out the calculation of fuzzy reasoning of the intrinsic safety. Finally, the comprehensive evaluation of intrinsic safety is carried out using the example of railroad facilities and equipment at one China Railway Group bureau’s station section. The results indicate that the intrinsic safety level of the station section falls into Class IV intrinsic safety, exhibiting a few vulnerabilities. However, the risk level is low, aligning with the findings of the actual research. Moreover, the evaluation results based on the FPN, the cloud model’s similarity calculation method and the suggested method are compared and analysed with the findings of the actual research. The comparative results demonstrate the accuracy and scientificity of the proposed method, providing a reference for enhancing the intrinsic safety of railway facilities and equipment.

PROVING ANTITRUST DAMAGES IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS – The Compatibility of Serbian Law with Directive 2014/104 –

Private competition law enforcement has been a recent phenomenon in the European Union. In the past, the EU law and member states’ national laws lacked elements that contributed to the preponderance of private enforcement in the United States, such as treble and punitive damages, the procedural right of a damaged party to request discovery of evidence, collective actions, etc. The interest in private enforcement of competition law has gradually increased after Regulation 1/2003 authorised national courts to implement Articles 101 and 102 TFEU, the EU courts established private enforcement principles, and Directive 2014/104 (Antitrust Damages Directive - ADD) laid down rules to facilitate proving competition law violations and damage resulting from them. The US model evidently inspired the EU legislator. At the same time, ADD attempted to balance the private interests of injured parties and the public interest for effective public enforcement. Specific ADD provisions instigated a public debate concerning their reach and alleged confrontation with general legal principles. Even though member states have taken comprehensive measures to implement ADD, national courts need to search for an equilibrium between private and public interests. Therefore, the full effect of Directive 2014/104 is yet to be seen. Private enforcement of competition law in Serbia is still in its initiation phase. The Serbian Competition Protection Act 2009 proclaimed the right of damaged persons to bring actions for damages, even though this right has already existed under the general rules of civil law. The Competition Protection Act failed to stipulate material conditions and procedural rules that would facilitate private enforcement. The Serbian legislator has not yet taken steps to transpose ADD into national law. This paper first analyses the development and principal features of the US and EU private enforcement models. After that it focuses on the ADD provisions expediting evidence collection and damage assessment. The second part of the paper analyses Serbian tort and civil procedure rules relevant to bringing actions for antitrust damages and case law on antitrust damages. The author concludes with proposals for Serbian legislators to harmonise national law with ADD.

Impact of Physical and Psychological Rehabilitation on Quality of Life among Ischemic Heart Disease Patients: A Current Perspective

Cardiovascular diseases cause approximately one-third of deaths worldwide [1]. Among cardiovascular illnesses, ischemic heart disease (IHD) ranks as the most prevalent [2]. Indeed, IHD is acknowledged as an important threat to sustainable development in the 21st century [3] In 2020, around 19.1 million deaths were ascribed to IHD universally. Accessible epidemiologic proof showed that the presence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and excessive cigarette smoking, either separately or in blend, are unequivocal gamble factors in the general population. Factors, for example, obesity, heavy coffee drinking, diabetes mellitus, and a positive family background of ischemic coronary illness are likewise significant, even though the extra explanation of their general significance is as yet required. In later years, two different regions of the existence design had been emphatically embroiled as risk factors; in particular, conduct qualities and propensities for active work, either occupation-related or relaxation time. Tragically, these two regions were not investigated in the absolute earliest epidemiologic examinations, and further documentation of their impact on the normal history of ischemic coronary illness is as yet required.[4]The evidence accessible at present emphatically proposes that people can be ordered tentatively as indicated by their behavioral trait and propensities for movement. As a general rule, the people with exuberant, ineffectively coordinated drive, expanded Hypochondriasis (MMPI) and expanded Movement Drive (TTS) have a higher frequency of myocardial localized necrosis than those subjects who miss the mark on qualities. Rosenman and Friedman marked such people as having character design Type A. The pace of myocardial localized necrosis seems, by all accounts, to be roughly one around 50% of that of the stationary population in men who are either routinely truly dynamic over the course of life or who partake in an occupation that requests customary actual work; i.e., transport guides, postal carriers, and so on [5].

Structural determinants of cold activity and glucose tolerance of a family 1 glycoside hydrolase (GH1) from Antarctic Marinomonas sp. ef1.

Cold-active enzymes support life at low temperatures due to their ability to maintain high activity in the cold and can be useful in several biotechnological applications. Although information on the mechanisms of enzyme cold adaptation is still too limited to devise general rules, it appears that very diverse structural and functional changes are exploited in different protein families and within the same family. In this context, we studied the cold adaptation mechanism and the functional properties of a member of the glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1) from the Antarctic bacterium Marinomonas sp. ef1. This enzyme exhibits all typical functional hallmarks of cold adaptation, including high catalytic activity at 5 °C, broad substrate specificity, low thermal stability, and higher lability of the active site compared to the overall structure. Analysis of the here-reported crystal structure (1.8 Å resolution) and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that cold activity and thermolability may be due to a flexible region around the active site (residues 298-331), whereas the dynamic behavior of loops flanking the active site (residues 47-61 and 407-413) may favor enzyme-substrate interactions at the optimal temperature of catalysis (Topt) by tethering together protein regions lining the active site. Stapling of the N-terminus onto the surface of the β-barrel is suggested to partly counterbalance protein flexibility, thus providing a stabilizing effect. The tolerance of the enzyme to glucose and galactose is accounted for by the presence of a "gatekeeping" hydrophobic residue (Leu178), located at the entrance of the active site.

Excess Mortality Stratified by Age and Sex for Croatia and Croatian Counties during the 2020-2021 COVID-19 Pandemic.

Excess mortality is often used to estimate the effect of a certain crisis on the population. It is defined as the number of deaths during a crisis exceeding the expected number based on historical trends. Here, we calculated excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic for Croatia in the 2020-2021 period. The excess was calculated on the national and county level for different age and sex categories. In addition to the absolute number, the excess mortality was also expressed as a ratio of excess deaths to the predicted baseline and excess mortality rate. We showed that using both measures is necessary to avoid incorrect conclusions. The estimated excess mortality on the national level was 14,963, corresponding to an excess percentage of 14.3%. With respect to sex, there was a higher excess mortality rate for men compared to women. An exponential relationship was observed between age and the excess mortality rate.These trends wee representative of most counties as well, with large variations in the magnitude of the effect. However, there were also exceptions to the general rule. The reasons for these deviations were discussed in terms of between-county differences in demographic structure, population density and special events that took place during the pandemic.

About the general chain rule for functions of bounded variation

We give an alternative proof of the general chain rule for functions of bounded variation (Ambrosio and Maso, 1990), which allows to compute the distributional differential of φ∘F, where φ∈LIP(Rm) and F∈BV(Rn,Rm). In our argument we build on top of recently established links between “closability of certain differentiation operators” and “differentiability of Lipschitz functions in related directions” (Alberti et al., 2023): we couple this with the observation that “the map that takes φ and returns the distributional differential of φ∘F is closable” to conclude.Unlike previous results in this direction, our proof can directly be adapted to the non-smooth setting of finite dimensional RCD spaces.

How data on transformation products can support the redesign of sulfonamides towards better biodegradability in the environment

Sulfonamide antibiotics (SUAs) released into the environment can affect environmental und human health, e.g., by accelerating the development and selection of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Benign by Design (BbD) of SUAs is an effective risk prevention approach. BbD principles aim for fast and complete mineralization or at least deactivation of the SUA after release into the aquatic environment. Main objective was to test if mixtures of transformation products (TPs) generated via photolysis of SUAs can be used as an efficient way to screen for similarly effective but better biodegradable SUA alternatives.Six SUAs were photolyzed (Hg ultraviolet (UV) light), and generated UV-mixtures analysed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to an UV and tandem mass spectrometry detector. UV-mixtures were screened for antibiotic activity (luminescence bacteria test, LBT, on luminescence and growth inhibition of Aliivibrio Fischeri) and environmental biodegradability (manometric respirometry test, MRT, OECD 301F) using untreated parent SUAs in comparison. Additionally, ready environmental biodegradability of three commercially available hydroxylated sulfanilamide derivatives was investigated.SUA-TPs contributed to acute and chronic bacterial luminescence inhibition by UV-mixtures. LBT's third endpoint, growth inhibition, was not significant for UV-mixtures. However, it cannot be excluded for tested TPs as concentrations were lower than parents' concentrations and inhibition by most parental concentrations tested was also not significant. HPLC analysis of MRT samples revealed that one third of SUA-TPs was reduced during incubation. Three of these TPs, likely OH-SIX, OH-SMX and OH-STZ, were of interest for BbD because the sulfonamide moiety is still present. However, hydroxylated sulfanilamide derivatives, tested to investigate the effect of hydroxylation on biodegradability, were not readily biodegraded. Thus, improving mineralization through hydroxylation as a general rule couldn't be confirmed, and no BbD candidate could be identified. This study fills data gaps on bioactivity and environmental biodegradability of SUAs' TP-mixtures. Findings may support new redesign approaches.

The Controversy of Teaching World Literature and the Importance of Translation in The Field of English Studies

For literary texts to be taught in World Literature courses in the Departments of English Literature, they must be translated into English as a general rule. Some scholars advocate for translating literary texts, and others believe that translation as a methodology does not do justice to these texts. This study aims to lay out the arguments for each position and evaluate them. The significance of this study is to show that World Literature remains an essential field and to highlight the importance of translation. This study questions the modes and purpose of translating literary texts. The result of this study includes a discussion of the need for translation to promote the wide circulation of literary texts and ideas and a consideration of the positionality of critics, scholars, and readers in assessing translation. The study concludes with conducting more focus and scholarly efforts on translation techniques and methodologies.

A general update rule for Lyapunov‐based adaptive control of mobile robots with wheel slip

SummaryIn this article, we introduce a novel family of Lyapunov‐based adaptive kinematic control laws developed to solve the trajectory tracking problem for a differential‐drive mobile robot under the influence of both longitudinal and lateral wheel slip. Each adaptive controller in this family is constructed by augmenting a nonadaptive nominal controller, originally designed for the slip‐free case, with an update rule capable of estimating the longitudinal slip. In the absence of lateral slip and under constant longitudinal slip, we establish the convergence of the trajectory tracking error to zero and, assuming a persistent excitation condition, we also demonstrate the convergence of the slip estimate error to zero. When lateral slip is present, we analyse a particular control law from our family of adaptive controllers. This law ensures the trajectory tracking error is uniformly ultimately bounded around the origin, demonstrating the robustness of our adaptive control scheme in dealing with time‐varying longitudinal and lateral slip. The validity of our approach is assessed through comprehensive numerical simulations.

Exemplar learners and rule learners: Stable tendencies or malleable preferences?

When learning new concepts, students tend to use either exemplar-based learning strategies (e.g., memorizing specific examples) or rule-based learning strategies (e.g., abstracting general rules). Prior research suggests that participants' strategy choices during learning depend on individuals' preexisting learning tendencies, with some people being exemplar learners and others rule learners. Yet, strategy choices are also influenced by how the study materials are taught (rule-focused or exemplar-focused). The present study examined how these two factors interact using an alphanumeric symbol addition task. We examined whether exemplar learners would switch to using rule-based strategies when given rule-focused training and if rule learners would fail to learn the rule when given exemplar-focused training. We found that both rule and exemplar learners used a rule-based strategy after a rule-focused training and neither group learned the rule after an exemplar-focused training. Our results suggest that individuals can be shaped to adopt either rule-based or exemplar-based strategies during learning, regardless of their inherent learning tendencies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).