Anodic Generation Research Articles

Disentangling the catalytic origin in defect engineered 2D NiCoMoS@Ni(CN)2 core-shell heterostructure for energy-saving hydrazine-assisted water oxidation

The major hindrance to efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen generation from water electrolysis is the sluggish kinetics with corresponding large overvoltage of oxygen evolution reaction. Herein, we report a defective 2D NiCoMoS@Ni(CN)2 core-shell heterostructure derived from Hofmann-type MOF as an efficient and durable high-performance noble metal-free electrocatalyst for hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) in alkaline media. The sluggish oxygen evolution reaction was replaced with a more thermodynamically favourable HzOR, enabling energy-saving electrochemical hydrogen production with 2D NiCoMoS@Ni(CN)2 acting as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for anodic HzOR and cathodic hydrogen generation. Operating at room temperature, the two-electrode electrolyzer delivers 100 mA cm−2 from a cell voltage of just 257 mV, with strong long-term electrochemical durability and nearly 100% Faradaic efficiency for hydrogen evolution in 1.0 M KOH aqueous solution with 0.5 M hydrazine. The density functional theory (DFT) was employed to investigate the origin of catalytic performance and showed that high vacancy creation within the heterointerface endowed NiCoMoS@Ni(CN)2 with favourable functionalities for excellent catalytic performance.

Anodische H2O2‐Erzeugung in Elektrolyten auf Karbonatbasis – Mechanistische Erkenntnisse Mittels Elektrochemischer Rastermikroskopie

AbstractFür die anodische H2O2‐Bildung kann die Elektrolytzusammensetzung den Reaktionsweg in Richtung einer erhöhten Produktbildung lenken. Frühere Untersuchungen zur Optimierung der Elektrolytzusammensetzung haben gezeigt, dass die Auswirkungen des molaren Anteils der Karbonatspezies für verschiedene Anodenmaterialien unterschiedlich sind, und daher gibt es weiterhin Kontroversen über die Reaktionswege und die an der H2O2‐Bildung beteiligten Spezies. In Anbetracht der Tatsache, dass die Wasseroxidation zur Freisetzung von Protonen in der Anodenmikroumgebung führt, würde die entsprechende Ansäuerung eine Gleichgewichtsverschiebung zwischen den Karbonatspezies bewirken, was wiederum den Reaktionsweg modulieren könnte. Wir haben die Veränderungen im Anteil der Karbonatspezies in der Nähe einer arbeitenden Anode bestimmt, indem wir lokale pH‐Messungen mit einer Au‐Nanoelektrode, die mittels elektrochemischer Scherkraft‐Rastermikroskopie (SECM) in unmittelbarer Nähe einer sich in Betrieb befindlichen Anode positioniert war, durchgeführt haben. Es konnte bestätigt werden, dass die wichtigste anionische Spezies an der Grenzfläche HCO3− ist, und zwar bei Potentialen, bei denen H2O2 bevorzugt gebildet wird, unabhängig vom pH‐Wert im Volumen der Lösung. Die gleichzeitige Verwendung einer Au−Pt‐Doppelmikroelektrode in Generator‐Kollektor‐SECM‐Messungen zeigt, dass die lokale HCO3−Konzentration insgesamt durch den Oxidationsstrom, die Pufferkapazität und den pH‐Wert des Elektrolyten bestimmt wird.

Anodic H2O2 Generation in Carbonate-Based Electrolytes-Mechanistic Insight from Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy.

For the anodic H2O2 generation, it has been shown that the electrolyte composition can steer the reaction pathway toward increased H2O2 generation. Previous efforts made on composition optimization found that the impact of the molar fraction of carbonate species varies for different anodes, and therefore, controversies remain concerning the reaction pathways as well as the species involved in H2O2 formation. Considering that water oxidation results in the liberation of protons within the anode microenvironment, the corresponding acidification would cause an equilibrium shift between carbonate species, which in turn may modulate the reaction pathway. We determined the changes in the fraction of carbonate species in the vicinity of an anode by performing local pH measurements using a Au nanoelectrode positioned in close proximity to an operating anode by shear-force scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). It could be confirmed that the main anionic species at the interface is HCO3 -, at potentials where H2O2 is preferentially formed, regardless of the pH value in the bulk. The simultaneous use of a Au-Pt double barrel microelectrode in generator-collector SECM measurements demonstrates that the local HCO3 - concentration is collectively determined by the oxidation current, buffer capacity, and bulk pH of the electrolyte.

Enantioselective SN1-type reaction via electrochemically generated chiral α-Imino carbocation intermediate

Electrochemical reactions via carbocation intermediates remain fundamental transformations that build up molecular functionality and complexity in a sustainable manner. Enantioselective control of such processes is a great challenge in a highly ionic electrolyte solution. Here, we report an anodic generation of chiral α-imino carbocation intermediates by enamine catalysis. The chiral carbocation intermediates can be intercepted by a variety of nucleophiles such as alcohols, water and thiols with high stereoselectivity. The key SN1 step proceeds via a tertiary amine-mediated proton shuttle that facilitates facial selection in reacting with carbocation.

Rotating Disk Electrode Studies of Benzaldehyde Oxidation on Group Ib Metals

Water electrolysis is a green means of producing hydrogen gas to be used as a fuel or reactant in key industrial processes such as ammonia production. The conventional system of oxygen evolution (OER) and hydrogen evolution (HER) suffers from slow kinetics at the anode and a high cell voltage limited by thermodynamics. One solution is to replace OER with another reaction such as an organic oxidation reaction that has a lower equilibrium potential and produces a valuable organic byproduct at the anode. Recent work has demonstrated that biomass-derived aldehydes such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural can be selectively oxidized to their corresponding carboxylates and H2 on Cu-based anodes at low potentials (~0.1 VRHE) in alkaline media. In alkaline media, a hydroxide ion adds to the carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde molecule forming a gem diolate in solution phase. It is argued that dehydrogenation becomes more facile due to the weaker C-H bond of the gem diolate compared to the aldehyde form of the molecule. This may enable oxidation without the need for coadsorbed-OH. Additionally, aldehyde oxidation is only active on Au, Ag, and Cu electrodes at higher pHs.The aim of this work is to identify the conditions under which low potential oxidation of aldehydes and high anodic Faradaic efficiency to H2 occurs, namely, electrode material and applied potential. To avoid polymerization side reactions of furans in alkaline media, we studied benzaldehyde as a model compound which has also been shown to exhibit low potential oxidation and anodic H2. The activity (rate of aldehyde consumption) and selectivity (to anodic H2 versus H2O) were compared for the group Ib metals (Au, Ag, Cu), each of which demonstrates a relatively early onset potential (<0.4 VRHE) and generates anodic H2 at certain potentials. Rotating disk electrode studies with Koutecky-Levich analysis were conducted to separate mass transfer effects from kinetic current to compare the intrinsic activity of each electrode. Additionally, the average number electrons transferred per aldehyde molecule consumed was estimated from Koutecky-Levich analysis; the one-electron pathway combines the aldehyde hydrogens to H2 while the two-electron pathway requires an additional electron per aldehyde molecule to oxidize the hydrogen from the surface to form H2O. Rotating ring disk electrode studies were used to further validate the anodic H2 generation as a Pt ring was still able to oxidize H2 despite the presence of benzaldehyde. This was used as an additional means of estimating the selectivity to H2 as a function of potential.CVs for benzaldehyde oxidation on each metal are shown in Figure a. Peak current followed the order of Au > Ag >> Cu. Au reached a mass transfer limiting current, and Ag also showed an RPM dependence but did not reach full mass transfer limitations. Cu was the least active and did not show any mass transfer dependence. On the other hand, Cu has the earliest onset potential followed by Ag then Au. The average number of electrons transferred per aldehyde molecule according to RRDE measurements is shown in Figure b, where one electron represents H2 and two electrons represents H-oxidation to H2O. Cu had 100% selectivity to H2 over its entire potential window of activity (up to 0.45 VRHE). Au and Ag have high selectivity to H2 at low potentials but decreases to near zero H2 production in the range of 0.6-0.8 VRHE; the decrease in selectivity to H2 on Ag occurs slightly earlier than Au (~0.1 V). H2 selectivity is related to the inability of each metal to oxidize H to H2O at low potentials. Figure 1

Modelling Anodic H2O2 Accumulation in Alkaline Water Electrolysis with Experimental Validation

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a high value commodity chemical used as a green oxidant in industries such as paper milling and textile bleaching, and is currently produced by the anthraquinone oxidation process. The anodic co-production of H2O2 during alkaline water electrolysis has gained interest as a sustainable alternative for anthraquinone oxidation. However, electrochemical H2O2 production is often studied with idealized laboratory setups to determine the H2O2 formation kinetics. In this work, we perform the reaction using a flow cell with separately recirculating anolyte and catholyte. We then fit the H2O2 accumulation data to an analytical model that we derive based on mole balances that accounts for anodic generation, anodic oxidation, and bulk disproportionation of H2O2, as well as anolyte reservoir volume and anode chamber volume. We performed experiments to derive values for maximum H2O2 production at 300 mA cm-2, with values of 0.540 mmol s-1 for anodic generation of H2O2 (FEH2O2 = 58%) and 0.416 min-1 for anodic oxidation of H2O2, with a bulk disproportionation rate constant of 1.85 × 10−3 min-1. We successfully applied our model to two sources in literature to derive values for their systems as well. In all cases, the contribution of anodic oxidation of H2O2 was found to be the larger loss mechanism in comparison to bulk disproportionation. Figure 1

A HKUST-1 coating with copper metal active site enables stabilized zinc metal anode

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are considered to be one of the alternatives for large-scale energy storage devices due to unique advantages. However, the harmful Zn dendrites generation of Zn anodes seriously hinders the development of AZIBs. Herein, Cu3(BTC)2 (HKUST-1) as a compact functional interface layer on the surface of bare Zn foil is shown to improve the reversibility of Zn-plating/stripping process. Interestingly, HKUST-1 possesses high porosity, large number of water molecule vacancies, and Cu active center, which help to enhance the diffusion kinetics of Zn2+ and reduce the surface free energy of Zn electrode. Combining theoretical calculations with experiments, the HKUST-1 can contribute to the desolvation process of Zn[(H2O)6]2+ and balance Zn2+ concentration, which thus accelerate Zn2+ transfer kinetics, lower interfacial energy, and homogenize ion-distribution. Attributed to these superiorities, the HKUST-1@Zn symmetric cells demonstrate excellent stable plating/stripping for over 250 h under ultra-high current density (20 mA/cm2 and 20 mAh/cm2). Furthermore, a HKUST-1@Zn||MnO2 full cell exhibits an enhanced long-cycling performance with a discharge capacity of 114 mAh/g after undergoing 500 cycles. All results demonstrate the potential application of HKUST-1 coating in AZIBs.

Formation of nanosized copper silicides in a high-speed electric discharge plasma jet

Relevance. The search for suitable materials for creating a new generation of anodes in lithium-ion batteries that have not only high capacity, but also high electrical conductivity. For this purpose, the attempts have been made to use silicon Si, which has a high specific capacitance, instead of graphite C, but this material does not have high electrical conductivity. Copper silicides, in addition to high specific capacity, have high electrical conductivity values, since they do not react with lithium during operation, and therefore can be used to solve problems in the development of the above-mentioned lithium-ion anodes. Aim. To obtain dispersed materials in a high-speed jet of electric discharge plasma in the Cu-Si-C system. Objects. Dispersed materials obtained in the Cu-Si-C system. Methods. Plasma dynamic synthesis, X-ray diffractometry (X-ray phase analysis), scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy. Results. The authors have carried out the experimental studies to obtain dispersed materials of the Cu-Si-C system in a high-speed electric-discharge plasma jet and studied the microstructure and composition of the synthesized materials. It was revealed that the product consists of nanodispersed particles, which is confirmed by the results of scanning and electron microscopy. According to the results of X-ray diffractometry, crystalline phases of copper of the cubic system and copper silicides Cu3Si and Cu7Si of the hexagonal system are identified in the composition of the synthesized material.

Galvanostatic Electroshock Synthesis of Low Loading Au-Pt Nanoalloys onto Gas Diffusion Electrodes as Multifunctional Electrocatalysts for a Glycerol-Fed Electrolyzer.

Water electrolysis is increasingly considered a viable solution for meeting the world's growing energy demands and mitigating environmental issues. An inventive strategy to mitigate the energy requirements involves substituting the energy-intensive oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with biomass-derived glycerol electrooxidation. Nonetheless, the synthesis of electrocatalysts for controlling the selectivity towards added-value chemicals at the anode and efficient H2 generation at the cathode remains a critical bottleneck. Herein, we implemented a galvanostatic electroshock synthesis approach to control the reduction kinetics of Au(III) and Pt(IV) to grow ultra-low amount of gold-platinum alloys on a gas diffusion electrode (12-26 µgmetal cm‒2) for glycerol-fed hydroxide anion exchange membrane based electrolyzer. The symmetric GDE-Au100-xPtx||GDE-Au100-xPtx systems showed a notable improvement in electrolyzer performance (GDE-Au64Pt36 = 201 mA cm-2) as compared to monometallic versions (GDE-Au100Pt0 = 18 mA cm-2, GDE-Au0Pt100 = 81 mA cm-2). Chromatography (HPLC) analysis underscores the critical importance of bulk electrolysis methodology (galvanostatic vs potentiostatic) for the efficient conversion of glycerol into high-value-added products. Regarding the electrical energy required to produce 1 kg of H2 for such an electrolyzer fed at the anode with glycerol, our results confirm a drastic decrease by a factor of at least two compared with conventional water electrolysis.

Cross-linkable binder for composite silicon-graphite anodes in lithium-ion batteries

Silicon (Si) is a promising substitute for graphite anode due to the high theoretical specific capacity (4200 mAh g−1). However, too large volume change exists during the lithiation/delithiation process. Composite anode, prepared by mixing Si with graphite, can realize higher specific capacity than graphite and much better cycle performance than Si anode. However, the capacity decay caused by pulverization of Si particles is still a great challenge. Here, a cross-linkable binder rich in nitrile, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups is designed for composite silicon-graphite (Si-C) anode. The nitrile and hydroxyl groups can be in situ cross-linked in the batteries through Ritter reaction. The cross-linked binder has excellent resilience and good adhesion to the active materials and current collector. The cycle performance of the cell with cross-linked binder is much better than the counterpart. Scanning electron microscopy results of the cycled Si-C anode show that the cross-linked binder can suppress the volume expansion and pulverization. Moreover, the investigation with X-ray photoelectronic spectrum and density function theory calculation demonstrate that the decomposition of ester solvent and LiPF6 on Si anode has been mitigated and more stable SEI film is formed on the Si-C anode. Our strategy of in situ cross-linking binder in the batteries has provided a feasible way for designing the next generation of silicon-based anodes with higher specific capacity and longer cycling life.

Improved hydrogen generation integrated with methanol electrooxidation by manganese selenide/cobalt selenide heterostructure electrocatalyst

The electro-oxidation of mono-alcohol molecules to produce valuable products in combination with the formation of hydrogen is not an easy process. Herein, the manganese selenide/cobalt selenide hetero-nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon (namely MnSe/Co0.85Se@NC) are fabricated as high-performance catalysts by regulating electronic structures through heterointerface engineering. Experimental and theoretical results demonstrate that the formation of MnSe/Co0.85Se heterostructure will take charges from the Co0.85Se sites, which is advantageous to the adsorption of mono-alcohol molecules and thus makes Co0.85Se a high-performance electrocatalyst for mono-alcohol oxidation reactions (M−AOR). Notably, the activity order of M−AOR on the MnSe/Co0.85Se@NC electrode is methanol > ethanol > n-propanol > isopropanol. Furthermore, the charge transfer from Co0.85Se to MnSe occurs, resulting in a strong electronic interaction at the heterointerface of MnSe/Co0.85Se, giving it superior HER activity. Impressively, MnSe/Co0.85Se@NC can be used as a bifunctional catalyst for methanol-assisted water electrolysis in a two-electrode configuration, which only demands a cell potential of 1.49 V to obtain the 10 mA cm−2 current density, accompanying with valuable formate generation at the anode and hydrogen generation at the cathode. This tactic employing a heterogeneous electrocatalyst to produce high-value chemicals is considered of great importance in the development of new energy technology.

An experimentally validated model for anodic H2O2 production in alkaline water electrolysis and its implications for scaled-up operation

The anodic co-production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) during alkaline water electrolysis has gained interest as a sustainable alternative for anthraquinone oxidation. However, electrochemical H2O2 production is often studied with idealized laboratory setups to determine the H2O2 formation kinetics. In this work, we perform the reaction with industrially relevant operating principles using a flow cell with separately recirculating anolyte and catholyte. We then fit the data to an analytical model that we derive based on mole balances that accounts for anodic generation, anodic oxidation, and bulk disproportionation of H2O2, as well as electrolyte volumes and electrode surface area. We performed experiments at 100, 200, and 300 mA cm-2 to derive values for the reaction system. At 200 mA cm-2, we found a generation rate of 0.037 mmol min-1 cm-2 (FEH2O2 = 59%) and an anodic decomposition rate constant of 0.304 cm min-1, with a bulk disproportionation rate constant of 1.85 × 10-3 min-1. We successfully applied our model to two sources in literature to derive values for their systems as well. In all cases, the contribution of anodic oxidation of H2O2 was found to be the larger loss mechanism in comparison to bulk disproportionation. Using the analytical model, we show that decreasing the reservoir volume is a simple way to increase the H2O2 concentration over time. Further refinement of the model can be achieved through the use of mass transfer relationships based on electrolyzer geometries to describe the anodic oxidation of H2O2 in the mole balance equations.

Electrolytic Regeneration of Spent Caustic Soda from CO2 Capture Systems

The traditional electrochemical caustic soda recovery system uses the generated pH gradient across the ion exchange membrane for the regeneration of spent alkaline absorbent from CO2 capture. This electrochemical CO2 capture system releases the by-products H2 and O2 at the cathode and anode, respectively. Although effective for capturing CO2, the slow kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) limit the energy efficiency of this technique. Hence, this study proposed and validated a hybrid electrochemical cell based on the H2-cycling from the cathode to the anode to eliminate the reliance on anodic oxygen generation. The results show that our lab-scale prototype enabled effective spent caustic soda recovery with an electron utilisation efficiency of 90%, and a relative carbonate/bicarbonate diffusional flux of approximately 40%. The system also enabled the regeneration of spent alkaline absorbent with a minimum electrochemical energy input of 0.19 kWh/kg CO2 at a CO2 recovery rate of 0.7 mol/m2/h, accounting for 30% lower energy demand than a control system without H2-recycling, making this technique a promising alternative to the conventional thermal regeneration technology.

Revisiting the metal sites of nitrous oxide reductase in a low-dose structure from Marinobacter nauticus

Copper-containing nitrous oxide reductase catalyzes a 2-electron reduction of the green-house gas N2O to yield N2. It contains two metal centers, the binuclear electron transfer site CuA, and the unique, tetranuclear CuZ center that is the site of substrate binding. Different forms of the enzyme were described previously, representing variations in oxidation state and composition of the metal sites. Hypothesizing that many reported discrepancies in the structural data may be due to radiation damage during data collection, we determined the structure of anoxically isolated Marinobacter nauticus N2OR from diffraction data obtained with low-intensity X-rays from an in-house rotating anode generator and an image plate detector. The data set was of exceptional quality and yielded a structure at 1.5 Å resolution in a new crystal form. The CuA site of the enzyme shows two distinct conformations with potential relevance for intramolecular electron transfer, and the CuZ cluster is present in a [4Cu:2S] configuration. In addition, the structure contains three additional types of ions, and an analysis of anomalous scattering contributions confirms them to be Ca2+, K+, and Cl–. The uniformity of the present structure supports the hypothesis that many earlier analyses showed inhomogeneities due to radiation effects. Adding to the earlier description of the same enzyme with a [4Cu:S] CuZ site, a mechanistic model is presented, with a structurally flexible CuZ center that does not require the complete dissociation of a sulfide prior to N2O binding.Graphical The [4Cu:2S] CuZ site in M. nauticus N 2O reductase. The electron density map shown is contoured at the 5 σ level, highlighting the presence of two sulfide ligands. 705x677mm (72 x 72 DPI)

Biotene: Earth-Abundant 2D Material as Sustainable Anode for Li/Na-Ion Battery.

Natural ores are abundant, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. Ultrathin (2D) layers of a naturally abundant van der Waals mineral, Biotite, have been prepared in bulk via exfoliation. We report here that this 2D Biotene material has shown extraordinary Li-Na-ion battery anode properties with ultralong cycling stability. Biotene shows 302 and 141 mAh g-1 first cycle-specific charge capacity for Li- and Na-ion battery applications with ∼90% initial Coulombic efficiency. The electrode exhibits significantly extended cycling stability with ∼75% capacity retention after 4000 cycles even at higher current densities (500-2000 mA g-1). Further, density functional theory studies show the possible Li intercalation mechanism between the 2D Biotene layers. Our work brings new directions toward designing the next generation of metal-ion battery anodes.

High-power recycling: upcycling to the next generation of high-power anodes for Li-ion battery applications

Upcycling current high power electrodes (Li4Ti5O12) towards the next generation of titanium niobium oxide materials, while reclaiming a critical element: lithium.

Anodic peroxide production for advanced oxidation processes with different metal oxide electrodes in carbonate electrolytes

Anodic electrochemical peroxide generation is promising for AOP applications. This study evaluates the electrochemical efficiency and oxidizing power of the resulting peroxide mixtures, depending on the electrolyte composition.

Bromine-mediated strategy endows efficient electrochemical oxidation of amine to nitrile.

Conventional methods for nitrile synthesis bring inherent environmental risks due to their reliance on oxidants and harsh reaction conditions. Meanwhile, direct electrooxidation of amines to nitriles suffers from low current density. In this study, we propose an innovative indirect electrooxidation strategy for nitrile formation, mediated by Br-/Br2, utilizing a highly efficient CoS2/CoS@Graphite Felt (GF) electrode. Notably, the anodic nitrile generation can be synergistically coupled with the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Through meticulous optimization of reaction parameters, we achieve an impressive 98% selectivity for octanenitrile at a current density of 60 mA cm-2 with a remarkable faradaic efficiency (FE) of 87%. Furthermore, our approach demonstrates excellent versatility, as we successfully evaluate both aliphatic and aromatic primary amines, highlighting its promising potential for practical applications in the field.

In-situ oxygen generation using Titanium foam/IrO2 electrode for efficient sulfide control in sewers

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) causes corrosion of pipeline network and endangers sewer’s normal operation, while the rehabilitation or replacement of sewer network incurs expensive manpower and material costs. Conventional chemical dosing strategies such as oxygen injection and caustic soda addition, confront issues with transport and storage of chemical reagents as well as dose control. In contrast, electrochemical treatment techniques have evoked growing attention in sewer management due to its capacity of in-situ effective agent production, real-time dose control and amenability to automation. In this study, the performances of anodic oxygen production using Ti/IrO2 and Titanium foam/IrO2 as electrodes were investigated. Titanium foam/IrO2 electrode exhibited the superior oxygen evolution capacity, with the dissolved oxygen (DO) level attained in the range 8–9 mg L-1 (i.e., higher than that of 5–6 mg L-1 by Ti/IrO2 electrode). It was also indicated that a decrease in flow rate or an increase in current density would accelerate its in-situ oxygen production. DO production with the presence of COD, NH4+, HCO3−, H2PO4−/HPO42− was approximately 6.78–8.37 mg L-1. Moreover, this electrochemical method was illustrated to successfully achieve sulfide removal efficiency of 90 % in the simulated sewage experiment. The cathode compartment simultaneously produced caustic soda (∼0.4 wt% in 210 min), thereby contributing to further sulfide removal. Additionally, the effect of real sewage with different conductivities on sulfide removal proved the wide applicability of electrochemical technology in sewer management. Overall, this study demonstrated the practical potential of concurrent in-situ anodic oxygen production and cathodic caustic soda generation for sulfide control in sewers.

Low-Cost and Scalable Electrodes for Anodic Production of Hydrogen Peroxide Via 2e- Water Oxidation

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a crucial chemical that is widely utilized in various industrial processes. The conventional anthraquinone process for H2O2 production has limitations in terms of energy consumption, high costs, and waste generation [1]. An alternative, greener and more sustainable approach is the electrochemical production of H2O2 from oxygen and water using renewable energy. Our research group has been extensively investigating the two electron (2e-) water oxidation reaction (WOR) for production of H2O2 using various electrode materials, including metal oxides, commercial carbon materials, and boron-doped diamond (BDD) [2, 3]. We also investigated the role of carbonate ions (HCO3 - and CO3 2-) in the process of water oxidation to H2O2. The enhancing effect e of CO3 2- ions on anodic H2O2 production was studied in a continuous flow reactor, where the optimal flow rate, process configuration and cell design, and chemical stabilizer were determined. Among other parameters, chemical composition and pH regime of the electrolyte were found to be crucial.Recently, we explored the use of graphite bipolar plates (BPP) as a low-cost alternative to BDD electrodes for anodic H2O2 generation [4]. Three different commercial BPPs with varying fluoropolymer content were examined, and a correlation was found between fluoropolymer content and H2O2 generation. In that study we found that a BPP sample with high fluoropolymer content resulted in a stable H2O2 production for up to 100 hours at a current density of 200 mA cm–2, with a constant faradaic efficiency of 40%. The results demonstrate that low-cost commercial carbon electrode materials can selectively oxidize water to H2O2, enabling economically viable technical applications of anodic H2O2 production.