Generation Of Greenhouse Gases Research Articles

Identification Of Greenhouse Gases Emissions From Shipyard Activity In Lamongan, Indonesia

Following International Maritime Organization (IMO) policy directives, the maritime industry has been seeking efficient solutions to alter the energy consumption patterns of ports and ships to ensure the sustainable operation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions to support sustainable transport. However, there is little focus on identifying the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions related ship manufacture. The shipyard industry can generate greenhouse gas effects from burning fossil fuels and energy use. This study aims to identify the amount of greenhouse gas emissions produced in the shipyard industry. The first step to calculating the number of greenhouse gas emissions is to start by identifying the sources of CO2 emissions, then calculate the emissions by the calculations referred to IPCC 2006. Based on the research results, total primary and secondary CO2 emissions in the shipyard is 358,693,723 tons CO2/year.

Cost-effective production of radiation shielding coatings using multilayers of titania and silica

The presence of visible and infrared (IR) radiations available from solar radiation causes the temperature in the atmosphere to rise. Because of the temperature disparity, glass-walled buildings typically utilize air conditioners, increasing the generation of green-house gases in the environment. As a result, the application of reflection coating is required to safeguard the environment and limit the danger of greenhouse emissions. We present here the fabrication of a thermal insulating coating utilizing a multilayer TiO2/SiO2 structure that can reflect visible and infrared light with fewer layers of the aforementioned combination. X-ray diffraction was used to examine the as-fabricated structure on the glass substrate and found the anatase phase of TiO2 with the strongest peak at Bragg angle 25O. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the presence of TiO2 and SiO2 functional linkages, which were found at 904 cm−1, and 763 cm−1 wavenumbers respectively. Cross-sectional field emission scanning electron microscopy examinations on the fabricated five-layer (TiO2/SiO2/TiO2/SiO2/TiO2) multilayer structure revealed the presence of TiO2 and SiO2 with thicknesses calculated around 186/300/273/218/131 nm respectively. Furthermore, reflectance analysis on the as-fabricated multilayer structure demonstrated 90 % reflectance in the infrared spectral region, and 100 % in the visible region. As a result, developed coatings for glass furnishings were advised in order to not only deflect visible and infrared radiations from the sun spectrum and keep indoor temperatures cool without the use of air conditioners, but also to act as visible light communication boosters.

Life cycle assessment for producing monocrystalline photovoltaic panels: a case study of Brazil

ABSTRACT Energy generation from photovoltaic panels provides for clean, renewable, low environmental impact energy. However, such characteristics are only related to products already in operation, as they do not apply to their production process. In this study, Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) was conducted to quantify 11 environmental impacts caused by the production of monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic panels in Brazil, considering raw material extraction, material processing, construction, and part production. The LCA showed that the photovoltaic panel production process has several environmental impacts that can be minimized by implementing changes to the production chain, especially to reduce the generation of greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming. It was observed that the solar cell production stage contributes to the environmental impacts the most, especially to those referring to abiotic depletion (84%) and to all stratospheric ozone layer depletion (62%). The potential impacts estimated were 9.43 × 10−2 kg Sbeq and 5.34 × 10−4 kg CFC-11eq, respectively. With relation to global warming, Greenhouse Gases (GHG) were emitted with a corresponding value of 3.23 × 103 kg CO2 eq, it was caused by CO2, CH4, HFC-134a, nitrous oxide, HFC-23, CFC-13 gases. To reduce impact per unit of production, it is suggested that the monocrystalline silicon panel production be substituted for polycrystalline, and more incentives be provided to increase large-scale panel production, making it cheaper.

Post Consumed Textile Waste Management and its Impacts on the Environment and Economy in Bandung City

The textile industry has a strategic role in Indonesia’s economic growth, from employment to high export value, with Bandung City as one of its icons with export commodities during 2018-2021 reaching $82.3 million, which also have various negative impacts on the environment. Total textile waste globally, 88% ends up in landfills and incinerators, and it will increase to 68% in 2030 if business as usual is maintained. Post-consumed textile waste covers 88% of the total waste and tends to be more difficult to manage than pre-consumed textile waste due to hygiene and collection constraints that depend on the consumers of these textile products. This study aims to determine the amount of post-consumed textile waste generation along with the fate behaviour carried out by the consumer and formulate a post-consumed textile waste management strategy to reduce 31.89% of greenhouse gas and waste generation according to Indonesia’s NDC 2030 target. Waste generation and its handling behaviour by the community were determined using a random sampling survey and projected based on the value of industrial growth and population growth in Bandung City towards 2030. The results were analysed based on emission factors and other environmental impacts based on IPCC, USEPA, and other supporting journals. The study reveals that the generation of post-consumed textile waste in Bandung is 19.87 Gg/year (7.90 kg/person/year) and the fate behaviours currently rely on individual behaviours in donated, sold, reused, disposed of and other treatments. The study proposes a strategy to improve the system by preventing burning and dumping into rivers, increasing sorting to be processed into new textile products, and treating in landfill using incinerator. The strategy can save 144 billion litters of water, 9.256 thousand tons of chemicals, 314.21 tons of dyes, 355.6 m2/year of landfills, and save Rp.1.273 trillion/year of textile production costs, and most importantly, can keep GHG emissions at 0.435 Gg/year and waste generation at 3.552 Gg/year.

System identification and artificial intelligent (AI) modelling of the molten salt electrolysis process for prediction of the anode effect

NdFeB magnets are widely used in various applications including electric and hybrid vehicles, wind turbines, and computer hard drives. They contain approximately 31–32 wt% Rare Earth Elements (REEs), mainly neodymium (Nd) and praseodymium (Pr), and are produced by molten salt electrolysis using fluoride electrolytes. However, anode passivation or anode effect may occur, generating greenhouse gases if insufficient amounts of metal oxides are available in the system. Therefore, in this study, a dynamic model of the electrochemical process was developed to estimate the system variables and predict the anode effect using several system identification methods. The Transfer Function (TF) estimation, Auto-Regressive with Extra inputs (ARX), Hammerstein-Weiner (HW), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models were used, and their results were compared based on the occurrence of the anode effect. The best model achieved an average accuracy of 96% in predicting the process output.

Towards low-carbon papermaking wastewater treatment process based on Kriging surrogate predictive model

Papermaking wastewater contains a diverse range of organic carbon, nitrogen and other pollutants, which could lead to the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) during biochemical treatment process. Despite the importance of decarbonizing the papermaking wastewater treatment process, the mechanisms underlying the generation of greenhouse gases remain elusive and no models currently exist to describe the process. To address this issue, this study employed benchmark simulation model No. 1 (BSM1) to simulate, the papermaking wastewater treatment process, and applied the steady-state output value of simulation to calculate the GHG emissions. Kriging surrogate model was applied to establish the emission model for GHG in the papermaking wastewater treatment process. The model provides a reference for the control and optimization of GHG emission reduction and a high accuracy was achieved with determination coefficient (R2) of above 96%. Further analysis of the parameter impact of process control on GHG emissions and the optimization effects of controllable variables contributes to the goal of reducing GHG emissions in the papermaking wastewater treatment process.

Reuse and Reprocessing of Endoscopic Instruments: Con

Reprocessing of endoscopic equipment generates greenhouse gas emissions, releases toxic substances into the environment, and consumes large quantities of water. The use of alternative materials, such as single-use devices with a low carbon footprint and recycled materials, and reprocessing without the use of water and toxic products represent sustainable solutions.

PERSPECTIVE FOR ENERGY EXPLOITATION ALONG THE BRAZILIAN COAST

The constant need to supply the growing global energy demand, leads to an increase in the generation of greenhouse gases. To circumvent this problem, more and more alternative means of energy generation have been used to compose the energy grid. One of the alternatives, which in recent decades has received great attention from researchers, is the conversion of wave energy into electrical energy. In Brazil, studies have also gained momentum, and the possibility of implementing wave energy converters on the Brazilian coast is increasingly recognized. With this in mind, the present work aims to determine the regions on the Brazilian coast that are most capable of being explored through wave energy. For this, a simulation of 37 years of the Brazilian sea state, is used in conjunction with a multicriterial methodology, where the logistical and energetic conditions of the Brazilian coast are quantified. Subsequently, power matrices of 8 wave converters are used to quantify the theoretical potential generated in the improved locations. The results showed that, in energy terms, the South and Southeast regions of Brazil have the greatest potential. This factor also proved to be the cause of the presence of lower logistical indexes in these regions, when comparing them with the North and Northeast regions of Brazil. After parameterization of the indices, three zones of interest were observed on the Brazilian coast: Cabo Frio, Imbituba and São José do Norte. When applying the conversion matrices in these locations, average daily generation power between 1.5 and 230kW were observed, the largest being located in the Cabo Frio region, using the BHBA model of converter. Variability in energy production was also discussed, and it should be a primary factor in the choice of the convert model, as well as in its design. Finally, all results were consistent with previous work, however, the path to implementing a wave energy conversion site in Brazil is still long, and should be focused on optimizing devices for Brazilian waters.

Final Disposal of Urban Solid Waste and the Generation of Greenhouse Gases in the State of Pará

This paper presents the a study about the emission of greenhouse gases - GHG resulting from the final disposal of urban solid waste - USW in the State of Pará. The research was qualitative and quantitative, applied in nature and with exploratory and descriptive objectives, having as object of study the solid waste sector in the State of Pará. The activities carried out were divided into 3 stages, with the verification of the amount of GHG emissions in the State of Pará (Stage 1), the contribution of the sectors responsible for the state's emissions (Stage 2) and the analysis of GHG emissions in the USW sector (Stage 3). The survey results show that Pará is the state that emits the most GHG in Brazil (447,927,368 tons of CO2e). Although the USW sector accounts for only 1% of GHG, it was found that 138 of the 144 municipalities in Pará still send USW to dumps and controlled landfills. With the research, it was verified the need to adapt the environmentally-appropriate final destination of USW, as an alternative to reduce GHG emissions in the State of Pará.

Interfirm knowledge sharing for energy efficiency

Climate change as a global challenge requires collective responses from stakeholders in society. As the main source of energy consumption generating greenhouse gases (e.g., CO2), firms increasingly share their problems and experiences regarding energy saving in interfirm knowledge communities. By distinguishing knowledge sharing from free‐riding, we investigate how firms that participate in an interfirm knowledge community for energy saving improve their energy efficiency. We use a unique panel dataset collected between 2001 and 2011 from the Energy Saving through Partnership program in South Korea. Our findings show that, within the community for energy saving, firms that share their knowledge through presenting their best practices improve energy efficiency to a greater extent (approximately 11.8–14.8%) than free‐riders. Our results suggest that the improvement in knowledge‐sharing firms’ energy efficiency is attributed to relevant and tailored feedback gained from other participants. Further, we find that the understanding and activeness of other participants, which determine the quality and quantity of feedback respectively, significantly affect knowledge‐sharing firms’ energy efficiency. Overall, our analysis has implications for firms on how they can contribute to a collective response to climate change through their collaborative activities in an interfirm knowledge community.

Economic viability analysis of recycling waste plastic as aggregates in green sustainable concrete

Plastic waste management is one of the major global challenges at present. Recycling single used plastic waste as partial replacement of natural aggregates in concrete may reduce problems regarding mismanagement of plastic waste and unsustainable utilisation of natural resources as aggregates. This concept has been explored in many studies and positive results are obtained, but it has not been materialized at a large scale due to the uncertainty regarding economic viability. The present study therefore focuses on the economic aspects of using Polyethylene based fine aggregates and Polyethylene Terephthalate based coarse aggregates as partial replacement (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%) of natural fine and coarse aggregates separately and simultaneously, with special emphasis given on environmental and social cost. A material flow diagram using STAN is first developed to calculate plastic waste generation. An industrial survey has been conducted to estimate production cost of plastic aggregates, while social cost as WTP is determined through CVM method. The result shows that the total cost of concrete decreases with increase of replacement percentage and cost reduction varies between 0.65% and 7.58% compare to conventional concrete depending on the percentage and type of replacement without compromising strength. So, alongside being hugely beneficial to environment and society in terms of reduction of leachate and greenhouse gas generation, micro-plastic pollution, requirement of landfill area, mosquito borne diseases, erosion, sedimentation, land loss etc.; the concept of recycling plastic waste as partial replacement of natural aggregates in concrete has been proved to be economically viable and beneficial too.

Assessing heavy metal pollution load index (PLI) in biomonitors and road dust from vehicular emission by magnetic properties modeling.

Vehicular traffic occupies a significant place among the sources of air pollution, due to population and urban growth that has led to an excessive increase in the vehicle fleet worldwide, and in Costa Rica as well. Vehicle emissions generate greenhouse gases (GHGs), particulate matter (PM), and heavy metals (HMs), due to combustion products from fossil-fuel engines, tire wear, and brake linings. HMs are important because they cannot be degraded or destroyed naturally; however, they can be diluted by physicochemical agents and be incorporated into trophic chains where they can be bioaccumulated causing significant negative effects on human well-being and ecological quality. This study aimed to assess the HM pollution load in biomonitors and road dust from vehicular emissions by chemical analyses and magnetic properties modeling. For this purpose, chemical and magnetic property analyses were carried out on samples of road dust and leaves of Cupressus lusitanica Mill. and Casuarina equisetifolia L., which were sampled during 2 different years in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica known as GAM. Contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI) results showed significant metal pollution in some of the study sites. Contamination by the metals V, Cr, and Zn was most commonly present in the biomonitors, and for road dust, they were Cr, Zn, and Pb. The PLI estimates obtained with the validated support vector machine (SVM) magnetic properties models were consistent (sensitivity, specificity, and precision) with those obtained by chemical analysis, demonstrating the feasibility of this method for the identification of this index of contamination.

УГЛЕРОДНЫЕ РЫНКИ И ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ МОНЕТИЗАЦИИ ПРОДУКЦИИ ЛЕСОКЛИМАТИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЕКТОВ

Today, the greenhouse gas emissions trading system is seen as one of the most promising ways to combat climate problems. Nevertheless, the regulatory function of this mechanism is not as straightforward as it may initially seem. The creation, operation, and dissemination of such a system at the global level face many obstacles. Climate projects can be used as an additional tool to reduce emissions and achieve decarbonisation by preventing the generation or absorption of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. The features of global carbon markets have been uncovered and opportunities for their functioning have been shown. The greenhouse gas emissions trading system is seen as a promising tool in the fight against climate change. However, the regulatory role of this mechanism is not as unambiguous as it is presented by international organizations, and there are many obstacles to its creation, operation and dissemination on a global scale. Russia needs to develop its own forest-climatic standards, as there are different climatic conditions for different forest types on its area. Forest-climatic projects have enormous potential to solve the problem of increasing greenhouse gas absorption and could become a key tool for decarbonization in Russia, as well as provide monetization opportunities for businesses. Three types of projects can be implemented in Russia: voluntary forest conservation by tenants, sustainable forest management, and protective afforestation programmes.

Evaluation of mechanical anisotropy induced by 3D printing process for earth-based materials

Due to the high energy consumption of cement-based materials, debates are increasing to develop new composites using natural resources. As a result, there are more investigations on bio-based and earth-based materials in the literature thanks to their capability to reduce carbon dioxide gas emissions (CO2). Accordingly, earth has a strong potential since it hardens by drying rather than by hydraulic setting, it is also infinitely repairable and recyclable, without generating greenhouse gas. This work investigates the manufacturing of earth-based material using 3D printing process. In the first step the water content was found according to the rheological criteria target allowing the material to be extruded at a continuous and regular flow rate. The corresponding dosage ensures a sufficient yield stress allowing the deposit of the printed layers without collapsing and the possibility to support the upper layers. In the second step, prismatic specimens were printed using two different nozzle outputs. The samples were cut and sanded to extract normalized specimens. After mass stabilization, mechanical tests were conducted, the work included three-point bending tests, compression tests and shear tests. The findings were compared with the results obtained on cast specimens. As printed elements are made layer after layer, the manufacturing method had an impact on the behavior, the quality of the material and exhibited an apparent anisotropy. Consequently, for each test, the loading was applied in the longitudinal, transverse, and normal directions regarding the printed layers. It has been found that the resistances of the printed samples were of the same order of magnitude as those measured on cast ones, especially when the loading was perpendicular to the printed layers. On the other hand, the resistances were significantly reduced when the loading led to expansion or tension perpendicular to the layers.

Advances in Bioremediation: A Prospective Approach for Green Food Waste Management

Fruit and vegetable industries' wastes consist of various by-products with an acidic pH, sodium, and a moisture content of 80–90%. These attributes of food waste lead to the destruction of soil and help in the generation of greenhouse gases. Different waste management techniques, such as slurry phase decomposition, extraction, thermal treatment, and bioremediation, are used for food waste management. Among these bioremediations is the most effective technique owing to low expenditure, minimal operational costs and almost no harmful environmental effects. It converts toxic contaminants emerging from various food industries into valuable components. A complete bioremediation protocol reduces, degrades, detoxifies, mineralizes or may convert more hazardous pollutants into less harmful pollutants. This review will discuss a general outlook on bioremediation followed by its applications in the management of various food industries. A comprehensive discussion of the advantages and limitations of the techniques will also be covered.

Economic aspects of assessment and marketing of carbon emissions by enterprises based on the principles of sustainable development

Purpose. To analyze the economic aspects of carbon emissions by industry and conduct a marketing assessment of the emissions trading system (ETS). To develop recommendations for the introduction of market mechanisms for regulating emissions. Methodology. Special and general methods of scientific knowledge are used: abstract-logical analysis to identify the predominant causes of greenhouse gas (GHG) generation; statistical methods of analysis to establish the correlation of capital investments and emissions; induction and deduction to identify complex management approaches to reducing harmful emissions; mathematical – for the formalization of the factors of the ETS market and their functional dependencies, necessary for the analysis of the market. Findings. A correlation between capital investments and emissions has been established, which confirms the long-term trend of implementing a strategic policy of enterprises to reduce emissions. The presence of sectoral differences in correlation coefficients indicated the need for differentiation of institutional support for industries as a tool for changing the export structure. The effects of Carbon Border Adjustments Mechanism (CBAM) influence on the economy of Ukraine are indicated. Recommendations for harmonizing issues regarding Ukraine’s obligations to reduce emissions are proposed. Measures to reduce risks for the economy during the introduction of the national ETS are proposed. Originality. Factors of the ETS market and their functional dependencies that are necessary for market analysis are presented mathematically. An equivalence function is proposed for the assessment of individual specific indicators of enterprises. The factors that determine prices and the amount of demand at the ETS market are stratified. Principles of this market are formulated. Practical value. It is proposed to introduce regional emission control laboratories and agree on the recognition of their certificates by Ukraine and the EU.

WASTE-TO-HYDROGEN: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE UK SCENARIO

Hydrogen is widely recognised to play a key role to decarbonise various industries, as well as transportation, heating and power sectors, for it does not generate greenhouse gas emissions at the point of use. Understanding the technologies that can generate low carbon hydrogen is essential in planning the development of future gas networks and more sustainable manufacturing processes. One promising approach is hydrogen production by gasification of waste, referred to as biohydrogen. This paper summarises work undertaken to design a commercial Waste-to-Hydrogen (WtH2) plant, which includes an assessment of current development stage of technologies, the identification of an appropriate scale for the plants, and development of specifications for process design and output streams. The overall production levels of biohydrogen is observed to be limited by the availability of sustainable feedstocks; however, the results of negative CO2 emissions achieved via biohydrogen production shows that its overall potential to reduce GHG emissions is significantly better, as compared to other form or low carbon hydrogen. In particular, biohydrogen application is capable of generating negative emissions that are required to offset GHGs from other sectors in the future. In combination, low carbon hydrogen production can make a very important contribution to achieving net zero commitment in UK.

Design for adaptability and disassembly: guidelines for building deconstruction

Purpose Design for adaptability and disassembly (DfAD) is an effective method to reduce construction and demolition waste generation, landfill loads and greenhouse gas generation; preserve natural resources; and increase environmental awareness in the construction industry. However, it is an underexplored strategy due to a lack of information about projects and a set of agreed guidelines to guide buildings deconstruction. This study aims to understand how DfAD can support the sector’s transition toward circularity. Design/methodology/approach Through an integrative literature review, this study analyzed the current publications and terminologies used, identified the main themes discussed and described the key criteria for integrating deconstruction in the building design stage. Findings The results showed that the term DfAD encompasses different ecodesign strategies and is concentrated in six major thematic categories (design and construction principles, tools for DfAD, components and connections for DfAD, barriers, drivers and guidelines for DfAD, existing building stock potential and selective deconstruction process). In total, 60 criteria were presented to guide the deconstruction of buildings, emphasizing standardization, modularization and prefabrication of materials and components as fundamental requirements. Originality/value The study highlighted the need to expand the knowledge and training of the design team, establish public policies and tax incentives and develop tools, methods, and circular indicators to enable the implementation of deconstruction strategies for buildings.

Sustainability Assessment of Food Waste Biorefineries as the Base of the Entrepreneurship in Rural Zones of Colombia

The sustainability of food value chains is affected by the large amounts of waste produced with a high environmental impact. Food waste valorization applying the biorefinery concept has emerged as an alternative to reduce the generation of greenhouse gases and to promote the socio-economic development of value chains at local, regional, and national levels. This paper analyzes the sustainability of food waste biorefineries designed for boosting rural economic development in Colombia. These biorefineries were designed following a strategy based on a portfolio of bioprocesses involving fractions based on the composition of the raw materials. The valorization of six food residues produced in three representative rural areas of Colombia (i.e., Chocó, Caldas, and Sucre) was analyzed. Acai, annatto, sugarcane bagasse, rejected plantain and avocado, and organic kitchen food waste (OKFW) were selected as food wastes for upgrading. The biorefinery design strategy comprised five steps for filtering the most promising bioprocesses to be implemented. The OKFW was analyzed in detail, applying the design strategy to provide a step-by-step guide involving a portfolio of bioproducts, the technological maturity index, and the socio-economic context. This strategy implementation for OKFW valorization resulted in a scenario where biorefineries with levulinic acid production were the most feasible and sustainable, with high techno-economic performances and low environmental impacts. For the valorization of the other food residues, the processes with the greatest feasibility of being implemented in rural areas were bioactive compounds, oil, flour, and biogas production.

Uptake of 15N-urea and phosphates in Triticum aestivum with Pseudomonas putida and Rhizophagus irregularis endophytes of calcareous soil weeds

In calcareous soil, the growth and production of _Triticum aestivu_m depends on the availability of phosphates, which in turn reduces the uptake of nitrogen in the form of urea, which causes volatilization and partial leaching of both fertilizers, contributing to the greenhouse effect, and warming global. An alternative ecological solution for _T. aestivum _is to inoculate _Pseudomonas putida _and_ Rhizophagus irregularis_ with endophytes that increase phosphorus uptake such as P2O5 and urea. The objective of this research was to analyze the uptake and distribution of 15N-urea in _T. aestivum_ with _P. putida _and _R. irregularis_ fertilized with 50% urea and P2O5. In this sense, _P. putida _and_ R. irregularis_ isolated from roots of _Resenda luteola _and_ Arista purpurea_ native to the calcareous soil of northeastern Mexico. In_ T. aestivum_ with these endophytes, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in root and stem, N (nitrogen) uptake from total urea (Nt) and yield (Y). The experimental data were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey (P<0.01). The results showed a positive response of _T. aestivum to P. putida _and _R. irregularis_ with 60 kg/ha of urea and 40 kg/ha of P2O5, equivalent to the 50% recommended for this region of Mexico. It was evidenced that in _T. aestivum, P. putida, _and _R. irregularis _endophytes of desert weeds improved the uptake of urea and P2O5 to 50% by phytohormones that optimized nitrogen with phosphatases, soil phosphate and that from the applied fertilizer. The Nt in stem and the yield of _T. aestivum _with_ P. putida and R. irregularis_ reached statistically different numerical values to those registered in _T. aestivum _with 120 kg/ha of urea and 80 kg/ha of P2O5 without _P. putida _and_ R. irregularis _at 100% (relative control), consequently the performance of _T. aestivum_ in calcareous soils. It is avoided by the generation of greenhouse gases, the contamination of surface water, by using the beneficial interaction of endophytes with weeds with _T. aestivum,_ as well as global warming.