General Regularities Research Articles

Synthesis of Fe-deficient eudialyte analogues: Relationships between the composition of the reaction system and crystal-chemical features of the products

AbstractEudialyte-related compounds have been synthesised hydrothermally at T = 600°C and P = 2 kbar from a stoichiometric mixture of Na2CO3, CaO, Fe2O3, ZrOCl2 and SiO2 using the Na:Ca:Fe:Zr:Si ratios corresponding to the eudialyte end-member Na15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(OH)Cl2⋅H2O, in the presence of 1 M aqueous solutions of NaCl and NaF. The synthesis was carried out in platinum ampoules over 10 days. Natural raslakite (a Ca-deficient member of the eudialyte group) was used as a seed and added in amounts corresponding to 2 wt.% of the whole charge. The products were characterised by powder X-ray diffraction, IR and Raman spectroscopy, morphological features, and electron probe microanalyses. In experiments with NaCl, almost pure eudialyte-type compounds were obtained. Synthesis in the presence of a NaF solution resulted in the formation of a F-dominant eudialyte-type compound related to raslakite as the main product and aegirine, vlasovite and lalondeite as by-products. All synthesised eudialyte-type compounds are Zr-rich and Fe-deficient, similar to eudialyte-group minerals from hyperagpaitic rocks related to foyaites. The increased NaCl contents in the reaction system results in increased Ca content in the synthesised eudialyte-related compounds. The crystal-chemical formulae of the synthesised eudialyte-type compounds are derived based on general regularities established earlier for eudialyte-group minerals.

Rigorous idiography: Exploring subjective and idiographic data with rigorous methods-The method of derangements.

Psychological research often seeks general rules applying across individuals, an aim that is in tension with examining that which is unique to any individual. There are general statistical regularities across individuals' subjective self-report which enable much psychology and psychotherapy research to combine data from self-report questionnaire responses with statistical and psychometric methods to create a fundamental part of Cronbach and Meehl's foundational nomological networks of validity. However, these methods only apply when most participants answer the same questions on measures creating nomothetic data and this has led to a neglect of idiographic data. This paper reviews a method of analysis of idiographic data, of "rigorous idiography": the method of derangements. This is a remarkably simple statistical test of whether purely idiographic data convey reliable information. We show how the method appeared to become stuck in a bibliometric backwater but we expand on its potential for research and practise and hope it will be taken up and used correctly and more widely.

Migration Monitoring and Route Analysis of the Oriental Armyworm Mythimna separata (Walker) in Northeast China

The oriental armyworm Mythimna separata (Walker) is a worldwide migratory pest that threatens food security in China. Previous studies have clarified the general migration regularity of M. separata in East Asia, but knowledge of migration routes over northeast China, especially in autumn as well as the impact by climate change in recent years, is still limited. From 2017 to 2020, we monitored the migration of M. separata in northeast China by searchlight traps and simulated moth trajectories by the HYSPLIT model. The M. separata moths had three main migration periods in northeast China, and there were obvious seasonal differences at different latitudes. The spring and summer migrants (late May to early-mid June and late July to early August) came from the southern Shandong Province and migrated to the north via Hebei/Shandong-Liaoning-Jilin-Heilongjiang. Moreover, more than half of the autumn trapped insects from late August to mid-late September migrated in the provinces where the sites are located, southward via Heilongjiang-Jilin-Liaoning. These results clarified the migration route of M. separata in northeast China and their relationship with the insect source in north China, thereby providing a theoretical basis for regional monitoring, early warning, and management of the pest.

Техніко-економічне обґрунтування геометричних параметрів біонічних культиваторних лап на основі морфології риб

Therefore, the challenge of aligning the morphology of terrestrial and aquatic fauna with the surface of soil cultivation implements is relevant and requires attention. The research objective is to perform geometric calculations for bionic cultivation tines based on fish morphology and create their three-dimensional models. The analysis of fish morphology and locomotion, along with image processing using developed software in the Visual Studio C++ environment, OpenCV library, and reverse engineering methods, facilitated the approximation of the outer and inner contours of the tail fin of certain fish species. Through analytical investigations, the geometric calculations for the regression equations of convex and concave outer contours of bionic cultivation tines based on the morphology of fish tail fins were conducted, and their three-dimensional models were built using SolidWorks. The analysis of tail fin morphology allowed for the application of rays (radials) to cultivation tines. These rays are aligned along the axial line of the tail fin with displacement toward the outer contour. A general regularity in their arrangement was established and represented as a system of equations. Corresponding models of cultivation tines with guiding rays were constructed using software packages such as Wolfram Cloud and SolidWorks. From a technical and economic perspective, the implementation of the developed bionic cultivation tine shapes can reduce the equipment's drag resistance by 5–10%, leading to a higher economic benefit upon their adoption.

ЛІНГВІСТИЧНА ТИПОЛОГІЯ ЯК ОСОБЛИВИЙ ВИД СИСТЕМАТИЗАЦІЇ МОВ

Linguistic typology, as one of the main areas of language analysis, is focused on the study of the structural and functional features of at least two languages, regardless of the presence/absence of genetic kinship between them. This is one of the essential criteria that distinguish linguistic typology from comparative-historical studies in ontological and epistemological terms, that is, each of these directions has its own, clearly defined subject, principles and methods of research. Linguistic typology is capable of covering a wider range of general regularities and phenomena that are common to each of the compared languages. At the same time, the identified isomorphic features can be considered as general typological regularities inherent in the structure of the language, and not only as classification features. That is, at this level of analysis of linguistic units, the process of synthesis takes place during the study of the organization and classification of sound, word, sentence, and suprasyntactic units. Genealogical, typological and territorial are considered to be the current directions of systematization of languages in linguistics. Each of the directions is characterized by its own approaches, methods and research criteria in language research. The genealogical approach involves taking into account historical factors, thanks to which it is possible to identify family ties between the languages under analysis. The typological approach makes it possible to classify languages by linguistic type, according to the taxonomic criteria of structural relatedness or non-relatedness, similarity or dissimilarity, presence or absence of similar features between languages, regardless of their historical origin, territorial distribution and close or distant geographical location. In addition, linguistic typology deals with the study of type in language, language universals, isomorphism, amorphousness, allomorphism in language. The territorial approach to classification takes into account the principle of areal research, the purpose of which is to study languages that have been in close contact for a long time and even came under the influence of language convergence.

Анатомические особенности зубочелюстного аппарата у представителей рода Equus

This publication reflects the anatomical characteristics of the dentoalveolar apparatus in representatives of the genus Equus, as well as the frequency of its pathologies. The studies were conducted on the basis of the Department of Anatomy and Histology of Animals named after Prof. A. F. Klimov of the K. I. Skryabin Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biology and the craniological collection of the Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University named after M. V. Lomonosov. The object of the study were representatives of Equus (n=40): kulan, domestic horse, and Przewalski's horse at the age of 5–15 years. Methods of macromorphological analysis, morpho- and odontometry with the subsequent calculation of odontometric indices and statistical processing of the obtained numerical data were used. According to the results of the studies, the general ancestral regularities and peculiarities of anatomical organization of the dento-mandibular apparatus in representatives of Equus were established. On the basis of the analysis of odontometric indices the peculiarities of distribution of biomechanical load at masticatory act are established. At an estimation of a condition of the dento-mandibular apparatus of the horses studied, it is revealed, that the greater quantity of its pathological changes (92 %) has been found out in animals being in conditions with unnatural habitat. The obtained results are basic for diagnostics, identification and evaluation of pathomorphosis of dentoalveolar apparatus injuries in representatives of Equus.

A new class of fractional differential hemivariational inequalities with application to an incompressible Navier-Stokes system coupled with a fractional diffusion equation

This paper is devoted to the study of a new and complicated dynamical system, called a fractional differential hemivariational inequality, which consists of a quasilinear evolution equation involving the fractional Caputo derivative operator and a coupled generalized parabolic hemivariational inequality. Under certain general assumptions, existence and regularity of a mild solution to the dynamical system are established by employing a surjectivity result for weakly-weakly upper semicontinuous multivalued mappings, and a feedback iterative technique together with a temporally semi-discrete approach through the backward Euler difference scheme with quasi-uniform time-steps. To illustrate the applicability of the abstract results, we consider a nonstationary and incompressible Navier-Stokes system supplemented by a fractional reaction-diffusion equation, which is studied as a fractional hemivariational inequality. Bibliography: 57 titles.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ГІС ЯК ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО НАПРЯМУ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ РЕКРЕАЦІЙНО-ТУРИСТИЧНОЇ СИСТЕМИ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ПРИРОДНОГО ПАРКУ «СКОЛІВСЬКІ БЕСКИДИ»

The purpose of the article is to consider the conceptual foundations of the formation and functioning of recreational and touristic systems of nature protection territories on the example of the national nature park "Skolivski Beskydy", to justify the use of GIS as a direction of innovative development of the park's recreational and touristic system. Method. The research is based on the application of general scientific methods, such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, classification, generalization, as well as special cartographic, modeling, etc. methods. The results. The article examines the existing approaches to the functioning of spatial recreational (tourist) systems, investigates the general principles and regularities of the formation of tourist and recreational systems on the territory of national natural parks. The structure and tasks of the recreation and tourism system of the National nature park "Skolivski Beskydy" were considered. The functions of the main functions of the recreational and tourist system of the researched park are highlighted. Measures for the innovative development of the recreational and tourist system of the national natural park are proposed. Scientific novelty. The expediency of using GIS as a direction of innovative development of the recreational and tourist system of the national natural park is substantiated. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using the geo-informational recreational-tourism system of the national natural park for scientific, recreational-tourist, ecological-educational, management purposes.

A new class of fractional differential hemivariational inequalities with application to an incompressible Navier-Stokes system coupled with a fractional diffusion equation

This paper is devoted to the study of a new and complicated dynamical system, called a fractional differential hemivariational inequality, which consists of a quasilinear evolution equation involving the fractional Caputo derivative operator and a coupled generalized parabolic hemivariational inequality. Under certain general assumptions, existence and regularity of a mild solution to the dynamical system are established by employing a surjectivity result for weakly-weakly upper semicontinuous multivalued mappings, and a feedback iterative technique together with a temporally semi-discrete approach through the backward Euler difference scheme with quasi-uniform time-steps. To illustrate the applicability of the abstract results, we consider a nonstationary and incompressible Navier-Stokes system supplemented by a fractional reaction-diffusion equation, which is studied as a fractional hemivariational inequality.

Generative myocardial motion tracking via latent space exploration with biomechanics-informed prior.

Myocardial motion and deformation are rich descriptors that characterize cardiac function. Image registration, as the most commonly used technique for myocardial motion tracking, is an ill-posed inverse problem which often requires prior assumptions on the solution space. In contrast to most existing approaches which impose explicit generic regularization such as smoothness, in this work we propose a novel method that can implicitly learn an application-specific biomechanics-informed prior and embed it into a neural network-parameterized transformation model. Particularly, the proposed method leverages a variational autoencoder-based generative model to learn a manifold for biomechanically plausible deformations. The motion tracking then can be performed via traversing the learnt manifold to search for the optimal transformations while considering the sequence information. The proposed method is validated on three public cardiac cine MRI datasets with comprehensive evaluations. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can outperform other approaches, yielding higher motion tracking accuracy with reasonable volume preservation and better generalizability to varying data distributions. It also enables better estimates of myocardial strains, which indicates the potential of the method in characterizing spatiotemporal signatures for understanding cardiovascular diseases.

Gender Settings in City Design

The article discusses the issue of gender principle in city design, which is presented to designers as the basic approach to the modern design theory. It’s manifestation in architecture and design can be considered in various aspects, related to composition in creating the architectural form: shape, color, texture, material. In addition to material components, gender in architecture and design is manifested in a special zoning of space and sound environment. The article also reveals the content of the categories of “feminine” and “masculine” in terms of the construction of gender metaphors: plastic contrasts, semantic contrasts, spheres of association. The issue of conscious consideration of gender factor in the design process raises the problem of understanding the general regularities of its development in the design of the city, the relationship with the socio-cultural processes and historical conditions. The authors consider the manifestation of gender factor at various levels of city design: formation of the image and branding of the city, the urban plan and urban structure, the urban ensemble and the architectural object, the design content of the urban environment, visual communications and dynamic forms. Each of the levels has a certain independence and its own forms of interaction with other types of design and artistic activity. Therefore, the manifestation of “gender” in urban design should be considered at similar hierarchical levels. As the study has shown, in architecture and art there is an increase in the diversity of gender manifestations, expanding the range of gender roles, increasing the contrast between feminine and masculine, gender metaphors act as a form of individualization and enhancement of expressiveness of the image. Metaphorical comprehension of the design situation in terms of feminine and masculine allows to reveal additional contrasts and enhance the expressiveness of the artistic image.

Structure formation of hyper-compacted and modified concrete

Production of axisymmetric products -pressure and non-pressure pipes, rings, wells, bridges and drainage elements represents one of the main branches of construction industry in water and wastewater industry of Uzbekistan and Central Asian republics. However, positive tendencies of its development are only emerging and still do not meet the potential of progressive, competitive and economical modern technology, capable of providing significant shifts in reduction of resource intensity of new products, expansion of raw material base of construction industry and involvement of technogenic products into its balance, as well as solution of important economic and environmental problems. Prospects for further development of high-efficiency tubular goods production and scientific and technological progress of their production are largely determined by the importance of regularities and methods of controlling technological processes of structure formation with regard to given high level of product quality and criteria of resource intensity of production. In this regard, the analysis of general regularities of material structure formation in the complex process of hypercompaction and cementations modification in axisymmetric concrete is of primary importance.

Искусственное разделение единого административного правонарушения лицензионных требований в сфере управления многоквартирными домами

The paper deals with the problem of qualification and artificial division of a single administrative offense related to the presence of a debt to the public utilities suppliers by a managing company amounting double average monthly accrual when implementing the entrepreneurial activities on the management of apartment buildings with a gross violation of license requirements. The paper reveals the elements of administrative offense provided by part 3 of Art. 14.1.3 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses. The author pays the particular attention to the analysis of small, but critically important judicial practice. Often the positions of regional courts contradict the positions of the RF Supreme Court and the general principles of administrative law. A problem of artificial division of a single offense into several independent ones was identified, since the disposition of part 3 of Art. 14.1.3 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses is formulated inaccurately. Failure to fulfill the obligation for timely mutual settlements with a resource supplying organization may be erroneously qualified as several offenses, depending on the number of suppliers to whom the debt arose, and depending on the period of occurrence of such debt. Such an approach to law enforcement is found among the prosecution and housing supervision authorities. This problem leads to the repeated application of administrative punishment, when a single offense is qualified as several. The study identified general regularities in the approaches of superior courts, starting from the cassation level. These regularities allow determining the more precise conditions for qualifying gross violations of license requirements in the sphere of housing and utilities infrastructure in accordance with part 3 of Article 14.1.3 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses.

Identifying a space-dependent source term in distributed order time-fractional diffusion equations

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>The aim of this paper is to investigate an inverse problem of recovering a space-dependent source term governed by distributed order time-fractional diffusion equations in Hilbert scales. Such a problem is ill-posed and has important practical applications. For this problem, we propose a general regularization method based on the idea of the filter method. With a suitable source condition, we prove that the method is of optimal order under various choices of regularization parameter. One is based on the a priori regularization parameter choice rule and another one is the discrepancy principle. Finally, the capabilities of our method are illustrated by both the Tikhonov and the Landweber method.</p>

МІЖКУЛЬТУРНІ (УКРАЇНСЬКО-ПОЛЬСЬКІ) ЗВ’ЯЗКИ В КУРСІ ВИВЧЕННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРИ У СТАРШІЙ ШКОЛІ

Different types of international literary contacts in Ukrainian literature studying are analyzed in the article. Special attention is paid to research of different nations relations (Ukrainian-Polish) on the material of historical subjects texts. First of all, the article analyses the works of the representatives of the “Ukrainian school” in Polish literature (S. Goszczynski, B. Zaleski, J. Slowacki, Z. Fisz). Also, the comparative approach makes it possible to establish the general regularities of the formation of romanticism as a method and direction in world literature (for example, in the various genre works of J. Byron, V. Hugo, J. Słowacki, B. Zaleski, K. Ryleev, T. Bulgarin, B. Lepkyi, etc. the means of romantic poetics are excavated: the cult of a strong personality, for which the struggle for freedom, both personal and of one’s nation, is important, striving for an ideal when creating a personosphere, unusual passions of heroes, mysterious, illicit love and punishment for it, significant aesthetic load of descriptions of nature, connection of the latter with human life. Considerable attention is paid to the life and creative pages of the biographies of Taras Shevchenko and Ivan Franko (in particular, the Polish-Lithuanian and, accordingly, Polish-Austrian component in their life work), which provide a wide scope for studying intercultural contacts, as well as the Polish component in the biographies of I. Nechui-Levytskyi and P. Hulak-Artemovskyi. The article examines various fictional versions (Polish and Ukrainian) of well-known historical events and figures (Khmelnytskyi region, Koliivshchyna, Hetman Mazepa, Sultanka Roksolana). A lot of space is given to the translation heritage, which contains an important potential for the realisation of intercultural contacts. The role of the regional factor (i.e., literary local history), which should be taken into account when teaching literature, is emphasised. The comparison of the similar and different in two phenomena of different national literatures improves the understanding of each of them as a unique and original phenomenon of art and at the same time an integral part of the world literary process. The international context should be especially emphasized when teaching the course to foreign students or students of the faculty of foreign languages.

Comparison of general regularities inherent to structures of surface cracks and stresses near the tips of spatial cracks

Comparison of general regularities inherent to structures of surface cracks and stresses near the tips of spatial cracks

Характеристика розподілу хімічних елементів у вертикальному розрізі торфів за допомогою рентген-флуоресцентного аналізу (родовище Гончари, Львівська область)

This article discusses the features of peat analysis using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis in order to study its qualitative and quantitative elemental composition, including heavy metals. The distribution of chemical elements is an indicator of various processes in geochemical and biological systems, by using of which it is possible to reproduce the conditions of accumulation of mineral deposits. This analysis is an important component of a comprehensive study of peat formation features, the environmental friendliness of peat extraction, and also for determining the suitability of peat for industrial use. We analyzed the content of chemical elements in peat samples taken at different depths using a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The article considers the main characteristics of the spectrum of individual elements, depending on the atomic number. In order to establish the general regularity of the distribution of 20 chemical elements in peat samples, we performed a mathematical and statistical analysis of the obtained data: calculation of the main statistical characteristics of chemical elements distribution (average, minimum and maximum values, median, variance, coefficient of variation, etc.), calculation of correlation matrices, selection of typomorphic geochemical associations of chemical elements using cluster and factor analyses. We singled out two types of factors that are decisive and influence the accumulation of chemical elements in the investigated peat: “organogenic” and “natural” (lithological), which are decisive, and a secondary factor –anthropogenic. We compared the obtained results with the average values obtained from the results of spectral semi-quantitative analysis of peat ash samples taken at depths of 0.1–7 m in the same region. We evaluated the possibility and efficiency of using a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer for the analysis of the macro- and microelement composition of peats with different ash content. It has been established that portable X-ray fluorescence analysis is a powerful tool for fast and high-quality elemental analysis of peat, and the range of its application depends on specific research goals and tasks.

Закономірності росту плоских тріщин в пластинах

The general regularities of the influence of the geometric parameters of a fatigue crack on the direction of its growth in elastic plates under uniaxial tension were studied. Straight cracks, cracks in the form of a full cosine period, cracks in the form of a circle arc and kinked cracks were considered in a broad range of their geometric parameters variations. The direction of crack growth was determined in accordance with the criteria of maximum tangential (circumferential) stresses. The stress intensity factor of mode I and mode II of fracture were determined numerically using the finite element method. The obtained results made it possible to conclude that in the case of smooth crack faces, the direction of its growth primarily depends on the angle between the tangent at the crack tip and the direction of tension. It was established that the presence of a corner point of the faces near crack tip significantly affects the direction of crack growth in the case of small angles, between the tangent and the direction of tension. For such cases, numerically, it was not possible to achieve a continuous limiting transition in the results when the corner point approaches the tip. This circumstance complicates the issue of choosing the size of the initial crack growth step.

РОССИЯ КАК ЕВРАЗИЯ: ИДЕОЛОГИЯ НАУЧНОГО ПОИСКА НА РУБЕЖЕ XIX–XX ВВ.

The article makes actual and examines, by tracing the example of Russia at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, the problem of societal, or socio-cultural, context of developing the scientific knowledge, which is important for comprehending the general regularities, conditions, and factors of the scientific progress. Taking into account the content and direction of influences from the authorities and society on the development of the Russian science during that period, they are conditionally defined in the article as “an ideology of scientific search”. The changes that occurred in economic policies, social relations, and the ideological atmosphere with the end of the post-reform period, as well as a new range of modernization tasks facing Russia for the coming period, have combined to create a situation of acute reflection of critical problems of developing the scientific knowledge on the part of representatives of science and public figures. The article argues that at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, with the strengthening of modernization trends, the signs of overcoming this situation and heightening the authority and influence of the science became more noticeable. The striking illustration of this change is the constructive dialogue between the authorities and the scientific community, as well as the involvement of the country’s leading scientists in the implementation of major economic projects. The essential feature of a new social atmosphere during that period became the consolidation of national self-awareness, the rethinking of Russia’s civilizational and geopolitical self-determination, the strengthening of the eastward, “Eaurasian” vector in the content and direction of the scientific researches. These trends have been analyzed in the article using the example of the scientific works of V. V. Dokuchaev, D. I. Mendeleev, and V. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shanskiy.

“THE RELIEF OF EUROPE” AND THE PARADIGM OF GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE FUTURE (CONCLUSIONS TO THE FIRST TRAINING MANUAL ON THE RELIEF OF CONTINENTS WRITTEN IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE)

The article emphasizes the need to prepare training manuals on the geomorphology of large land areas. The relief of continents (their parts) and parts of the world is an object of regional geomorphology. The author substantiates the structure and content of the textbook "The relief of Europe", the first written in Ukrainian on the geomorphology of the continents. The manual consists of an introduction, 2 chapters, conclusions and a list of references. The manual uses 6 schematic maps, 9 digital maps, 2 tables, and 28 color photos. The first section of the manual is devoted to issues of planetary geomorphology – the main regularities of Earth's relief forms. Geotexture, morphostructure and morphosculpture are the categories of their are considered as parts of their size-genetic classification and its critical assessment is given (1.1). In 1.2 the planetary features of the Earth's relief at the level of the largest geotextures – continental ridges and ocean depressions are considered (the time of formation and the main trends in the process of the Earth's evolution - the increase in the area of the oceans at the expense of the continents; the sequence of the appearance of the main types of the Earth's crust in the process of the geological evolution of the Earth; the scheme of the geological evolution of the Earth's lithosphere: oceanic-type crust > transition-type crust > continental crust). In 1.3 the considered geomorphological stage of the Earth's development (the beginning of the end of the Paleozoic – the beginning of the Mesozoic – the breakup of Pangea), during which the main features of the modern relief were formed. It is characterized by the following trends: oceanization (expansion and deepening of ocean depressions through the destruction of ancient platforms; increasing the area of continents due to the joining of young platforms (plates); tectonic activation of continents (epiplatform orogeny and the formation of reborn mountains). In 1.4 general regularities of the Earth's morphostructure are considered – 14 types of main morphostructures of plain-platform areas, mountain (orogenic) areas, high platforms and revived mountains, the age and history of the development of land morphostructures, the role of the neotectonic stage, the importance of studying alignment surfaces and hydrographic basins in the study of morphostructure. General regularities of the morphosculpture of the Earth – modern zonal and ancient and the influence of the latter on the development of modern, azonal types of morphosculpture are considered (1.5). The second section consists of general and regional parts. The main regularities of geotexture, morphostructure and morphosculpture of Europe are considered in the general part. In the regional part, modern and ancient geomorphological formations of the author's accepted taxonomic units of geomorphological zoning of Europe (4 zones and 13 countries) are considered. In the conclusions, the author, using data from geology, geomorphology, planetology, substantiates, in his opinion, the content of the future paradigm of geomorphology. Key words: relief of Europe, geotecture; morphostructure; morphosculpture; morphochronodynamic concept; thermodynamic evolution of the Earth.