ЛІНГВІСТИЧНА ТИПОЛОГІЯ ЯК ОСОБЛИВИЙ ВИД СИСТЕМАТИЗАЦІЇ МОВ

Abstract

Linguistic typology, as one of the main areas of language analysis, is focused on the study of the structural and functional features of at least two languages, regardless of the presence/absence of genetic kinship between them. This is one of the essential criteria that distinguish linguistic typology from comparative-historical studies in ontological and epistemological terms, that is, each of these directions has its own, clearly defined subject, principles and methods of research. Linguistic typology is capable of covering a wider range of general regularities and phenomena that are common to each of the compared languages. At the same time, the identified isomorphic features can be considered as general typological regularities inherent in the structure of the language, and not only as classification features. That is, at this level of analysis of linguistic units, the process of synthesis takes place during the study of the organization and classification of sound, word, sentence, and suprasyntactic units. Genealogical, typological and territorial are considered to be the current directions of systematization of languages in linguistics. Each of the directions is characterized by its own approaches, methods and research criteria in language research. The genealogical approach involves taking into account historical factors, thanks to which it is possible to identify family ties between the languages under analysis. The typological approach makes it possible to classify languages by linguistic type, according to the taxonomic criteria of structural relatedness or non-relatedness, similarity or dissimilarity, presence or absence of similar features between languages, regardless of their historical origin, territorial distribution and close or distant geographical location. In addition, linguistic typology deals with the study of type in language, language universals, isomorphism, amorphousness, allomorphism in language. The territorial approach to classification takes into account the principle of areal research, the purpose of which is to study languages that have been in close contact for a long time and even came under the influence of language convergence.