Generative Grammar Research Articles

LINGUISTIC ENTREES FOR BUILDING AND DEVELOPING THE ARABIC LANGUAGE CURRICULUM CONTENT

This article aims to highlight the role that generative linguistics play in developing the Arabic language curriculum Content, by adopting the universal grammar theory that seeks to explain how humans acquire linguistic knowledge from one side, and in all the means and medias that characterize languages from another. Also,this article presents the importance of benifiting from advanced scientific theories in the field of modern applied research, in order to crystallize good educational content that improves learners’ performance at the level of linguistic structure.Moreover, this research looked into organizing the educational content, for selecting knowledge that suits learners' level , in terms of teaching vocabulary and grammar. Then the new technology and the main techniques and components that are optimal for teaching the content of the Arabic language curriculum.

Systemic Functional Linguistics to Preserve Interpersonal and Ideational Meaning in English-Indonesian Translation

Systemic functional linguistic (SFL) is a language theory that emphasize social function of a language in realizing meaning. Traditional ways of translating Indonesian text has relied heavily on generative grammar or grammar translation method. Using this method, the grammatical function of an utterance may be well preserved yet at the stake of meaning shift. Register (field, mode and tenor) is an important feature in SFL that may help translators preserving ideational meaning and tenor from the source language to target language. English sentences on specific scenarios are translated into Indonesian and vice versa using grammar translation method and systemic functional linguistic. The results are compared to observe translation shift, ideational, interpersonal and textual meaning. The findings showed that grammar translation method fail to transfer the ideational meaning into Indonesian despite preserving experiential features are intact. This does not happen in systemic functional linguistic approach since the approach requires preserving the functional meaning of a sentence instead of the grammar. The grammar categories may change using SFL but the functional meaning is well preserved. Emphasizing functional meaning instead of grammatical function enable translators to deliver equal meaning in Indonesian. While tenor is not a problem in the translation of Indonesian to English, translators need to carefully consider field, mode and tenor when translation texts from English to Indonesian.

An Analysis of Case Grammar in English Film Dialogue: A New Perspective of Linguistic Modern

Abstract. Fillmore is modern linguistic figure who pioneered the emergence of case grammar theory. He stated that case grammar is a new version of the theory modified from the old theory, namely generative transformation grammar. He developed case grammar after seeing a problem with the grammar of generative transformations. Thus, he declared that case grammar consists of two basic components: modality and proposition. In a line with this background, the purposes of this study are: (1) to reveal the modality in the film “Enola Holmes” based on the perspective of Charles J. Fillmore; (2) to reveal the preposition in the film “Enola Holmes” based on the perspective of Charles J. Fillmore. The type of this study is qualitative descriptive study. Data is in the form of conversation in the film. Thus, the data were taken through watching, listening, and note-taking techniques. The data was analyzed by using three steps. They are data reduction: researchers classified data based on elements of case grammar theory including modalities and propositions, data presentation: researchers displayed data in the form of the table in accordance of modalities and propositions, and interpreted data based on case grammar theory, and conclusion: researchers conducted data induction from interpretation results and ensured that the interpretation results fulfilled the elements of case grammar theory. The results show that the modality in the film “Enola Holmes” based on the perspective of Charles J. Fillmore consists of three modalities. They are tense modality, adverb modality, and negation modality. At the same time, the proposition consists of ten types. They are agentive case (A), experiential case (E), instrument case (I), objective case (O), source case (S), goal case (G), locative case (L), time case (T), companion case (CMP), and benefactive case (B). The results of this study strengthen Fillmore’s theory which states that as a part of sentence structures, modalities and propositions have types and forms and in the context of English film dialogue, the emergence of modalities and propositions is influenced by sentence structure used by the speaker in conveying his meaning.Keywords: Case Grammar, Film, Modality, Proposition

The Translation and Exegesis of the Religious Texts and the Need for Religious Linguistics

Linguistics, the science which studies the humanitarian languagesscientifically, tackled from its beginning in the 19th century certain linguistic aspectssuch as, Phonetics, Syntax, Morphology, and Semantics. In the course of time, thisscience has witnessed continuous developments so as to include other lingualdisciplines and secondary lingual sciences, like Historical Linguistics,Psycholinguistics, Contrastive Linguistics, not to mention the other lingual sciencesand theories, such as Language Acquisition and Learning, Discourse Analysis,Stylistics and others. In spite of the fact that all these disciplines have come aboutfrom General Linguistics, still there is a field which needs a great deal of study andconcern, namely the effect of the religious texts or religion in general on language. Itis a well-known fact that different religious interpretations and exegeses, especiallythose dealt with Divine religions, created sectarian outlooks which led to blood shedsin European Christian communities since the middle ages and recently amongstArab and Muslim peoples. This can be attributed to the lack of understandinglanguages since they are pregnant with rich heritages of their own, something whichrequires the need of dedicating a new branch of linguistic study, namely ReligiousLinguistics. The oriental linguists, whether Muslims, Christians and Jews cancontribute greatly in this field of studies since these Jewish, Christian and Islamicholy books were basically written in their Hebrew, Aramaic/Syriac and Arabicrespectively, and had different translations and exegeses. Such a new field, then, willlead to revise the holy books, their exegeses, rhetoric, idioms, style and all theirlingual aspects scientifically, and to more understating, harmony and rapprochementbetween all the followers of these religions.

Less-known pages of the history of Georgian-Baltic scientific relations: George Akhvlediani and Jānis Endzelīns

Professor George Akhvlediani (1887-1973) was the great Georgian scholar with multiple interests. He worked in several areas of linguistic inquiry. He wrote major works on general linguistics, general and experimental phonetics, speech therapy, Indo-Europeanand Kartvelian languages, some of them being seminal. After having received higher education at Kharkiv and Petrograd universities, Akhvlediani returned to his homeland and became one of the founders of Tbilisi University (26/1/1918). He pioneered in such disciplines as general linguistics and general phonetics. He was in charge of the Department of General Linguistics which played a historical role in the emergence and development of the linguistics thought in Georgia. It should be noted that Jānis Endzelīns (1873-1961), the great Latvian philologist and linguist, immensely contributed to Akhvlediani’s training as a scholar. He has been aknowledged as a major expert of the Baltic languages and an ornament in the field of comparative-historical linguistics. George Akhvlediani was awarded a gold medal for his oeuvre “An essay of the history of liquid and nasal consonants in Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, and Slavic languages”. Professor Endzelīns wrote a comprehensive review on the work and highly appreciated it. George Akhvlediani always recalled the consideration and care shown by Jānis Endzelīns with great gratitude, evidenced by their correspondence. Five letters, sent by Endzelīns to Tbilisi, addressed to Akhvlediani, are kept in the Museum of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University.

Teori Tata Bahasa Generatif Transformatif Chomsky serta Aplikasinya dalam Gramatikal Bahasa Arab

This article aims to examine Chomsky's Transformative Generative language theory and its application in Arabic grammar. The method used in this study is qualitative based on literature study, which is a research method that provides an explanation by using analysis based on the literature that supports TGT studies. The research object of this study is Chomsky's language theory, namely Transformative Generative Grammar (TGT). This research answers two questions. First, "How is the explanation of Chomsky's generative transformative theory?". Second, "how is the generative transformative theory applied to Arabic grammar? The results of this study are that there are concepts used to understand TGT including: inner structure and outer structure (At-Tarokib As-Sathiyah and Tarokib Al-Asasiyah); competence and performance (Al Kifayatul Lughowiyah and Al-Adaaul Kalamiy); generative and transformative (At-Taulidiyah wa Tahwiliyah). Generative rules have forms like the rules found in standard writing. These rules include: Ruknun Fi'liyun consists of 1) fi'il + Ruknun Ismiy (Fa'il + Ma'ulun bih); 2) Ruknun Ismiy (Harf Jar + Alif Lam Ta'rif + Isim). While the Transformation Rules include: 1) Elimination (Harf, Isim, Fi'il, Amount); 2) Expansion; 3) Addition; 4) Change of Order; 5) replacement; 6) Abbreviation.

“Uvod u znanost o japanskom jeziku: Osnovna obilježja, glasovni sustav i leksički slojevi”: Book Review

“Uvod u znanost o japanskom jeziku: Osnovna obilježja, glasovni sustav i leksički slojevi” is a groundbreaking work on Japanese linguistics written in Croatian language. The book’s primary contribution lies in its methodical exploration of diverse facets of the Japanese language and the accomplishments of linguistic research related to it, all while considering the perspective of Croatian and other Slavic languages. By delving into the language’s structure, grammar, and unique characteristics from a Japanese perspective, this monograph enriches the reader’s comprehension of the Japanese language. As a valuable resource, it caters to both Croatian-speaking Japanese language students and those interested in general linguistics. The book comprises four informative chapters, along with an appendix that covers fundamental aspects of the Japanese writing system.

Types of autonomous V-final clauses

Abstract In German (and Dutch), main clauses and dependent clauses differ clearly with respect to form. Main clauses are always V2 and autonomous (with speech act status) while dependent ones are verb-final/VL (V-last) and nonautonomous (without speech act status). This paper is about autonomous clauses with the form of dependent clauses (i.e. VL-form, also captured in the literature under the term insubordinate subordination, coined by Evans, Nicholas. 2007. Insubordination and its uses. In Irina Nikolaeva (ed.), Finiteness: Theoretical and empirical foundations, 366–431. Oxford: Oxford University Press). In the recent literature, it has been argued that in order to explain the occurrence of autonomous dependent clauses in the historical development of German, the introducing main clause fell elliptically leaving behind a dependent form with autonomous status. The present paper argues that this account is false. Dependent forms can exist independently. Since speech act autonomy of dependent forms exists with certain (albeit not all) complementizers, a special account is provided. It is argued that this development typical of modern German, matches with the tendency toward an illocutionary semantics in its own right. Parallels for the latter path of grammaticalization are drawn from several languages other than German. The importance of the concerns for modern generative grammar is a twofold one: first, it provides insights into how independent (autonomous), but formally dependent sentences divide into several kinds of modality that are expressed in the left sentential periphery; and, second, it shows in which ways speaker-perspective is grammaticalized.

Harnessing generative grammars and genetic algorithms for immersive 2D maps

Modern games typically demand varied, detailed, and wide maps. In particular, 2D game maps are typically designed as a combination of smaller pieces called tiles, so positioning each tile on a map layer is analogous to colorizing a pixel using a palette. However, building a map is an exhaustive process that consumes a lot of planning and maintenance time from a multidisciplinary team, including artists and designers. Consequently, PCG techniques emerge as an attractive solution to this challenge. We propose a novel PCG technique to assist designers in writing rules applied to a balanced combination of genetic algorithms and generative grammar. Our implementation supports generating two-dimensional pathways and places detailed objects (e.g., plants, flowers, forest, etc.) along the path while following a desired distribution given beforehand by the designer. Notably, our PCG method allows the generation of variable transitions of biomes around a road and these results are compatible with real-world technologies for game development and prototyping. Our method can aid designers in various specific modeling tasks regarding environments with two or more dimensions since the results are sufficiently interpretable to undergo subsequent human intervention.

The role of A. I. Smirnitsky in the debate about the status of the word in twentieth-century linguistics (to the 120th anniversary of the birth)

The article analyses the role of A. I. Smirnitsky’s works on general linguistics in determining the status of the word as the central unit of the language system. I consider A. I. Smirnitsky’s ideas which are still relevant today. They concern the criteria for distinguishing between a word and a morpheme, a word and a phrase, a word and a phraseological unit, and so on based on the semantic and formal characteristics of the word. Combining certain features of other units of the language system, the word as the basic linguistic unit is at the intersection of vocabulary and word formation, morphology and syntax.

QUEST FOR THE TRUTH IN TRANSLATION: TO THE ONTOLOGICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALYSIS IN TRANSLATION

The paper presents an attempt to explain the phenomenon of correspondence in translation through the notion of truth. The truth of translation is conceived as a complex category that manifests itself through a system of functional oppositions. The central object of this study, contrastively combining all the aspects of translation, is transformation. The paper stands against a unilateral structural linguistic view on the phenomenon of transformation, considering transformation as an interpretative means of translation combining invariable and variable sides. The paper equates transformation to interpretation in translation. In translation the interpretation is represented by transformation. Constructively any interpretation unfolds from its invariable side to its variable side. In the usual scenario of communication, interpretation represents a transition from the linguistic form to the sense where the sense is variable representing a common field of understanding shared between communicants. In translation, the sense is the invariable side; consequently, the interpretation unfolds from the sense to the linguistic form. The link between the invariable and variable sides in translation is treated in terms of inductive logic. The equivalence is seen through the category of transitivity (a potential substitutability of semantic elements on the basis of the same sense). The truth of translation is a binary category with the sense being its foundation and the referential semantic side being its boundary where semantic variability up to some limits is supposed. The interrelationship between the boundary and the foundation of the truth is the matter of analytical work of interpreter. The truth of translation is subject to the logical verification and falsification procedures. The logical procedures precede the translation forming the base of the subsequent decision the interpreter takes to choose an equivalent. The paper deals also with the function of style, sociocultural and figurative nuances in translation. From this perspective, categories of foreignization and domestication in their functional interconnection are taken into consideration. Their interconnection means that one category may result from the other. The paper presents a number of examples of English-Russian and Portuguese-Russian translation. The paper may be of interest to specialists in translation studies, contrastive linguistics and general linguistics.

The Construction of Complex Sentences with Predicative Phrases of Transitive Verbs in Japanese Language Learners Utterances: A Transformational Generative Grammar Study

This research examines how fukubun (complex sentence) with transitive verbs is constructed in the utterance of Japanese language learners in universities. The fukubun constructions are described and analyzed through transformational generative grammar. This research method is descriptive-qualitative, with data collection techniques in the form of semi-structured interviews. Data analysis uses an analytical approach of transformational generative grammar, namely analysis of phrase structure rules and analysis of the transformation process. The results showed that there were 4 (four) types of B-derived constructs, namely: BB type, BB (1) type, BB (2) type, and BB (3) type. Among the four types of derivatives, type BB construction is dominant in the utterance of learners. This is indicated by the tendency to use the BB-type construction when describing various situations, even though the utterance events use various conjunctions. The dominance of the BB-type shows that the utterances by learners are still relatively simple because it only requires one object in the subordination clause and main clause. Furthermore, B fukubun found eight varieties of conjunctive transformation used in this type. All varieties of conjunctive transformation appeared in the BB-type construction, with relatively frequent use of causality, serial, selection/alternative, and temporal conjunctions. The T-process analysis shows several tendencies in the elementary transformation process in the utterance, namely the omission of the subject in both the subordination clause or the main clause, the merger of the subject or the predicate of the verb, whereas in causality conjunctive transformation learners showed a more varied and complex T-process.

Использование аппарата ситуационной семантики для моделирования процесса порождения речи

The paper analyzes and systematizes certain elements of the conceptual and terminological apparatus of situational semantics, which is required for modeling the process of speech generation. Involving the works of Russian and foreign scholars, the authors present a part of the conceptual and terminological apparatus of situational semantics relevant to generative theory: the paper systematically defines and interprets the elements of the conceptual and terminological apparatus, demonstrates its use to describe the situation in the process of utterance generation and speech generation as a whole. The aim of the study is to show the expediency of applying the apparatus of situational semantics for modeling the process of utterance generation. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that on the basis of using the apparatus of situational semantics, a number of sociocultural (discursive) factors lacking in the models of Chomskyan generative grammar were included into the generative model of utterances. As a result, the terminological apparatus needed for achieving the above-mentioned aim was formed from disparate elements and systematized and its application in the course of analyzing utterance generation was demonstrated.

The influence of General Linguistics on Chinese Linguistics

The influence of General Linguistics on Chinese Linguistics

ТЕКСТТИН МЕТОДИКАЛЫК ЖАКТАН ИШТЕЛИШИ

The text has been widely studied linguistically not only in general linguistics, but also in Kyrgyz linguistics, a number of theoretical and practical issues have been resolved. One of the main requirements is to improve its practical aspect in teaching. After all, texts can form a theoretical basis for the formation of all the competencies of students (students, pupils) and in teaching and learning a language, the text is the main means, and communication is necessarily carried out through texts. In an article about research and knowledge of the language and texts of the Kyrgyz people developed orally, mentioned by scientists I. Arabaev, E. Maanaev, A. Osmonkulov, K. Sartbaev, K. Tynystanov, S. Namatov, S. Davletov, Zh. Chimanova, M. Eshieva, Z. Tagaeva conducted a scientific analysis. The relevance of the valuable proposals of these scientists on theoretical and practical issues of teaching related speech and text today is noted and it is proposed to use them in the educational process and research.

TERMS AND METHODS USED IN FORENSIC LINGUISTICS AND DUTIES OF THE EXPERT

In the research, forensic linguistics was considered as a young branch of linguistics. In modern science, it is very important to reveal the paradigmatic essence of the science of linguistic expertise. The paper examines the scientific apparatus of forensic linguistics of a new direction in general linguistics, the names of concepts characteristic of this field, and describes the conclusions of research scholars who have studied it. The analysis of some judicial expert processes is also carried out. It is known that forensic linguistics began to form at the junction of language and law as a new area of expertise. This field of science is becoming very important and relevant due to the lack of a system of linguistic and legal concepts and its unified terminology and the high demand for theoretical and applied linguistics. Until the present, no comparative analysis of the subject and the subject of the study of judicial linguistics and speech education in court has been conducted. Therefore, this study creates prerequisites for the formation of the theory of Kazakh forensic linguistics based on theoretical conclusions in linguistics. Investigations on the intersection of interdisciplinary sciences open up new facets of the field of pragmalinguistics of linguistics and contributes to the deepening of knowledge.

Системность и целостность языка в контексте интегрирован-ного знания о человеке

The article states that the systematicity of language is formed on the basis of its ontological integrity and becomes available for study only in the light of interdisciplinarity with reference to the basic dimensions of Human species-specific organization of mind and brain activities. The author offers a working definition of the language system in the context of its integrity, considers epistemological issues related to the emergence of conceptually different approaches to the explication of language systematicity, focuses on the role of material substrate of the language, considers fundamental domestic contribution to the development of the general theory and systemology of language proceeding from the ontological grounds for its integrity. The author touches upon applied significance of this approach for the development of the general theory of language and its practical implementation at such Universities where courses of general linguistics are taught, as well as in the construction of interdisciplinary dialogue, and in the study of problematic aspects of interethnic communication. On the example of the psychological meanings of several lexemes functioning as operators in the promotion of ethnopolitical concepts which are behind culture-bound scenarios of different participants in interethnic communication, the author shows the role of the integrity of the image of the world as a semantic substrate of language consciousness in the adaptation of ethnopolitically marked borrowings in the Russian language. The analysis was carried out on the basis of the latest associative-verbal databases collected within the framework of the SIBAS project (Siberia and the Far East: 2008-2022), in comparison with similar, earlier all-Russian and synchronous European sources.

OLEKSANDR BONDAR’S SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE

The article is dedicated to the research of the scientific heritage of Oleksandr Ivanovich Bondar – a famous Ukrainian linguist, professor, doctor of philological sciences, whose 70th birthday will be celebrated by the scientific community in 2022. The purpose of our article is to understand the place and significance of the scientific heritage of O. I. Bondar in modern linguistics. The object of observation is the scientific creativity of the professor. The subject of study is the problem of his linguistic development. The source base for our observation was the scientific heritage of the linguist. We set ourselves the following tasks: to reveal the problems of Professor Bondar’s scientific works; determine the specifics of his scientific activity; describe fragments of the ideological space of the linguist’s scientific discourse. The work uses such general scientific methods of research as analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, observation, thematic and ideologue portraiture of the scientist’s personality. It was found that O. I. Bondar actively worked in such scientific areas as: history of the Ukrainian language, Ukrainian dialectology, word-form, syntax, lexicography, functional grammar, phonology, lexicology, terminology, linguistic ecology, Ukrainian orthography, text linguistics, sociolinguistics, general linguistics, Slavic studies, Japanese studies, comparison of Ukrainian and Japanese languages, translation studies, computer linguistics etc. Among them is linguistic ecology, a comparative analysis of the Ukrainian and Japanese languages, the study of which the scientist initiated himself. Knowledge of languages, non-standard thinking of a scientist and the desire to learn new things, not only in the field of his specialty, but also far beyond it – all this served as the basis on which the research self of Professor Bondar was formed. The article focuses attention on the innovative views of O. I. Bondar: the question of studying the category of temporality in the Ukrainian language is considered; the problem related to determining the time of emergence of the Ukrainian language; the quantitative composition of phonemes in the modern Ukrainian language and the degree of phonemicity of phonemes are substantiated; the theory of language as humanitarian capital; the issue of language as the main ethnic- forming factor for Ukrainians is highlighted. Conclusions. The ideological space of the researcher’s scientific works is based on the desire to study the language and its diverse phenomena as an integral dynamic object that is in close relationship with all other realities of human existence. Hence the multi-vector nature of the linguist’s works. Scientific work of O. I. Bondar, in particular the research perspectives outlined by him, his unusual “optics” of scientific observations, peculiar methods of studying linguistic phenomena, are the source of the further development of many areas of linguistic science.

Generative Phonology Models of Universal Grammar: Constraint-Based Optimality Theory as Opposed to the Rule-Based SPE Model

Current linguistic theory presumes languages to be essentially similar because individuals have a genetic inclination to acquire language. Linguists strive to create a model of this abstract universal grammar that captures the core commonalities among different languages while allowing room for all the subtle differences that naturally occur in human speech. This all-encompassing theory of universal grammar would accurately distinguish between possible grammars and impossible grammars. This paper examines the main tenets of the two major generative phonology models of universal grammar: SPE’s Generative Phonology theory representing rule-based, derivational universal grammar models, and Optimality Theory as a representative of constraint-based models of universal grammar.

European Parallel Traditions on Textual Studies apropos Translation Act in Indian Contexts: Charles Bally and Successors of Saussure

Comparative language studies have yielded various interesting results towards the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. European thinkers have worked a lot on areas which have provided the basis for later frameworks for textual analysis and critical study. This kind of textual study has impacted the frameworks of Translation Studies for comparative analysis of parallel texts between a pair of languages. The translation processes and training have been designed on the basis of the categories drawn from the comparative stylistic studies between the language pairs. By ‘translation act’, we understand here the fundamental stylistic categories which help us refine the translation skills while translating a text. This paper aims at understanding such impact on the textual analysis frameworks as used in the Translation Studies. The paper focuses especially on the writings of Charles Bally in the context of text analysis of the source and target language texts. The writings of Charles Bally and some related writings of Saussure are not readily available in English.1 Considering these writings the parallel 1 The book titled Course in General Linguistics is a book posthumously edited by eminent linguists Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye. The books originally written by Saussure like Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues Indo-Europèennes or related writings like Godel Robert, Notes inédites de Saussure are not available in English. Most of the writings of Saussure remain untranslated into English. These writings are important as they inform us about the methodology that Saussure employed in developing the understanding that is often presented to us. Course in General linguistics remains very sketchy in several aspects of Saussure’s theories. For information, the following sites may be consulted for further reading: 1. Godel Robert, Notes inédites de Saussure, this text is not available on internet archives. However, its reference can be found in several publications like European Parallel Traditions… 89 traditions of Europe, we explore the possibility of implementing the ideas of these traditions on the study of language pairs (English and Hindi) in the context of translation act. This implementation of these ideas for studying the language pairs for getting the principles regarding the translation act requires a comparative stylistic study between the pair of languages on which a translator is working. In this paper, the examples for illustrating the theoretical aspects of comparative stylistics discussed have been given from the language pair Hindi and English.