General Concept Research Articles

Working conditions and mental health of migrants and refugees in Europe considering cultural origin– a systematic review

BackgroundMigrants and refugees/asylum seekers, as a large part of the European work force, are often confronted with unfavorable working conditions in the host country. Main aim of this systematic review was to compare the association of these working conditions with mental health between migrants and refugees/asylum seekers due to their diverse migration experiences and cultural origins, and between different European host countries.MethodsSystematic search for eligible primary studies was conducted in three electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO and CINAHL) using quantitative study designs written in English, German, French, Italian, Polish, Spanish or Turkish and published from January 1, 2016 to October 27, 2022. Primary health outcomes were diagnosed psychiatric and psychological disorders, suicide and suicide attempts, psychiatric and psychological symptoms, and perceived distress. Secondary health outcomes were more general concepts of mental health such as well-being, life satisfaction and quality of life. Two reviewers independently completed screening, data extraction and the methodological quality assessment of primary studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa-Scale. Descriptive summary of primary studies on working conditions and their relationship with mental health were conducted, comparing migrants and refugees/asylum seekers, migrants and refugees/asylum seekers of different cultural backgrounds (collectivistic and individualistic) and migrants and refugees/asylum seekers living in different host countries.ResultsInclusion criteria were met by 19 primary studies. Voluntary migrants are more likely to experience overqualification in the host country than refugees. In all examined host countries, migrants and refugees suffer from unfavorable working conditions, with migrants from collectivistic countries being slightly at risk compared to migrants from individualistic countries. Most unfavorable working conditions are related to poor mental health, regardless of migrant status, cultural origin or host country.ConclusionsAlthough the results should be interpreted with caution due to the small number of studies, it is evident that to maintain both the mental health and labor force of migrants and refugees/asylum seekers, their working conditions in host countries should be controlled and improved. Special attention should be paid to specific subgroups such as migrants from collectivistic societies.Ethics and disseminationThis systematic review is excluded from ethical approval because it used previously approved published data from primary studies.Trial registration numberCRD42021244840.

The social media use of college students: Exploring identity development, learning support, and parallel use

Social media has a strong influence on the everyday lives of college students. A particular question of advanced research interest is whether social media also play a role when attending class. This exploratory study was aimed at designing a theoretical model that embraces such concepts. First, we identified that identity development, learning support, and parallel use are general concepts that are relevant when attending class. Next, using a survey with 230 students, we examined whether these general concepts could be empirically validated with factor and correlation analyses. We then applied a literature review to identify and subordinate more specific concepts to these general concepts. The resulting model of social media use when attending class includes active and passive elements related to designing and registering personal information, giving and getting support for learning, as well as posting and browsing during parallel use. We offer three conclusions: (1) identity development is based on impression management, social comparison, and self-concept clarifying, (2) learning support consists of collaborative learning, supporting intrinsic motivation, and promoting self-efficacy, and (3) parallel use during learning is based on entertainment, escapism, and relaxation. Finally, we discuss limitations, especially missing model tests, future research activities, and practical implications of our conceptual model.

Using Sensitivity Analysis in Linear Programming with Practical Physical Applications

Linear programming currently occupies a prominent position in various fields and has wide applications, as its importance lies in being a means of studying the behavior of a large number of systems as well. It is also the simplest and easiest type of model that can be created to address industrial, commercial, military and other dilemmas. Through which to obtain the optimal quantitative value. In this research, we deal with the post optimality solution, or what is known as sensitivity analysis using the principle of shadow prices. The scientific solution to any problem is not a complete solution once the optimal solution is reached. Any change in the values of the model constants or what is known as the inputs of the model will change the problem of linear programming and will affect the optimal solution. Therefore, we need a method that helps to stand on the impact of changing these constants on the optimal solution that has been reached. General concepts about the binary model and some related theories have also been addressed. By analyzing the sensitivity, we rely on real data for a company that transports crude oil and its derivatives. The mathematical model is formulated for it and the optimal solution is reached using the software. Ready-made sop WINQSB and then calculate the shadow price values for the binding constraints, in addition, linear programming under the fuzzy environment is reviewed, and a new method based on the prime numbers is used to solve the fuzzy parameters model.

청소년의 다문화 수용에서 주체적 자아(I)의 역할

Cross-cultural acceptability in youth tends to be higher than that in adults. This is a phenomenon that is difficult to explain within the general concept of socialization. It suggests that there is a unique recognition mechanism for cross-cultural acceptability in the experience of youths. This study searched for clues to the mechanism in the self concept proposed by Mead, namely, Me (the social self) and I (the subjective self). The study applied a growth curve model from the second year of middle school to the third year of high school to investigate trends in students’ cross-cultural acceptability and the influence of the subjective self as a developmental factor. Cross-cultural acceptability was analyzed by applying the Guttman scale to items measuring social distances, such as neighbors, friends, close friends, opposite gender friends, and marriage partners. The results show that cross-cultural acceptability increases in a non-linear form from the second year of middle school to the third year of high school. The subjective self significantly increases the level of cross-cultural acceptability in the second year of middle school, but as the grades increase, the influence of the subjective self on cross-cultural acceptability decreases. In cases where the subjective self is high, the function of the subjective self has already been mobilized to increase cross-cultural acceptability in the second year of middle school, and a high level of cross-cultural acceptability has been reached, resulting in its influence decreasing in subsequent grades. The results are evidence that the role of the subjective self, which awakens youths’ spontaneity, initiative, and willingness, is at work in an environment where youth are experiencing the low cross-cultural acceptability of adult society.

Persistence of folk dishes in the Coastal Cilento's Culinary Culture: an ethnogastronomic approach

Local gastronomy could be considered a relevant part of the more general concept of Traditional Knowledge, that recently has attracted increasing attention by researchers, especially if associated with conservation and sustainable use of biological resources. The present research was conducted using a semi-structured interview, 62 informants (39 women, 23 men) whose average age was 55 years (range 27–86 years) were interviewed. 109 traditional dishes are documented as still being prepared by people living along the Cilento coastal areas, 57 of which were reported by at least 5 people interviewed. The study reveals that despite the influence of globalization and modernization, traditional foodways and culinary practices continue to play an important role in the daily lives of the people in this region. Specifically, the study highlights the persistence of certain dishes, which are deeply rooted in the local culinary traditions and are still prepared and consumed by the people in this region.

5-Year-Old Children Performing Piaget’s Liquid Conservation Tasks Demonstrated in Physical and Digital Environment

This study investigates the understanding of Piaget's concept of liquid conservation in 5-year-old children, comparing physical and digital environments of executing conservation tasks. Involving 86 participants (equal gender representation), it employs an Android tablet to demonstrate the pouring of water between glasses with animated images in a digital environment condition and real glasses (one short-wide and one long-narrow) filled with water for the physical environment condition. Each child completed four distinct conservation tasks, each one 3 times, designed to parallel each other in both environments. Two of the tasks concerned the general concept of conservation, and the other two were either about identity or compensation or reversibility concepts. The study aims to determine whether digital environments can be as effective as physical ones in teaching fundamental conservation concepts, exploring the impact of emerging digital learning tools versus traditional methods. Another objective of this study is to find associations between the general concept of conservation and the three other concepts: identity, compensation, and reversibility. This research contributes to the understanding of cognitive development in children and the efficacy of digital versus physical learning aids by verifying that children perceive physical and virtual learning with the same effectiveness.

Deep Learning in Dental Radiographic Imaging

Deep learning algorithms are becoming more prevalent in dental research because they are utilized in everyday activities. However, dental researchers and clinicians find it challenging to interpret deep learning studies. This review aimed to provide an overview of the general concept of deep learning and current deep learning research in dental radiographic image analysis. In addition, the process of implementing deep learning research is described. Deep-learning-based algorithmic models perform well in classification, object detection, and segmentation tasks, making it possible to automatically diagnose oral lesions and anatomical structures. The deep learning model can enhance the decision-making process for researchers and clinicians. This review may be useful to dental researchers who are currently evaluating and assessing deep learning studies in the field of dentistry.

Прикладні функції архіву: епістемологічна, політична та освітня

The article explores and formulates the applied functions of the archive. In addition to its function as a resource for understanding the past, the archive has important applied functions in the present. The task of defining the functions of the archive also requires defining the concept of the archive. For this aim, the concept of “archive” in the works of philosophers Alyda Assman, Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida, as well as Ukrainian researchers – Vitaly Turenko, Volodymyr Prykhodko, Serhii Rudenko, Maryna Palienko, was considered and studied. These philosophers have found a methodological connection with regard to the etymology of the ancient Greek term “Αρχη”. Detailed studies of the semantics of the concept of Αρχη allow to investigate the understanding of the origin of the functions of the archive. The French philosopher Michel Foucault considered the concept of the archive as a component of his ontological system, “Archaeology of Knowledge”, which explains the functioning of human knowledge, memory and power. So, Foucault explained the epistemological function of the archive. Another French philosopher, Jacques Derrida, focuses on the human desire to take hold of the past, which he calls “archive fever,” and develops this concept in his famous work “Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression”. Among the general concepts of the archive, Derrida focuses on the main and important political function of the archive, the embodiment of the archive in the body. The way the archive functioning is an important factor in the political regime, but at the same time it ensures the successful operation of the education system. In its various forms, the archive transmits to posterity information that appears as a warning and instruction based on the experience of the past. Based on these conditions, the archive acquires an important educational function in the modern world and forms the key ideological conditions for the functioning of society.

Tattva, vrata, caryā: On the Relationship of View and Practice in the First Chapter of Padmavajra’s Guhyasiddhi

The religious worldview of the mantranaya (esoteric Mahāyāna or Vajrayāna) can arguably be seen as rooted in the perspective that reality (tattva) is to be self-experienced (svasamvedya) through contemplative practices, serving as both their means (upāya) and expression (caryā). The tantric path-model of Padmavajra’s Guhyasiddhi, an exegetical text in the Guhyasamāja tradition, supposedly enables individuals to rapidly realize reality, a state also referred to as mahāmudrā or other, within a single lifetime. This path-model describes a transformation leading to the revelation of ultimate realization leaving behind conventional means. These two levels correspond to two stages, the stage of arising (utpattikrama), serving as the foundation for the stage of the arisen (utpannakrama). While the first stage is like a supporting framework giving rise to the correct view, in the second stage, the practitioner cultivates the view that has arisen. The practices of the latter stage eventually become inseparable from the view itself, meaning they are practical expressions of the view exemplified in doctrines like unmattavrata and other forms of observances integral to the mahāmudrā doctrine. Thus, contemplative practices and the established worldview mutually inform each other in a reciprocal relationship. Simultaneously, this system of practice and view continues to influence and shape religious practices and rituals as they are transmitted, e.g., through teacher–disciple lineages (guruparaṃparā). In this paper, I will explore this relationship through the critical edition and annotated translation of Guhyasiddhi’s first chapter by Padmavajra (ca. late 8th and early 9th century), in which a clear exposition of the relationship in question is presented. My analysis of it, thus connecting the work to more general Buddhist concepts, follows a two-level framework, that is, the well-known two-fold system of conventional/implicit (a) and definitive/explicit (b), which can be seen as equivalent to utpatti- (a) and utpannakrama (b). The efficiency of promoted practices accords with the practitioner’s correct assessment of tattva which, following Padmavajra, is the basis for engagement in tantric practices per se. The first part provides the analysis, given in 1.1–1.5, of Padmavajra‘s system and is based on the second part, the annotated translation (2.1) and critical edition (2.2) of Padma-vajra’s Guhyasiddhi chapter one.

"An Investigation of the Hierarchy of Realization of English Idiomatic Phraseology by Iraqi Learners of EFL

هنالك العديد من التراكيب الاصطلاحية التي تُعَد من المشكلات الرئيسة لمتعلمي اللغة الإنكليزية بوصفها لغة أجنبية. وكذلك التراكيب التعبيرية كمصطلح عام والأفعال المركبة بشكلٍ خاص والتي هي إحدى أشكال تلك التعابير الاصطلاحية ولا يمكننا إنكار حقيقة أن المتعلمين للغة الإنكليزية بوصفها لغة أجنبية يجدون صعوبة في فهم واستخدام تلك التراكيب التعبيرية، وهذا الأمر يقودهم إلى تجنب استخدام تلك التراكيب. تهدف الدراسة الحالية إلى التعرّف إلى أي مدى يستطيع المتعلمون العراقيون للغة الإنكليزية تمييز وإنتاج التراكيب التعبيرية الاصطلاحية كمشكلة من المشكلات التي يواجهها هؤلاء المتعلمون، كما تهدف هذهِ الدراسة إلى معرفة فيما إذا كانت تلك التراكيب التعبيرية تتدرج في صعوبتها خلال المراحل الأربع في الكلية. ولقد أفتُرِض انه هنالك بعض الفروق الإحصائية بين المتعلمين للمراحل الأربع في قسم اللغة الإنكليزية في جامعة تكريت/ كلية التربية للبنات. طبّق الاختبار على 100 طالبة في كلية التربية للبنات/ جامعة تكريت. تقع الدراسة بجزئين رئيسين، يهتم الجزء الأول بالجانب النظري المتمثل باصطلاحات فضلًا عن التراكيب التعبيرية، تعاريفها، أنواعها، وبعض خصائصها, كما يشتمل على التداخل الحاصل بين المصطلحين. بينما يعني الجزء الثاني من هذه الدراسة بالإجراءات الإحصائية المتبعة من الباحثتين. تشير الاستنتاجات بأنه ليس بالضرورة أن تتطور اللغة بشكل مستمر، وكما يبدو فأن بعض الاصطلاحات التعبيرية لا تتطور بينما البعض تتقدم نحوه. وفي نهاية البحث، ضمّنت الباحثتان هذه الدراسة عدداً من الاستنتاجات والتوصيات والمقترحات.

Pediatric ocular tumors: An overview

The majority of ocular tumors in children are benign, but specific malignant neoplasms pose a risk to both life and vision. It's indeed crucial for pediatricians to be aware of ocular tumors in children, as early detection and proper management can significantly impact the child's health and vision. As a result, swift recognition and timely referral of patients to an ocular oncologist are imperative for effective clinical management. This article provides an overview of general concepts surrounding ocular tumors in the pediatric age group, offering brief insights into the clinical features and management of significant tumors affecting the eyelids, conjunctiva, intraocular structures, and orbit.

Design and extensibility analysis of a variable buoyancy system for small autonomous underwater vehicles

PurposeA switching depth controller based on a variable buoyancy system (VBS) is proposed to improve the performance of small autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). First, the requirements of VBS for small AUVs are analyzed. Second, a modular VBS with high extensibility and easy integration is proposed based on the concepts of generality and interchangeability. Subsequently, a depth-switching controller is proposed based on the modular VBS, which combines the best features of the linear active disturbance rejection controller and the nonlinear active disturbance rejection controller.Design/methodology/approachThe controller design and endurance of tiny AUVs are challenging because of their low environmental adaptation, limited energy resources and nonlinear dynamics. Traditional and single linear controllers cannot solve these problems efficiently. Although the VBS can improve the endurance of AUVs, the current VBS is not extensible for small AUVs in terms of the differences in individuals and operating environments.FindingsThe switching controller’s performance was examined using simulation with water flow and external disturbances, and the controller’s performance was compared in pool experiments. The results show that switching controllers have greater effectiveness, disturbance rejection capability and robustness even in the face of various disturbances.Practical implicationsA high degree of standardization and integration of VBS significantly enhances the performance of small AUVs. This will help expand the market for small AUV applications.Originality/valueThis solution improves the extensibility of the VBS, making it easier to integrate into different models of small AUVs. The device enhances the endurance and maneuverability of the small AUVs by adjusting buoyancy and center of gravity for low-power hovering and pitch angle control.

Is it useful to understand disease through Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology?

This article explores the relationship between disease and our understanding of it through the lens of Husserl’s phenomenology. It argues that understanding disease requires us to examine the fundamental conditions and various aspects and that phenomenology provides a way to do this. Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology helps us identify the structures of experience necessary for the possibility of experiencing disease, and to recognize how these structures shape our understanding of it. His transcendental philosophy reveals that the subjective experience of illness can be understood in terms of general concepts. In this point, this article will critically sketch some misunderstandings of disease, followed by an exploration of phenomenological explorative methods. Husserl’s phenomenological inquiry is significant in its disclosure of ways in which internal experiences can be shared as general concepts.

Considerations of This Issue

1. Common Introduction,1-1 T-Consciousness and the New Science of ScienceFact, 1-2 Taheri's research methodology of T-Consciousness Fields, 1-3 Study phases in Sciencefact; 2. General Concepts; 3- Methods, 3.1 Using T-Consciousness Fields, 3.2 Details of tests, materials, and equipment used. 

Риск-ориентированная онтологическая модель поддержки принятия управленческих решений в грузовом порту на основе многоуровневого целеполагания

In today's unstable market environment, transport logistics enterprises face the task of predicting possible risk situations in order to avoid them, as well as developing tools that allow them to form management decisions, evaluate the effectiveness of each of them and choose the most appropriate one, taking into account specific tasks and various influencing factors. Situations of failure to achieve the goals of a cargo port, as well as cases of failure by indicators to assess these goals of normative values, are considered as risks. The goals and indicators are outlined and described in the previously built Balanced Scorecard (MTSP). A set of links between goals and indicators of their assessment with risks at various levels of management is presented in the form of a developed multi-level hybrid logical-probabilistic (LV) risk model of a cargo port, as well as in detailed scenario models of this LV model. The integrated use of SSP and LV modeling technologies allowed us to build a general concept of multi-level goal setting, the main advantage of which lies in the detailed elaboration of the company's goals subordinate to the main strategic one, which allows, if necessary, to influence operational events and obtain a positive result in the longer term, in tactical and strategic plans. The ontological model contains all the information about the interaction of elements that affect the occurrence of risky events, and allows you to select options for getting out of a risky situation in accordance with various specified conditions. The results of queries to the risk-oriented ontological model are variants of management decisions aimed at reducing risks in the cargo port.

Three-dimensional property: Current development trends on the Polish example

Abstract 126The majority of modern European legislations traditionally follows the concept of land ownership derived from Roman law. It is based on the assumption that the owner’s rights are unlimited in spatial terms. Within this understanding, the spatial scope of ownership extends to open space above and below a specific part of the land’s surface, delineated two-dimensionally. Several exceptions to the general underlying approach have been successively introduced in particular European legal systems in the course of historical development. These include, in the first place, building leases and apartment ownership as well as separate ownership of buildings. Furthermore, widely accepted limitations as to the vertical scope of ownership stem from specific regulations in the fields of mining law, geological law, water law and aviation law. Another manifestation of departure from the traditional concept of land ownership are legal solutions falling into the category of three-dimensional (3D) property, which is of increasing interest nowadays in view of growing needs for new forms of ownership and land use in densely built urban areas. At the core of the concept of 3D property in the strict sense lies the possibility to divide the space into distinct layers defined by horizontal and vertical planes, and to create so-called three-dimensional immovable properties which constitute independent objects of property rights. Such 3D units can serve multiple above- and underground investment purposes. Regulations regarding different models of 3D property rights have already been adopted in a number of countries in Europe and worldwide. Recently, conceptual work on layered ownership has been undertaken in Poland, which has opened a discussion in the legal scholarship on the future legislative changes to be implemented in order to introduce the notion of 3D property to domestic law. In parallel with these tendencies, the idea of 3D cadastre is being promoted. It offers 127the possibility to register real estate objects located at different levels. Worthy of note in this regard is also the impact of the current technological advancements on increasing the investment potential of urban space through 3D property formation. This article elaborates, first, on the general concept and selected types of 3D property rights existing in national jurisdictions. Against this background, the proposal for the new legal construct of layered ownership has been discussed with particular consideration of the possible ways of adapting it to the Polish property law framework. Some of the opportunities and challenges brought about by the 3D property rights development have been then outlined in the context of extensive implementation of emerging technologies in real estate transactions.

Visualising relativity: assessing high school students’ understanding of complex physics concepts through AI-generated images

This study investigates how students utilized artificial intelligence (AI)-generated images to represent their understanding of general relativity concepts. Ten high school students participated in an extracurricular course on relativity theory. Using AI chatbot, these students created visual representations of ‘relativity’ before and after the course. The produced images, the accompanying prompts, student interviews, and their test scores were analysed to examine students’ conceptual understanding and interactions with AI. Students with a clearer understanding of relativity tended to focus their prompts on more central concepts like spacetime deformation. In contrast, those with a weaker understanding leaned towards more tangential ideas. The clarity of their prompts was directly linked to more effective AI interactions, leading to more meaningful image generation. Despite this, some students faced challenges in crafting coherent prompts, resulting in less relevant images, indicating that understanding the concept does not always translate into successful AI engagement. The study underscores the potential of AI-generated images as a tool to illuminate student conceptualisation and interaction skills with AI in the context of complex physics concepts, offering a novel approach to evaluating understanding in advanced scientific topics.

Identifying and Understanding the Positive Impact of Defects for Optoelectronic Devices

AbstractDefects are generally regarded to have negative impacts on carrier recombination, charge transport, and ion migration in materials, which thus lower the efficiency, speed, and stability of optoelectronic devices. Meanwhile, lots of efforts which focused on minimizing defects have greatly improved the performances of devices. Then, can defects be positive in optoelectronic devices? Herein, relying on in‐depth understanding of defect‐associated effects in semiconductors, trapping of photo‐generated carriers by defects is applied to enlarge photoconductive gain in photodetection. Therefore, the record photoconductive gain, gain‐bandwidth product, and detection limit are achieved in this photodetector. Exceeding the general concept that defects are harmful, a new view that the defects can be positive in photodetection is identified, which may guide to design high‐performance photodetectors.

An ASER AI/ML expert panel formative user research study for an interpretable interactive splenic AAST grading graphical user interface prototype.

The AAST Organ Injury Scale is widely adopted for splenic injury severity but suffers from only moderate inter-rater agreement. This work assesses SpleenPro, a prototype interactive explainable artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) diagnostic aid to support AAST grading, for effects on radiologist dwell time, agreement, clinical utility, and user acceptance. Two trauma radiology ad hoc expert panelists independently performed timed AAST grading on 76 admission CT studies with blunt splenic injury, first without AI/ML assistance, and after a 2-month washout period and randomization, with AI/ML assistance. To evaluate user acceptance, three versions of the SpleenPro user interface with increasing explainability were presented to four independent expert panelists with four example cases each. A structured interview consisting of Likert scales and free responses was conducted, with specific questions regarding dimensions of diagnostic utility (DU); mental support (MS); effort, workload, and frustration (EWF); trust and reliability (TR); and likelihood of future use (LFU). SpleenPro significantly decreased interpretation times for both raters. Weighted Cohen's kappa increased from 0.53 to 0.70 with AI/ML assistance. During user acceptance interviews, increasing explainability was associated with improvement in Likert scores for MS, EWF, TR, and LFU. Expert panelists indicated the need for a combined early notification and grading functionality, PACS integration, and report autopopulation to improve DU. SpleenPro was useful for improving objectivity of AAST grading and increasing mental support. Formative user research identified generalizable concepts including the need for a combined detection and grading pipeline and integration with the clinical workflow.

Utilization of Probiotics Among Dental Students: A KAP Study

ABSTRACT Aim: The aim of the study is to know about the awareness of probiotics among undergraduate dental students. Materials and Methods: We conducted cross-sectional research where we had distributed a questionnaire consisting of ten open-ended questions, among 150 dental students through emails. The questions were based on the utilization of probiotics in dentistry. The data obtained was statistically analyzed with the help of Chi-square test. Results: In our study, we noted that most of the participants were aware of the term probiotics and had general ideas but were not fully aware of its pathogenesis. Around 83.2% of the participants were aware of probiotics and general concepts. We also noted that only 42.5% of the students agreed that probiotics can be used in the management of halitosis as well as periodontitis. Conclusion: We concluded that most of the dental students had a lack of awareness as well as were not familiar with the usage of probiotics in dentistry.