Genealogical Method Research Articles

Анализ родословной с семейным накоплением суицидального поведения

We found no studies that investigated the mode of inheritance of suicidal behaviour (SB) using a clinical and genealogical method. The study aim was to analyse a clinical and genealogical case-control study of familial inheritance and accumulation of SB to demonstrate that the inheritance of SB is multifactorial. Material and Methods. Genealogical data were collected between February and May 2024 by direct interview of relatives of the proband alive at the time of examination. In total, eight generations were traced. The pedigree included 127 individuals, a total of 61 males and 66 females, 82 of whom were blood relatives of the proband. The incidence of SB, including both completed suicide and non-lethal suicide attempts (parasuicide), was assessed. Cases of incomplete suicide were counted as parasuicide. Zygosity due to the apparent multifactorial inheritance of SB was not determined. The genealogical tree of the proband was constructed according to generally accepted recommendations. The study was conducted exclusively on the voluntary basis of the proband and his relatives. Personal and geographical data that could identify the proband and/or his relatives were excluded from the results of the study. The numerical data obtained were used to calculate the incidence of SB and penetrance using conventional methods. The relative risk and odds ratio of inheriting SB, committing suicide and/or parasuicide were calculated. The heritability of SB was assessed by regression analysis. Data are presented as M±m, where M is the mean of the notional estimate and m is the standard error. A p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. SP was observed in almost every generation on both the maternal and paternal sides. Among the proband's blood siblings, SB occurred in 6 males (4 suicides and 2 parasuicides) and 21 females (5 suicides and 16 parasuicides), penetrance 31.71%, not complete. Among non-blood relatives, there were 2 male and 3 female suicides and 2 female parasuicides. The relative risk of inheriting SB without sex was 2.963 (95% CI 1.226-7.164), p=0.0158, 1.737 (95% CI 0.383-7.876) p=0.4741 for males and 2.823 (95% CI 1.256-6.346), p=0.0121 for females. The probability of inheriting the SB phenotype independent of sex OR=3.93; 95% CI 1.39-11.08; χ2=7.34, p<0.01, F=0.0096. Odds of parasuicide by a female sibling OR=6.96; 95% CI 1.42-34.03; χ2=6.90, p<0.01, F=0.0094, male OR=1.25; 95% CI 0.21-7.46, χ2=0.06, p>0.05, F=0.9999. The odds of a female sibling committing suicide OR=4.17; 95% CI 0.45-38.66; χ2=1.8, p>0.05, F=0.3803, male OR=1.25; 95% CI 0.11-14.7; χ2=0.03, p>0.05, F=0.9999. Regression analysis showed that SP inheritance was linearly associated with sex (β =0.29, β2=0.2, p=0.001) and negatively associated with consanguinity (β1= -0.23, β2= -0.15, p=0.0107). It is concluded that: 1) the inheritance of suicidal behaviour is multifactorial, polygenic, dominant with incomplete penetrance; 2) due to genetic heterogeneity of the gene network formed by many polymorphic genes, phenotypes of suicidal behaviour may differ in terms of external behavioural attributes of suicidal behaviour and outcomes. Keywords: suicidal behaviour, suicide, parasuicide, clinical and genealogical method, multifactorial inheritance

‘Social defence’ and the resilience of the domestic war on terror: A genealogy of social security, national security, and defence

Abstract Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has moved attention within International Security back to Great Power Politics and interstate war, and away from phenomena like ‘foreign terrorist fighters’ and lone actor terrorism. Is the War on Terror paradigm receding? This paper argues that counter-radicalisation imaginaries and counter-extremism programming will all remain stubbornly present despite the shift back to interstate war. The resilience of domestic War on Terror policies will stem from their integration within local municipality activity and social policy during the second decade of the 21st century. These policy areas and levels are detached from the international security community, meaning that shifts in attention at the global level will have little effect upon localised national security practices. The paper then interrogates how counterterrorism agendas have so successfully entered the world of social policy and local public administration, using genealogical methods to trace how social security and crime prevention were historically prefaced upon defence. The paper traces the policy paradigm of ‘social defence’ which dominated mid-20th century international organisations, targeting non-criminal juveniles with pre-emptive interventions to prevent ‘dangerous persons’ imperilling society. Effectively, this untold history of crime prevention in Europe demonstrates the profound interlocking of national security, social policy and defence across the 20th century, with implications for the resilience of this triad.

The Office of Shaykh al-‘Aql of the Druze in Lebanon

This book forum centers on Said Abou Zaki's Arabic book, “The Office of Shaykh al-‘Aql of the Druze in Lebanon.” It includes contributions from various scholars, each offering a unique perspective on the historical and institutional analysis of Druze religious leadership in Lebanon: Tuba Yildiz, Yusri Hazran, Akram Khater, and Abdul Rahman M. Chamseddine. Yildiz acknowledges the lack of historical readings and erroneous information in early 20th-century works on the Druze. She appreciates Abou Zaki's comprehensive study of Lebanese and Ottoman perspectives, offering a broader understanding of the Druze religious institution's development and its connection with the Ottoman Empire's socio-religious policies. Hazran commends the book for providing a comprehensive historical study of the Druze community's religious and spiritual leadership, shedding light on its evolution from the 11th century through to the Ottoman Empire's fall. Although the book excels in its research methods and historical insights, Hazran suggests strengthening it by addressing specific methodological and historical issues, such as placing the discussion on existing narratives and substantiating Emir Bashir Shihab II's role in the schism. Khater highlights the internal tensions in Abou Zaki's book arising from its threefold goals: serving as a historiographical essay, an origins story, and a history of Mashyakhat al-‘Aql. Khater commends the work's critical review of existing literature and acknowledges the book's significant contribution to understanding the position of Shaykh al-‘Aql amidst political crises. Chamseddine praised Abou Zaki's critical historiographical approach and genealogical method. Chamseddine highlights the importance of integrating oral histories and local traditions into academic research. He notes that Abou Zaki's work sheds light on the Druze community's religious evolution, although he critiques the book's occasional lack of coherence due to abrupt transitions and unexplained terminology. The reviewers concluded that the book constitutes a significant contribution to Druze Studies.

Corruption in unlikely places

Corruption, defined as the “misuse of public position for private gain”, represents an act of deviance from official duties in the interest of self-enrichment. Denmark is ranked as one of the least corrupt countries in the world. Danish court records, however, show that corruption cases have appeared in the 21st century. Using Luhmann’s systems theory and Foucault’s method of genealogy, this article asks how this has happened. I argue that understanding corruption in Denmark may go back to changes in public administration ideas and practices since the 1990. New Public Management reform has increased the complexity in public administration where meaning horizons of communication related to different functional systems – especially the sub-systems of law and economy – clashes. I theorise and illustrate using court cases how the coexistence of different codes creates an environment for public employees that in some circumstances – however still rare – result in corruption.

Implementing Ireland’s Food Vision 2030 within the Fresh Produce Sector: An Investigation of the Barriers and Enablers Using Systems Thinking Principles

The Irish Food Vision 2030 (IFV 2030) seeks to restructure Ireland’s agricultural food system to deliver long-term social, economic, and environmental sustainability in keeping with its commitment to the European Green Deal and the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. This study investigates the effectiveness of the IFV 2030 in delivering on this commitment across the fresh produce supply chain in Ireland using a combination of data collected from stakeholders through a survey and systems thinking principles. A review of the literature and Foucault’s genealogical methods guided the development of the survey. Systems thinking principles were used to review the IFV 2030 and assess its capacity to deliver large-scale change for a sustainable Irish food system. Barriers to change were identified, including historical patterns of behaviour between EU and Irish policymakers that have repeatedly hindered progress towards large-scale change events. The results demonstrate that successful, long-term change will depend on the involvement and incentives of stakeholders within the supply chain. Continuous stakeholder engagement is required through a bottom-up organisational and supply chain approach to deliver long-term sustainability within the fresh produce sector. Using a systems thinking lens brings benefits through transdisciplinary collaboration and fosters the multiple stakeholder perspectives needed to deliver new ideas and solutions.

Aesthetics of friendship during the COVID-19 pandemic: An exploratory analytic study

During the covid-19 pandemic, the social and health crisis - which already configured the reality of the Brazilian population - worsened and deepened their precarious life conditions. This study seeks to analyze the conditions of possibility for nurses to establish their care practices in the context of the covid-19 pandemic, articulating with some issues brought up by the ethics of care. To this end, inspired by Michel Foucault's genealogical method, as well as supported by Feminist and Gender Studies, we approach the power relations in their interface with the role of nursing in contemporary society. We then take the reports that 59 Primary Health Care nurses gave to a national survey entitled Nursing Practices in the Context of Primary Health Care: A National Study of Mixed Methods, which investigated the overload and precariousness of the work of nurses in Primary Health Care, during the covid-19 pandemic, to articulate with a brief genealogy of health care. Thus, we reflect about care practices from a perspective situated by gender and race issues, as a way of knowing, creating and recreating care practices ethically oriented by an aesthetic of friendship, as Foucault suggested in his studies on care of the self for practices of freedom.

Uncovering Names and Connections: The “Polish Jew” Periodical as a Second-Tier Record for Holocaust Remembrance and Network Analysis in Jewish Genealogy

This paper explores the Polish Jew journal as a pivotal second-tier record for advancing Holocaust studies and Jewish genealogy. Traditionally underutilized in academic research, this periodical provides a unique repository of names and narratives of Holocaust victims, filling crucial gaps in primary record collections. The investigation centers on the journal’s potential not only to contribute names to existing databases of Holocaust victims—many of whom are still unrecorded—but also to enhance genealogical methods through the integration of network analysis. By examining Polish Jew, this study illustrates how second-tier records can extend beyond mere supplements to primary data, acting instead as vital tools for reconstructing complex social and familial networks disrupted by the Holocaust. The paper proposes a methodological framework combining traditional genealogical research with modern network analysis techniques to deepen our understanding of Jewish community dynamics during and after World War II. This approach not only aids in identifying individual victims and survivors but also in visualizing the broader interactions within Jewish diaspora communities. This research underscores the significance of Polish Jew in the broader context of Holocaust remembrance. It offers a novel pathway for the future of Jewish genealogical research, advocating for the strategic use of second-tier records in scholarly investigations.

DEEPFAKE IN SCIENCE EDUCATION. WHY NOT?

In 1995, the journal "Education and Upbringing” published my paper titled "Genealogical Method in Education and Its Computer Support." I explored the value and importance of creating and studying family trees to learn about the values and cultural heritage of one's nation. One of my more forward-thinking ideas was that, in the future, animated ancestors could interact with their descendants via computer screens. A recent search in the mentioned JBSE archive reveals 11 publications focusing on AI. As we venture further into the age of digital innovation, it is imperative for the JBSE authors to embrace the potential of AI in educational contexts while remaining vigilant about ethical considerations. The integration of AI-generated images, audio, and videos of historical figures like Linus Pauling can revolutionize our teaching methods, making science more engaging and accessible. Such innovations offer unparalleled opportunities to enrich our curriculum, provided we handle the content with care, preserving the accuracy and context of scientific achievements.

#1471 The role of genealogy in patients with CKD in primary health care

Abstract Background and Aims Improving the risk prediction of adverse outcomes of chronic kidney disease at the level of primary care physicians, through early diagnosis of chronic kidney disease, can help reduce the progression of the disease, improve the clinical condition of patients and the prognosis of the disease, reduce the number of patients with terminal stage, reduce disability rates and reduce lethality. The aim of our study is to explore the role of genealogical analysis in patients with CKD at the primary care level. Method In primary healthcare settings, 217 patients with CKD were under observation, with an average age of 46.17±0.63 years, predominantly of Uzbek nationality. A control group of 20 healthy people of Uzbek nationality of the same age without signs of CKD. After compiling the legend of 217 families, a pedigree was compiled and a genealogical analysis was carried out. In order to identify the severity of CKD, the data obtained were compared with the results of an analysis of pedigrees of individuals (n=20) in a healthy population. Using the genealogical method, 893 first-degree relatives (parents, siblings) of patients with CKD were examined for the presence of renal pathology. A detailed pedigree was compiled, which included information about diseases in 2-3 generations of the family. Genetic material was collected from both parental lines by cross-questioning both parents, and sometimes grandparents. A total of 1761 people were analyzed in the model population. Results The data obtained were compared with the generalized family response of 20 practically healthy people, in the model population of which 172 people were analyzed, of which the incidence of renal pathology was 2.13%. A comparative analysis of a generalized family portrait of patients with CKD with a generalized family portrait of a population of practically healthy people revealed a more frequent incidence of renal pathology in relatives with CKD (11.07%%). In families of probands, renal pathology in generations in relation to the total number of patients of each concentration is III - 7.49%; II - 11.06%; I- 17.43%. The burden in the population of practically healthy people was observed significantly less: III - 0%; II- 0.15%; I- 0%. It turned out that renal pathology more often affects first-degree relatives (130 (14.56%), which in relation to the total number of patients in this concentration is 7.38%. Hereditary burden of renal pathology was observed more often on the father's side in 46 (10.60±0.34%) than on the mother's side in 19 (4.38±0.34%). Conclusion The results of our study indicate a significant prevalence of CKD in families of probands, but with a predominance of first-degree relatives being affected. Pedigree analysis confirms the absence of a monogenically inherited disease, such as simple recessive or dominant inheritance. Along with this, the widespread prevalence of renal pathology in the population suggests that only a predisposition to the development of CKD is inherited. Thus, according to our data, it is necessary to recommend the study of genealogical analysis of patients at the level of primary healthcare. Moreover, this is more accessible in primary health care with family doctors.

The Critique of Secularism by Talal Asad as a Chance to Look for New Ways of Proclamation

In democratic societies, it is taken for granted to withdraw religiosity from public life. In this paper, we point to Talal Asad’s critique of this taken-for-grantedness. Using his genealogical method, he attempts to find the origin of this relegation of religiosity to the private sphere. The concept of secularity, he argues, is primarily an expression of the power of those who insist on enlightened reason. At the same time, secularism becomes, in a sense, a new religion, the only one acceptable in a democratic society. While we point out the causes of the secularization process, we also point out the aspects that are problematic in such a conception of religion. The Church’s response must take into account the process of secularization, but it must not fall into the same logic that led to this process in the first place. We point out the danger that the separation between the sacred and the profane, the physical and the spiritual, is increasing even in the new religious movements. We therefore propose a form of proclamation that involves the whole person and addresses him or her in everyday life.

On the Limitations of Michel Foucault’s Genealogy of Neoliberalism

Michel Foucault's genealogy of neoliberalism in Naissance de la biopolitique is surprisingly lacking in critical acumen vis-à-vis neoliberal rationality. Several interpretations explain Foucault's appreciative tone by hypothesising about Foucault's supposed conversion to neoliberalism. In this article, I argue that the problem lies not in Foucault's personal politics but in a disappointing application of the genealogical method. Compared to previous works, Foucault's lectures on neoliberalism focus exclusively on neoliberalism's self-presentation by the likes of Hayek, Becker, and Friedman. It does not explore the subjective effects of neoliberalism on the governed, which would have been impossible for Foucault in 1979. I argue that, by taking into consideration the negative effects of actually-existing neoliberalism, one reveals an immanent critique of neoliberalism at the heart of genealogy. Neoliberalism promises a post-disciplinary order conducive to subjective freedom, but actually requires subjects to adapt to the discipline of free market competition.

A relational and genealogical approach to populism: The cases of Russia, Turkey and the United States

ABSTRACT Studies on religious populism are on the rise. They are located within the three main theoretical approaches of populism: ideational, performative, and strategic. Building on these three components, this paper proposes a comprehensive analysis by creating an ideal type of the relations between religion and populism. To that effect, it utilizes the relational paradigm of populism from Pierre Ostiguy in conjunction with Ernest Laclau's concept of sedimented practices and applies a genealogical method to analyse why and how religion plays a role in populist politics. This combination emphasises the fluidity of the interactions between religion and populism, their contingency on contextualised political cultures as well as on the often neglected transnational forms of religion. It focuses on two aspects of this role that have been less discussed: 1) the religious actions toward the political establishment 2) the transnational dimension of the populist politics based on religion.

Foucault’s naturalism: The importance of scientific epistemology for the genealogical method

This article offers a novel reconstruction of Foucault’s methodology that emphasises his respect for the natural sciences. Foucault’s work has long been suspected of reducing knowledge to power, and thus collapsing into unconstrained relativism and methodological incoherence. These concerns are predicated on a misunderstanding of Foucault’s overall approach, which takes the form of a historico-critical project rather than a normative epistemology. However, Foucault does sometimes make normative epistemological judgements, especially about the human sciences. Furthermore, there are outstanding questions about what secures the descriptive rigour of the genealogical method. To address these issues, I develop two claims that will significantly enrich our understanding of Foucault’s methodology. The first is that Foucault’s respect for the natural sciences is crucial in making sense of his normative epistemological judgements. The second is that the descriptive rigour of his genealogical method derives from the fact it is modelled on empirical inquiry.

Global Religious History and Religious Comparison: a Programmatic Outline

Abstract This introduction outlines the contributions of Global Religious History, or Global History of Religion, to the issue of religious comparison. First, it argues for religious comparison as an integral part of religious studies that should not be abandoned but revised. Second, it addresses the larger framework of debates in religious studies and global history, arguing for the value of Global Religious History in avoiding Eurocentrism, but also tendencies within the postcolonial spectrum that mirror Eurocentric shortcomings. What is often perceived as a crisis in religious studies is understood here as an ongoing process of reflection and refinement that allows us to contextualize both the object of study and its researcher. Finally, this outline presents concrete elements that can inform revised approaches to religious comparison, including a genealogical method, entanglement and decentered historiography, and translingual practice. This allows us to expand our scope not only geographically, but also temporally.

Moral progress and grand narrative genealogy

ABSTRACT In this article, I explore the method of genealogy in moral philosophy, with a focus on evaluating the credibility of moral progress judgments. Despite genealogy becoming a new trend in this field, I critique three types of defective grand narrative genealogies represented by the works of Peter Railton, Michael Huemer, and Nicholas Smyth. I argue that their genealogies fail to be adequate for evaluating moral progress judgments’ credibility. Railton’s genealogy lacks specificity regarding the relatum of the causal story he presents, Huemer’s fails to withstand the scrutiny of historical evidence, and Smyth’s gives no clear verdict on the credibility of the moral progress judgments it explains. These failures, I argue, stem from grand narratives’ neglect of the particularities in each case of moral belief emergence. The disregard for details renders grand narratives generally inadequate for credibility evaluation. Instead, I propose a case study approach that takes into account four types of particulars in each case. I argue that this approach is more methodologically adequate in evaluating the credibility of moral progress judgments since these case-specific details are essential in determining the credibility of a moral belief.

Governing street trading in post-apartheid Cape Town: neo-colonial or neo-liberal order?

ABSTRACT This article addresses the issue of the temporalities of public action in Cape Town, using the example of the governing of street trading since the early twentieth century. Our main argument lies in a discussion of the current understanding of the governance of street trading as a product of a neo-liberal regime reproducing the colonial order. Using the genealogical method of Foucault and his conceptualisation of neo-liberalism as a rationality of government, we show that although the instruments of control may remain the same (limitation of permits, spatial zoning and identification of traders), their political meaning has changed over time, reflecting a shift from coercion and repression to neo-liberal governmentality. We demonstrate empirically how neo-liberalisation operates through a transformation of the very rationality of these instruments. We conclude by emphasising that using Foucault’s definition of neo-liberalisation and method helps to build a theory of neo-liberal change for post-colonial contexts.

Max Weber and the Two Universities

Abstract: A set of events, long term trends, and internal conflicts has come to a head in the recent controversy over the Harvard President, the university's political role, and academic freedom. These raise questions about the traditional model of the vocation of scholarship and the role of the professor, and specifically about the continued relevance of the picture Weber himself famously presented. A recent book by Wendy Brown makes the case for a new model of 'responsibility' which reflects the idea that the role of the professor should be to kindle the 'desire' for a just and sustainable future through critique. The method of genealogy is presented as the means for both identifying harms resulting from usual practices and showing their historical contingency and thus the promise of their radical reform. This would represent the new 'responsibility' that notions of academic freedom conflict with and which the traditional scholar fails to fulfill. But the idea of radical contingency also conflicts with the Weberian idea that historical processes are intelligible and that the proper role of the professor is to clarify value-choices and identify their this-worldly implications without imposing them. Is this outdated? And is there a role for the traditional scholar in the purpose-oriented university?

Онтологічні підґрунтя моральної культури. Частина II

Background. Forgetting the problems of being, erasing the idea of being from the worldview of contemporary humans, and focusing on individualistic and hedonistic practices lead to the narrowing of the personality's fullness, dehumanization of its moral and spiritual dimension, and alienation from one's own essence. The ontological turn of thinking, turn to its essential foundations, will allow finding a reliable foundation for a moral culture shaken by skepticism and nihilism, and making an existential turn in search of a person's lost essence. The article is aimed to study the ontological foundations of moral culture. The task of the article's first part is to investigate the ontological framework of moral culture – its fundamental axes; the task of the article's second part is to analyze the moral concepts of freedom, conscience, dignity, and equality through the prism of the ontological framework. Methods. The article uses a historical-philosophical and comparative method, as well as methods of genealogy and hermeneutic methods of interpretation. The general research paradigm is the transcendental anti-positivist tradition of philosophizing. Results. It is argued that the parameters of reality and its internal structure are determined by the ontological framework, namely the axes of sacred and profane, single and multiple, phenomenal and essential (proper). The fundamental connection between the ethical and the ontological, in which human existence is always a moral existence, is emphasized. Moral culture, our ideas about good and evil depend on our understanding of existence. Moral concepts are ontological – point to an objective valuable reality, "material a priori". It is noted that ontological dignity includes formal and material (content) aspects, assuming the existence of ontological equality of all people, ontological freedom and ontological conscience. Conclusions. The vision of existence as a sacred gift enables the ontological dignity of a person, that is, his non-alienated transcendental self-being. The vision of the sacred gift of being in the unity of diversity, in turn, implies the vision of the ontological equality of all people, who, being different, are simultaneously equal as they are all gifted with being. The ontological equality of people requires a certain "common denominator" of humanity, which may vary depending on the chosen paradigm. A meaningful expression of ontological dignity is ontological freedom, which consists of a person's ability to say a transcendental "yes" or "no" to the world, and to choose between being-centric and egocentric modes of existence. Awareness of the two poles of existence – the essential and the phenomenal – gives rise to an ontological conscience: an individual's anxiety about the authenticity of one's own existence and guilt for not being oneself.

Everyday Life of a Pilgrim in the Wanderings by Vasyl Hryhorovych-Barskyi

The article examines the peculiarities of the creation of everyday life in Vasyl Hryhorovych-Barskyi’s work Wanderings. The poetics of walking has already been investigated by Petro Bilous and other scholars, but for the first time such analysis is performed in the context of the study of everyday life in works of this genre. Namely, the purpose of the study is to investigate the peculiarities of the pilgrim’s everyday life in a baroque work. The methodology applied combines hermeneutic, comparative-historical, genealogical methods. The attention is paid to genre features, the plot of the story, the personality of the author and the main aspects of the construction of artistic life. The person of the author is the central axis around which the everyday life of the work is built. Genre features consist in the combination of several genres: autobiography, travelogue, travel notes, diary, elements of life and self-insert novels. The space unfolds as a journey. Also the dynamics of changes in circumstances and changes in the personality of the author can be seen. Various components of everyday life are presented: the material and spiritual world of the character, which is sketched horizontally and vertically. The reconstructed worldview of the baroque man appears in a kaleidoscope of detailed descriptions of the life-world of different cities, customs, religious denominations, beliefs, so the traveller’s personality undergoes changes in this everyday journey. The influence of science and literature on the everyday life of the Wanderings is also noted.

“NADA SOBRE NÓS SEM CORPO COMUM”: OUTRO PARADIGMA PARA INCLUSÃO NO ENSINO SUPERIOR?

ABSTRACT: This article problematizes the ethical dimension ignored by the knowledge on disability and the epistemes used to designate unmeasured power in the body in which it is imprinted, even with the achievements obtained by its political movements in recent decades and its capture by current devices of inclusion in Brazilian higher education. To this end, we resort to the genealogical method and the ethical problematic of the “indignity of speaking for others” enunciated by Michel Foucault to situate, historically, at what moment the political movements of people with disabilities assume this statement in some way and what are the limits of its effects of power in Brazilian higher education. We aim to critically analyze the internal tensions of such movements, the signs of evasion from the medical norm and social normality, intending to problematize the models of knowledge that were based on them, as well as highlighting the emerging powers of a common body like any other in their struggles for inclusive education and social justice. In this sense, we debate for the formation of a “common body” in higher education, constituted from the encounters of knowledge and differences, syndicating for the practice of radical alterity and the mobilization of the becoming -minority of the “people lacking” as a possibility of the emergence of another paradigm of inclusion.