Terms Of Gender Equality Research Articles

Development of Gender-Sensitive Comprehensive Health Matrix: A Comparative Study on the Cases of Sustainable Development Goals Countries and North Korea Based on Gender-Sensitive Indicators

Purpose: South Korea ranked 18th out of the 162 participating countries in the 2019 report on sustainable development goals (SDGs). Among the 17 specified goals, it has the most difficulty in achieving gender equality (SDG 5). This shortcoming is manifested in the lack of studies on gender-sensitive indicators. The study aims to establish the significance of the development of a comprehensive health matrix to concretize the concept of gender-sensitivity which is often considered as abstract.Methods: An integrated analysis of health determinants was conducted through a convergence study involving medical, social and natural sciences. This analysis was based on both literature reviews and focusgroup discussions. The 6 following focal points were chosen based on the SDGs: gender equality, medicine, education, economy, nutrition, and environment. Objective quantitative indicators were then designated to each of the 6 areas and comparatively analyzed for South Korea, North Korea, and the other SDGs countries. Four areas on sexual and reproductive health were also selected.Results: The results indicated that South Korea scored much lower than North Korea and the other SDGs countries in terms of gender equality. It was also behind North Korea in education, although North Korea had a comparatively lower ranking in the rest of the areas. On the other hand, it fared better than the aforementioned countries with respect to environment, nutrition, medicine, and economy.Conclusion: A comprehensive gender-sensitive health matrix was developed to refine the abstract concept of gender-sensitivity through objective quantitative indicators that assess the health status of a country by means of a scoring system. Gender equality was also confirmed as a common and significant component in the disciplines of sexual and reproductive health and comprehensive health.

СУЧАСНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ҐЕНДЕРНОГО БАЛАНСУ ПІД ЧАС РЕАЛІЗІЦІЇ ПРАВА НА ПРАЦЮ

The purpose of this article is to analyze the challenges in complying with principles of gender balance in the exercise of the right to work in the framework of international gender standards adopted by Ukraine. Given current development stage of Ukrainian society along with issues of economic stabilization, it is equally important to ensure Ukraine's transition to sustainable social development, which in turn requires public policy making with due regard given to gender component, i.e., evaluation of public policy strategy in terms of gender equality. Shaping and improving public's understanding of the objectives of state policy in the field of gender equality contributes to achieving Global Sustainable Development Goals proclaimed by the UN and supported by Ukraine in accordance with the Decree of the President of Ukraine "On Sustainable Development Goals until 2030". National Action Plan for the Implementing Recommendations Set Out in the Final Observations of UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women to the Eighth Periodic Report of Ukraine on the Implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women for 2021 was approved. According to Global Report of the World Economic Forum, in 2019 Ukraine ranked 59th (out of 153 countries) as to gender gap index. Education and health indicators are high, but political involvement and economic opportunities are declining. Manifestations of inequality, gender discrimination and violence are present in public life - these are gender stereotypes that are often played down in Ukrainian society, which is a negative trend. Along with having strong women's movement and women's organizations in Ukraine, it is necessary to recognize insufficient number of organizations focusing on protection of men's rights, which may be a consequence of de facto absence public discussions about discrimination against men. In view of the above, it should be noted that achieving gender balance is not only an international legal obligation, it is also necessary to achieve the goals of national development of our state. Implementation of basic principles of gender issues is a fundamental factor in protecting labor rights as well as the basis for building a safer society and strengthening the rule of law. Based on the results of the analysis, a number of respective measures aimed at ensuring gender balance in Ukraine were identified. The norms of the current legislation, the ILO Convention and EU anti-discrimination directives related to gender issues are analyzed. Indicators of gender inequality in Ukraine were studied in accordance with UN and the State Statistics Committee data.

PENINDASAN TERHADAP PEREMPUAN DALAM NOVEL PEREMPUAN DI TITIK NOL DAN MIDAH SI MANIS BERGIGI EMAS: KAJIAN SASTRA BANDINGAN

Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan karya sastra dari dua negara berbeda tentang penindasan terhadap perempuan yang dialami oleh tokoh utama dalam novel. Objek yang diteliti adalah novel Perempuan di Titik Nol oleh Nawal el-Saadawi seorang pengarang Mesir dan novel Midah Si Manis Bergigi Emas oleh Pramoedya Ananta Toer seorang pengarang Indonesia. Penelitian kajian sastra bandingan ini menggunakan teori feminisme. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif yang dilakukan berdasarkan studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang begitu signifikan tentang penindasan wanita yang dialami oleh tokoh utama, meskipun kedua novel sama-sama memiliki tema perjuangan seorang perempuan dalam mendapatkan hak-haknya. Firdaus, tokoh utama novel Perempuan di Titik Nol menganggap perjuangan hidupnya sebagai seorang pelacur lebih terhormat daripada menjadi istri seorang syekh, istri yang mengalami penindasan dan kekerasan fisik, serta dijadikan objek pemuas nafsu laki-laki tanpa harga. Dia memiliki kebebasan atas tubuh miliknya sendiri sebagai seorang pelacur. Sementara itu, tokoh utama novel Midah Si Manis Bergigi Emas, Midah, menganggap perjuangan hidupnya menjadi seorang pelacur merupakan suatu kebebasan dalam hal kesetaraan gender karena dia dapat memilih jalan hidupnya sendiri tanpa harus diatur oleh laki-laki. Midah tidak mengalami banyak penindasan secara fisik seperti yang dialami Firdaus, khususnya menjadi korban kekerasan fisik suami dan banyak lelaki.

La porta di cristallo: un nuovo indice per rilevare l’impatto di genere della riforma Gelmini sull’accesso alla professione accademica

The paper presents an analysis of the impact of Law 240/2010, known as Gelmini reform, on academic recruitment in the Italian system, in terms of gender equality. In analogy with the Glass Ceiling Index, that gives a measure of difficulties for women in moving into highest positions, The Glass Door Index is defined to quantify gender asymmetry in the access to tenured positions in academia. Subverting the received view, according to which equal opportunity in access to academic and research career is no more an issue, the analysis of data provided by the Italian Ministry of Education, University, and Research (MIUR) reveals significant differences between the careers of women and men at the earliest career stage, and shows the strengthening of a gendered selection in the access to the academic profession to the disadvantage of women, after the implementation of the reform.

Mothers in same-sex relationships-Striving for equal parenthood: A grounded theory study.

Aims and objectivesTo get a deeper understanding of how mothers in same‐sex relationships think and reason about their parenthood in terms of gender equality, and how they experience early parental support from child healthcare professionals.BackgroundThere is an increasing amount of research on how women in same‐sex relationships experience healthcare services when forming a family. Yet there is limited knowledge of what kind of early parental support these women may request.DesignGrounded theory. Follows guidelines for qualitative research (COREQ).MethodTwenty women ranging from 25 to 42 years of age participated in semi‐structured interviews. Data collection and analysis took place in parallel, as recommended in grounded theory methodology.ResultsThe results are described by the core category Same‐sex mothers request professional support to achieve equal parenthood, which includes five categories: (a) equality in everyday life, (b) diversity in mother and child attachment, (c) justification of the family structure, (d) ambivalent thoughts about their child's future and (e) a special need for networking and request for professional support. These findings provide a deeper understanding of how same‐sex mothers experience their parenthood and the parental support that is offered.ConclusionChild healthcare professionals need to be sensitive and recognise both mothers as equal parents and offer early parenting groups where two‐mother families feel included and supported.Relevance to clinical practiceHealthcare professionals need to be aware of diverse family formations and meet each parent as a unique individual without heteronormative assumptions. Same‐sex mothers must be treated as equal parents and acknowledged as mothers. Healthcare professionals should offer inclusive and supportive parental groups to same‐sex families. They should also inform and support nonbirth mothers about the possibility to breastfeed.

Empowering women through digital skills in Argentina

“Promoting gender equality is smart development policy,” says the World Bank. In line with this narrative, many companies have promoted gender equality in terms of bridging the gender digital divide. In Argentina, a growing number of grassroots initiatives sponsored by corporations have emerged and provide training in digital and soft skills as well as entrepreneurship and leadership opportunities. Without denying the efforts, importance, and value of the work of these groups, this paper studies some of the contradictions inherent to the increasing power that corporations have in the discourse and practice of reducing the gender digital gap. My argument is that these projects contribute to reinforcing current economic, social, and geographical divides, to discriminating against gender non-conforming people, and to further limiting government intervention in this area.

Coeducar para la paz: perspectiva de género para la justicia social

Coeducational practices in formal education represent a significant progress in terms of gender equality. At the same time, they highlight tensions and contradictions both on the institutional and non-formal levels that have an impact on the very definition of coeducation and on the pedagogical possibilities of diversity. The objective of this article is to perform a reconceptualization of educational competences for coeducation and education for peace as the backbone of an inclusive, democratic and emancipatory school. It is a basic investigation of reflective and discursive character, located in the Philosophical and Axiological area, referring to the education in critical citizenship and democratic participation from the intersection of both perspectives. Coeducation and education for peace are contextualized taking into account the consequences of the theoretical conflict between modernity and postmodernity on the current socialization of a critical citizenship. A definition of peace that integrates rationality and spirituality is assumed, incorporating an energetic understanding of life into the image of peace, and attention is given to the debate raised about the incorporation of the gender perspective as a dynamic element of Education for World Citizenship. The main conclusion states the need to reformulate the difference between public space and private space as well as the incorporation of the dialectic between the ethics of justice and the ethics of care as fundamental aspects to be implemented in the development of coeducational practices.

Kadını Anne Olarak Güçlendirmek? AKP’nin Sosyal Politika ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Yaklaşımını Şartlı Nakit Transferleri (ŞNT) Üzerinden Okumak

Bu makale, AKP Hükümeti döneminde sosyal politikanın toplumsal cinsiyet boyutuna, özellikle kadınların yoksulluğu azaltma programlarında nasıl konumlandırıldığı açısından bakmaktadır. AKP Hükümeti’nin önde gelen bir sosyal yardım programı olarak Şartlı Nakit Transferi’ne (ŞNT) odaklanmaktadır. Makale genel olarak ŞNT’yi ve özelde Türkiye’de uygulanan ŞNT programını bir toplumsal cinsiyet analizine tabi tutmaktadır. Özellikle kadınlara atfedilen roller açısından ŞNT programının, AKP’nin muhafazakar ve neoliberal yaklaşımını nasıl yansıttığını göstermektedir. AKP’nin politikalarındaki toplumsal cinsiyet konusundaki çift-taraflılığın ŞNT örneğinde de görülebildiğini iddia etmektedir. Söylemsel düzeyde kadınların bu program aracılığıyla güçlendirilmesinden bahsedilirken, programın yapılandırılma şeklinin kadınların eviçi geleneksel rollerini güçlendirdiği savunulmaktadır. Program kapsamında para transferlerinin annelerin hesaplarına yapılması programın kadınları güçlendiren bir özelliği olarak savunulmaktadır. Ancak para transferini annelik statülerinden dolayı almaları aslında kadınlar ve erkeklerin farklı rollerini vurgulayan özcü bakıç açısını güçlendirmektedir. Neoliberal sosyal risk yönetimi yaklaşımına dayanan ŞNT, yoksul aileyi gelecekteki sosyal risklerle mücadele edecek temel mekanizma olarak hedeflemektedir. Sosyal koruma rolü devletten aileye kaydırılmakta, ayrıca anneler para transferinin alıcısı olarak belirlendiğinde yoksulluktan kurtulma ve riskleri yönetme sorumluluğu kadınlara bırakılmaktadır. Özetle bu makale, neoliberal ve muhafazakar yönelimleri olan AKP için ŞNT’nin çok uygun bir sosyal yardım programı olduğunu iddia etmektedir.

WOMEN FOR GLOBAL GROWTH: NEED FOR WOMEN ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT

Modern global economic development heavily relies on new technologies and unprecedented development of science creating more and more new innovative products and services. In such reality the demand for knowledge generation and improvement of resource efficiency is critical. More than ever, nations cannot afford to lose the skills, ideas and perspectives of women who are currently under-represented – in order to utilize the promise of a more prosperous and human-centric future that is to be come soon by contemporary innovations and technologies. New challenges for national economic policies generate new approaches which have to face these modern developments and trends. One of the efficient practices represents women promotion for a very simple reason: women yet are not fully engaged into development and their economic potential has to be unlocked to benefit not only economic goals but also social inclusion and human development to meet upmost goal of every state: inclusive growth and high level of welfare. In this regard, women promotion and their empowerment are key policy challenges. Nowadays the need for women advancement in all spheres of the society is clear and generates no doubts for reasonability and rationality of such approach to economic growth. Women contribution to the economy is vital and proved by different studies and researches. As data of different Institutions showed, there are no clear correlations of gender equality with some specific factors, though countries with high level of human development and economic development showed better results in terms of gender equality. The important message to be considered is that gender equality leads to smarts economics and creates sound base for resource efficiency and innovative development which is crucial for reaching higher competitiveness in global markets.

Gendered effects of pay for performance among family physicians for chronic disease care: an economic evaluation in a context of universal health coverage

BackgroundDespite increasing popularity among health organizations of pay for performance (P4P) for the provision of comprehensive care for chronic non-communicable diseases, evidence of its effectiveness in improving health system outcomes is weak. An important void in the evidence base is whether there are gendered differences in P4P uptake and in related outcomes amenable to healthcare improvement. This study assesses the gender-specific effects of P4P among family physicians on diabetes healthcare costs in a context of universal health coverage.MethodsWe use population-based linked longitudinal administrative datasets on chronic disease cases, physician billings, hospital discharge abstracts, and physician and resident registries in the province of New Brunswick, Canada. We estimate the effects of introduction of a P4P scheme on excess public healthcare costs among cohorts of adult diabetes patients using propensity score-adjusted difference-in-differences regressions stratified by physician’s gender.ResultsWe observed greater male physician uptake of incentive payments, seemingly exacerbating gender gaps in professional remuneration. Regression results indicated P4P did not lead to improved outcomes in terms of preventing hospitalization costs among patients, only measurable increases in compensation for both the male and female physician workforce.ConclusionsWhile P4P was not attributed in this study to reduced hospital burden and enhanced sustainability of healthcare financing, incentive payments were found to be related to earning gaps by physician’s gender. Decision-makers should consider that benefits of P4P be monitored not only for patient metrics but also for provider metrics in terms of gender equality especially given feminization of primary care medical workforces.

Are shareholders gender neutral? Evidence from say on pay

This study investigates whether gender pay inequality in the top management team, measured by gender pay slice (GPS), is a factor in Say on Pay (SoP) voting as required by the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act. Since CEOs are known to play a distinct role in SoP voting, we treat CEOs separately and define GPS as the fraction of total non-CEO executive compensation captured by females. Controlling for numerous factors including CEO pay and CEO gender, ISS recommendations, pay composition, firm performance, and other firm characteristics, we find robust evidence of a negative relation between non-CEO GPS and SoP votes, but this gender-based difference in SoP voting does not extend to the CEO. Taken together, our findings imply that gender equality in terms of SoP voting is still an issue for female executives at the sub-top level.

Who makes the decision to have children? Couples' childbearing intentions and actual childbearing.

This study investigates how the childbearing intentions of women and men in couples affect actual childbearing over the following years with the aim to explore whether women's or men's intentions may be more important. The study is set in Sweden, a country known for ranking high in terms of gender equality and a country with relatively high fertility. We use the Young Adult Panel Study (YAPS), which gives information about both partners' long-term childbearing intentions in 2009, and follow these couples for five years with register data on childbearing. In 30 percent of the couples, both partners intended to have a child, and out of these about three quarters have a child. The results show that, in general, both partners need to intend to have a child for the couple to do so but that women's intentions tend to have more influence over the decision to have a second or third child. This phenomenon is interpreted as decision-making in relation to the cost and utility of children for women and men.

Parenthood does not explain the gender difference in clinical position in academic medicine among Swedish, Dutch and Austrian physicians

Studies have continuously shown that fewer women than men achieve leadership positions in academic medicine. In the current study we explored gender differences in clinical position among academic physicians at three university hospitals, each in a different European country. These countries, Sweden, the Netherlands and Austria, differ in terms of gender equality. We analyzed whether the number of children, working hours or publications could explain gender differences in physicians’ clinical position. In this cross-sectional questionnaire study 1333 (54% female) physicians participated. Physicians were asked about their gender, age, number of children, working hours and clinical position. We used structural equation models to explore the influence of gender on the physicians’ clinical position in each of the three countries. We explored whether the association between gender and clinical position could be explained by number of children, working hours or publication activity. The analyses revealed that at all three university hospitals gender influenced clinical position. These gender differences in clinical position could be partly explained by gender differences in publication activity. Female physicians as compared to male physicians were likely to publish fewer articles, and in turn these lower publication numbers were associated with lower clinical positions. The number of children or working hours did not explain gender differences in publication activity or clinical position. Therefore, factors other than unequal allocation of household labor, such as the academic working environment, may still disproportionately disadvantage women’s progress, even at universities in countries with high rates of gender equality such as Sweden.

Work–family reconciliation policies and women’s and mothers’ labor market outcomes in rich democracies

AbstractProminent research has claimed that work–family reconciliation policies trigger ‘tradeoffs’ and ‘paradoxes’ in terms of gender equality with adverse labor market consequences for women. These claims have greatly influenced debates regarding social policy, work, family and gender inequality. Motivated by limitations of prior research, we analyze the relationship between the two most prominent work–family reconciliation policies (paid parental leave and public childcare coverage) and seven labor market outcomes (employment, full-time employment, earnings, full-time earnings, being a manager, being a lucrative manager and occupation percent female). We estimate multilevel models of individuals nested in a cross-section of 21 rich democracies near 2005, and two-way fixed effects models of individuals nested in a panel of 12 rich democracies over time. The vast majority of coefficients for work–family policies fail to reject the null hypothesis of no effects. The pattern of insignificance occurs regardless of which set of models or coefficients one compares. Moreover, there is as much evidence that significantly contradicts the ‘tradeoff hypothesis’ as is consistent with the hypothesis. Altogether, the analyses undermine claims that work–family reconciliation policies trigger trade-offs and paradoxes in terms of gender equality with adverse labor market consequences for women.

What Women Want: The Current Perceived Barriers to Females Pursuing Training in OMFS

Introduction: The future of OMFS as a profession is evolving towards more gender equality with increasing numbers of women progressing to senior roles; however the latest figures confirm that only 15% of all Maxillofacial Consultants in the UK are female (NHS Digital, 2016). This is in stark contrast to the 59% of female DCTs joining the speciality at junior level. This study aims to investigate the underlying causes and address current perceptions of the specialty in terms of gender equality.

Gender Differences in Political Participation: Comparing Street Demonstrators in Sweden and the United Kingdom

Research on gender and politics has primarily focused on women’s participation in women’s movements and institutional politics separately. Our article is innovative in multiple respects: first, employing a comparative perspective we analyse what impact gender regimes have on participation in street protests. Second, we study the relationship between participation in electoral and protest politics and how this relationship is gendered. Third, we compare the participation of men and women in social movements. We are able to do this by drawing on nuanced survey data of five street demonstrations in the UK and Sweden. Our comparative research demonstrates that involvement in protest and institutional politics varies by gender, country and context. Our findings have important implications for gender equality in terms of social inclusion and political representation and contribute to political sociology, sociology of gender and social movement research.

Croatian occupational terminology: The 2000s’ escape from “A Man’s World”

Abstract This paper is concerned with the forms of expression of occupational terms in contemporary Croatian institutional practice, typical of the changes in language policy and public language usage. Predominant in Croatian language was the androcentric practice of using masculine occupational terms as unmarked, gender-neutral. However, due to various reasons, it has changed in past years. The 2008 Amendments to the Croatian National Classification of Occupations marked the turning point in gender equality in terms of providing for gender-specific occupational nouns. For the first time, an official document codified both masculine and feminine occupational titles and stipulated their usage as a national classification standard, thus acknowledging a significant language change. However, the 2008 and 2010 Classifications both displayed certain asymmetries as well. The paper pinpoints these asymmetries, documents elements of linguistic sexism still remaining, as well as successful “escapes” from it, and tries to determine whether imbalances and barriers within the binary masculine-feminine concept are brought about by intralinguistic (lexical) or extralinguistic factors.

Muslim Women Leaders as Agency Executives in Mindanao: Their Capabilities and Challenges

In recent years, women’s participation in political, economic and social fields has been practiced and promoted in both developed and developing countries. Today, women have become active participants in global pressing issues and perform bigger role in development. As to gender equality and women empowerment as mentioned by Ballescas (2015), the Philippines is the only country in Asia among the top 10 countries in the world that ranked high in terms of gender equality. This study venture to examine the capabilities and achievements of Muslim women leaders in Mindanao by delving into the leadership capabilities of these Muslim leaders as well as the problems encountered in government leadership. As a descriptive quantitative study, the paper identified the capabilities of Muslim women under eightfold functions of management. There were two sets of respondents. Census and purposive methods are the sampling techniques. Results of the study revealed that women Muslim leaders perceived themselves as evidently exhibiting to a large extent all the eight functions of effective leadership. The subordinates as respondents perceived their Muslim women leaders quite good as evidently performing to some extent all the eight functions of leadership. Muslim women leaders believed highly of their leadership capabilities and the subordinates have a favorable perception of their Muslim women leaders. Perennial problems include habitual tardiness and absences and subordinates' lack of initiatives. On the other hand, building good human relations with subordinates results in the achievement of the goals of the organization.

Addressing gender inequality: Stumbling blocks and roads ahead

Despite many positive changes in terms of gender equality in recent decades, women remain underrepresented in positions of power and prestige, and continue to shoulder disproportionate amounts of unpaid domestic labor. This special issue brings together an examination of the different ways in which gender inequality can be addressed, the efficacy of such approaches, and the consequences these approaches can have. In this introduction to the special issue, we discuss the focus of past and present gender research and outline issues which have received less attention. We further give an overview of the papers in this special issue, which focus on a diverse range of ways in which gender inequality can be addressed, such as collective action, workplace diversity initiatives and parental leave policies, gender-fair language, and government policies. Taken together, these papers illustrate (a) the importance of ensuring that initiatives are evidence-based, (b) the ways in which we can maximize the effectiveness of interventions, and (c) the need to understand when these initiatives may inadvertently backfire.

Decomposing Vietnamese gender equality in terms of wage distribution

AbstractWe decompose the gender wage gap in terms of wage distribution in Vietnam during 2002–2014 using two methods. The first method uses two estimated counterfactual distributions; the second uses an estimated recentred influence function. We focus on the formal sector and find evidence for a consistent gender wage gap, with the price of skills being the main contributor. In contrast, labour market discrimination does not have a crucial influence. Some gender equality gained by the distribution of skills can be explained by the rise in women's education and women's participation in specific industries, occupations and the growing private sector.