Cultural Gender Research Articles

Family and Higher Educational Institutions - Grades of Stability in Gender Relations

The family is focused on stabilizing grades in gender relations and educational institutions. Children need to have the knowledge their family needs before they start working. At the same time, the family is focused on stabilizing grades in gender relations and educational institutions. It was emphasized that young people should have the knowledge needed by their families before starting work. The principles of legality, democracy, openness and transparency, and equal rights for women play an important role in ensuring gender equality and mutual understanding. The essence and principles of the OSCE to ensure equality of women are revealed, regardless of race, nationality, language, religion, social origin and faith, as well as personal social status. In the family and in universities, gender culture is ensured, as well as improvement and management of change during the period of study; the line of action to ensure gender-role orientation is aimed at a set of template models. Students must clearly role model one gender or the other.

Reconsideration of traditional value standards: Results of a sociological study of gender stereotypes

Relevance. Modern society is witnessing a change in value standards and priorities. Patriarchal culture increasingly contradicts modern views and acquires discriminatory features.Purpose. The research aims to investigate the nature of the interaction between traditional value standards and gender stereotypes and new trends in the distribution of gender roles.Methodology. The methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison method, author�s questionnaires �Gender Stereotypes in Modern Society� and �The Role of Women and Men in the Family� and the method of generalisation were used to achieve this goal. Traditional value standards of a personality that have been formed in modern society are described in this paper.Results. The influence of gender stereotypes on the formation of the personality of men and women is revealed. Gender stereotypes are presented in the information space and how this affects the perception of the world by the individual. A study was conducted among students of Bohdan Khmelnytsky Cherkasy National University, which showed that patriarchal standards still dominate in society, but the respondents showed a high potential for changing value priorities and views. The findings were used to compare the dynamics of changes in perceptions of traditional value standards of gender culture in modern Ukrainian society and demonstrated the need to form a value-based attitude to culture and introduce gender education at all stages of personal development.Conclusions. The results of this study can be used by sociologists to conduct further research in the field of gender stereotypes, by teachers in the process of forming a personality at all stages of its development, as well as by ordinary citizens, in particular young people, to expand their understanding of gender stereotypes and their impact on the individual.

Гендер как социокультурный феномен

The aim of the article is to define the content of the concepts of gender and gender culture as socio-cultural phenomena. The method of comparative critical analysis of alternative interpretations of these constructs is used, on the basis of which an integral approach to understanding gender and gender culture is formulated. It is noted that the former characterizes the sociocultural functions of sexes and the system of interpersonal rela-tions between men and women. It includes images that reflect physiological and social differences between the sexes, social and cultural norms of behavior, as well as the system of social interactions between their rep-resentatives. The gender culture of society is defined as the system of organization of intersex relations that has developed in the social structure, including the balance of interpersonal interactions, gender standards of masculinity and femininity; norms in the sphere of communication (legal, moral, religious, etc.), stereotypes of behavior of representatives of different sexes. Gender culture of an individual is the consciousness and self-consciousness of the individual in the context of belonging to the male or female sex. In addition, the gender consciousness of an individual is the subject's perception of gender and the relationship between men and women. Gender self-awareness of an individual is gender self-identity, that is, who an individual imagines himself to be, and on the basis of which an individual’s gender behavior is formed. The concepts of gender and gender culture as sociocultural phenomena are methodological tools for studying the specifics and dynamics of specific gender cultures emerging in certain sociocultural public systems.

Socio-pedagogical Principles for Fostering Gender Culture in Uzbek Families

Currently, there is a global effort to perform scientific study on the education of young individuals, with the aim of promoting their social integration and long-term growth. Scientific study is being conducted to promote the ethnic and ontogenic dimensions of gender culture development among young individuals, as well as to foster children’s understanding of gender equality while addressing fundamental social responsibilities within the family. The significance of scientific study in comprehending the notion of gender inequality and the stereotypes associated with gender culture inside the home is growing. This research plays a crucial role in defining children’s worldview and fostering their holistic development. Simultaneously, the primary objectives are accurately analyzing gender dynamics in society, ascertaining their actual condition, appropriately shaping motivations while establishing a family, and selecting a vocation for the younger generation.

Gender Equality and the Risk Assessment of Corporate Financialization: An Analysis of the Increase in the Proportion of Female Executives

This paper empirically investigates the impact of the proportion of female executives on the financialization of enterprises using a sample of listed companies in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets from 2009-2018. Previous studies tend to conclude that female executives are risk averse, preventing firms from participating in high-risk financial investments. However, the results of this paper show that there is a positive relationship between the proportion of female executives and the degree of corporate financialization, with an increase of 1 percent in the proportion of female executives leading to an increase of 3.8 percent in the degree of corporate financialization. Further tests show that gender inequality is a possible mechanism influencing female executives’ financial investment preferences in the unique gender culture context of China. This paper expands the research on the impact of non-institutional factors on corporate financialization, and also points out that unilaterally pursuing an increase in the proportion of female executives does not reduce the risk of corporate financialization, and that only an overall increase in the proportion of female executives can reduce the risk of corporate financialization. Improving gender equality at the social level can fundamentally reflect women’s risk aversion characteristics and encourage enterprises to make more stable investment decisions.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ ГЕНДЕРНО-КУЛЬТУРНИХ СТЕРЕОТИПІВ У ФРАНЦУЗЬКИХ ЖІНОЧИХ ЖУРНАЛАХ

Among the printed information and entertainment media, publications for women are the most popular in the modern world. With the appearance of international glossy editions, new perspectives and approaches to the study of media broadcasting have opened up in the history of women's magazines. The intensive development of gender studies has recently caused a natural interest in the study of the image of a woman in various spheres of communication, and the media space is no exception. Gender-oriented women's magazines act not only as translators of gender culture, representing images of femininity, behavior strategies and models of relationships, but also as creators of a "new image" of a modern woman. The purpose of women's magazines is the formation of gender stereotypes specific to a certain society. The article examines the peculiarities of the formation of gender stereotypes in modern glossy publications for women, which are built on the basis of certain norms of association and social roles, and women's magazines themselves acquire the status of a special cognitive-communicative phenomenon with a feminine accent.

Approaches to definitions of culture and gender culture of students

Approaches to definitions of culture and gender culture of students

Уніформа як символічна сцена формування організаційної та гендерної ідентичностей військовослужбовиць Збройних сил України

This paper aims to describe how female military personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine perceive the military uniform in terms of its significance for their gender and organizational identities. The research was part of a pilot project in the form of an interview study. Thematic content analysis was used to analyze the results. The data was structured into codes, then categorized and grouped to form general themes. The analysis of the servicewomen’s reflections on the military uniform has shown how important it is for them, especially in developing their identity. Servicewomen’s attitudes toward military uniforms and their psychological well-being levels may be correlated with their organizational and gender identities. Organizational identity becomes a catalyst for positive attitudes toward uniforms when: 1) servicewomen see the uniform as a framework of organizational identity, a guiding principle and a directive that programs the wearer for ethical behaviour and teamwork; 2) the main factors that influence organizational identity are the conceptual constructs of `idealism` and `military professionalism`. The collectivism, patriotism, and philanthropic values on which idealism is based on the perception of the self as a defender of one’s people and country. Military professionalism correlates with the effect of expecting to go to war and satisfaction with fighting; 3) among the identification criteria, which manifest the patterns, regularities and features of the military organizational identity, the parameter `gender equality` is included. When organizational identity dominates, the main risk factors that lead to negative attitudes toward uniform are 1) excessive identification with the organization, in which servicewomen may internalize the goals and objectives of the armed forces to the point that their personal identification may suffer; 2) the formation of an organizational identity that does not include the identifying marker of `gender equality`. This threatens psychological well-being through an unhealthy dependence on the approval of others. In cases where gender identity is central to the personality, attitudes toward the military uniform depend on succeeding in forming a balanced military identity. Based on Culver’s Gender Identity Development of Women in the Military (GIDWM) 4-phase matrix, it can be argued that servicewomen’s position in identity development stages, such as `donning the mask` and `wearing the mask`, likely predicts their negative attitudes toward military uniforms. Wearing a uniform begins to evoke positive emotions only in the fourth stage of `taking off the mask` when servicewomen overcome the masculine ethics of military culture and stereotypical identity expectations. The main reason for the “uniform conflict” can be found in forming gender and organizational identities of servicewomen. Efforts to solve the “uniform problem” in the armed forces should be aimed at introducing standards for servicewomen’s military uniforms and providing psychological assistance to servicewomen in forming a balanced military identity, which is seen as a harmonious combination of organizational and gender identities. In developing mechanisms to ensure gender equality, it is crucial to remember that the identities of military women are not homogeneous. Therefore, no single strategy exists for integrating a gender perspective into the armed forces. The formation and evolution of gender culture in the military can be slowed by ignoring the nuances and intersections of military women’s organizational and gender identities.

The kingdom of antique televisions: Reparability, masculinity, and the afterlives of Socialist electronics

A small but committed community of Czech hobbyists maintains a large collection of socialist-era domestic appliances, including televisions, radios, refrigerators, and washing machines, repairing them and displaying them in informal exhibits. This article explores the history of these objects, how they came to be in the hands of collectors, and the role they played in mediating the late socialist Czechoslovak gender culture. It argues that socialist appliances are uniquely well suited to repair and renovation because they were produced in an environment without a culture of planned obsolescence, a profit motive, or a high expectation of innovation. Furthermore, because socialist appliances need regular repair and maintenance, which was often done by men, many men had intimate practical knowledge of even the most feminized machines (for example, vacuums and washing machines).

Women and culture of peace in the perspective of gender education and gender equality

The contribution addresses the relationship between women and peace, representing it as one of the forms of contrast to violence and inequality of power between men and women. Gender equality as a right, which is one of the most urgent challenges of our time, can have a better chance of being achieved if we aim to strengthen the contribution that women can make to society and to promote a gender culture that is based on building a culture of peace in terms of skills and attitudes capable of acting on the causes that produce the different forms of violence, removing the thought patterns that created them. A systematic review of the literature on how women contribute to building a culture of peace started with the need to deepen the relationship between women and peace. It used a rigorous methodological approach to collect, evaluate, and synthesize a body of available evidence that testifies that the role assumed by women in peace processes is closely linked to a gender culture where education seems to appear to be the main factor affecting the promotion of behaviors and attitudes capable of nurturing gender equality as a founding datum of the activation of peace processes.

GENDERED TRAJECTORIES OF DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN OLDER KOREAN PARENTS BEREAVED OF AN ADULT CHILD

Abstract Despite the existing body of research on the impact of child bereavement, little is known about whether time to the death of an adult child is associated with changes in depressive symptoms among older Korean parents. This study examines (a) trajectories of depressive symptoms before and after the loss of an adult child and (b) whether these trajectories differ across parent-child pairs (father-son, father-daughter, mother-son, and mother-daughter). Using eight waves of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA), the study employs fixed effects models to mitigate potential bias due to unobserved individual-level heterogeneity. The result of this study revealed that depressive symptoms increased within the first year following the loss of an adult child among bereaved parents. Considering the gender of both the parent and the deceased child, differences in psychological adjustment to bereavement were observed in different dyads. Depressive symptoms surged within the first year and persisted even beyond the fourth year of loss among daughter-bereaved fathers, while only an immediate rise in depressive symptoms within the first year of loss occurred for other pairs. Given prevailing gender role socialization in the Korean context, men’s conformity to masculinity norms and the traditional expectation for daughters to provide emotional support may contribute to the long-term increase in depressive symptoms for fathers who have lost a daughter. Thus, in societies where Confucian gender culture is ingrained as a social norm, policies for the psychological support of older parents who have lost adult children must consider the different trajectories of parent-child relationships.

What keeps them off the playing field: a textual analysis of Chinese female pre-service kindergarten teachers’ adolescent sports life history

ABSTRACT While studies have explored the physical literacy of Chinese kindergarten teachers and its impact on young children’s health, to date, none has provided a comprehensive analysis of Chinese kindergarten teachers’ self-perceptions in relation to sport. This study explored the environmental stressors associated with participating in sport during the teenage years of 148 Chinese female pre-service kindergarten teachers majoring in early childhood education at a Chinese university through the analysis of their individual sports life history texts. The researchers found that there were multiple simultaneous pressures regarding girls’ sport participation in China. First, there is the pain of student sports participation caused by the pull of multiple forces, and the inconsistency between government, school, family, and student demands for sports, which makes both sports and students a passive presence. Second, there is gender discrimination against women in the sports arena, which adds another burden for girls. Third, physical education teachers seem to have been unable to solve the physical and mental discomforts caused by perceptions of girls’ limited ability, accidental injuries, anxiety and shyness in the sports process. The study revealed the profound impact of body culture and gender culture in Confucianism on adolescent girls’ sports during puberty. The findings contribute to understanding and improving the pre-service physical education practices of female kindergarten teachers and female physical education practices during adolescence, as well as, in the long run, improving the quality of kindergarten children’s physical activity in a context where females are the dominant occupational group.

Gender Deconstruction on the Margins: A Historical Analysis of South Africa’s Post-Colonial Gender Policies in Education

Gender inequality in sub-Saharan Africa has historically been pronounced in all spheres of life. To plug that, educationists have tried to engage with local contexts to bring girls into the education system. In light of this worrisome trend, this paper assessed the extent to which policies and measures framed and circulated by the South African government in the post-independence era have addressed gender imbalances in the education sector in line with the notion that girls’ education has been promoted by policymakers as a kind of an antidote to the manifold socio-economic problems. The researchers gathered and performed close textual readings of official government policy documents and journal articles from 1994 to date. The research found that the history of educational reforms depicts that gender deconstruction is still on the margins as evidenced by the women’s limited access to education and the genderisation of the school, its curriculum and practices among others. The article thus advanced the argument that although remarkable strides have so far been made towards the enactment of policies that enhance the education of the girl child in post-colonial states, much work still needs to be done to create a better world for all regardless of gender. This study offers insights on how to navigate future educational reforms that seek to deconstruct the marginalisation of girls in education and the gendered culture of educational institutions. Keywords: Gender Deconstruction, Inequalities, Marginalisation, Policies, Postcolonial Education

Gender impact assessment of land acquisition compensation for sustainable environmental management of Wuxikou Hydropower Projects

Reservoir compensation and resettlement are the two important keys for enforced migration for water conservancy projects. For reservoir migrants in China, the most severe loss of inundation is that of land, so land rights are the most critical in land acquisition compensation (LAC). In this study, based on the field survey of Wuxikou reservoir migrants in China, a social relations approach is adopted to analyze the gender gaps in the three dimensions of rules, resources and power in LAC. Besides, the study discusses the causes of gender gaps in LAC of reservoir migrants, both external and internal. External causes include the absence of a gender perspective in land systems design and migration policies, the insufficient implementation of related compensation policies, etc. Similarly, internal causes include a deviation of village rules and customary laws from policies, the patriarchal gender culture of “son preference”, and the marital mobility of virilocal residence. Studies find that gender gaps exist in related local policies and laws, as well as their enforcement. Besides, migrant women lacked participation in rule-making. The distribution of compensation resources was skewed towards men, while migrant women had de facto difficulties in accessing financial compensation, productive lands, and living sites. However, migrant men had more power in the leadership of village affairs, expression in village meetings, and decision-making in family affairs than migrant women. The findings of the study reveal that to bridge the gender gaps of reservoir migrants' rights and socio-economic benefits, governments or development enterprises should reasonably build up an equal gender environment and empower migrant women, which will help to achieve the sustainable development of water projects in China.

Cross-Cultural Comparison of Fundamental Movement Skills of Children of Iranian Ethnicities.

Cross-cultural studies can provide information on how different cultural contexts, lifestyles, and physical activity play a role in the development of motor skills. We aimed at a cross-cultural comparison of fundamental movement skills of children of Iranian ethnicities. The statistical population included boys and girls aged 7 to 9 years from the centers of Tehran (Persian), Lorestan (Lor), Khuzestan (Arab) and Kurdistan (Kurdish) provinces in 2021 year. Overall, 240 people (60 from each province) participated in this research as a sample. Ulric Gross Motor development test (2000) was used to measure the Fundamental Movement skills. Results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that the main effect of culture (ethnicity) and interaction of culture and gender on Loco motor and object control skills were significant (P=0/001). In the total score of fundamental movement skills, the results showed that boys children scored significantly higher than girls (P=0/001). Moreover, Lor and Kurdish children significantly performed better than Fars and Arab children (P=0/001), but no significant difference was observed between the other ethnicities (P=0/452). Differences in the levels of fundamental movement skills of children of different ethnicities may be due to different physical and cultural activities, attitudes, and motor habits.

조라 닐 허스턴의 횡단-신체적 상상력

This study examines Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God through the lens of Stacy Alaimo’s concept of Trans-Corporeality. The recent emergence of materiality in feminist thought has been prompted by the debate around the linguistic turn and its social constructionist models. Postmodernism and post-structuralism have enriched feminist theory to deconstruct the biological determinism and the dichotomies of nature/culture, matter/mind, and female/male. However, these theories have perpetuated Western dualism by keeping women away from nature and disregarding the materiality of bodies. Alaimo introduces the concept of Trans-Corporeality as an epistemological zone that explores the material interchanges between bodies and the wider nonhuman environment.
 This paper has two primary objectives. First, employing Alaimo’s concept as a framework, it examines the material transit between human bodies and the environment within the novel. It redefines Hurston’s environmental vision and the political nature of the text. Second, it remaps the geography of criticism about the novel via the material turn’s interpretations of biological essentialism as well as social constructionism. There has been a schism in Hurston criticism between identity politics over African American folk culture and post-structural interpretations of race and gender. This paper argues that by focusing on the microscopic interactions between the human and nonhuman worlds, it is possible to bring about substantial change in the dominant scholarship that appear irreconcilable.

Why Does Domestic Violence Against Women Still Happen in Rural Areas of China? A Systemic Review of Previous Studies on Cultural Factors

A great deal of attention has long been paid to domestic violence against women owing to its long-lasting harm, whether physical or psychological, on the victim. The factors associated with domestic violence have been discussed by previous research. Among them, the impact of traditional culture is an indispensable part that can't be neglected. The pertinence has been proved by past studies, however, the comprehensive interpretation of the association between domestic violence and gender culture hasn't been stated. This study investigates the relationship between traditional gender culture and domestic violence against women in China. And the exact cultural influence on family violence is presented. The journal articles on intimate partner violence (IPV) and domestic violence over a period of 24 years covering 1998-2022 were systematically reviewed in this article. And the cultural factors mentioned in the previous articles were carefully analyzed. Our analysis shows a strong relationship between culture and family violence against women. We conclude that traditional culture has somehow promoted the occurrence of family violence against women in China. The patriarchal ideology and filial piety (important parts of Chinese culture) are related to the occurrence and durative of domestic violence.

Psychological Origins of The Transference To Female Dominance in Vietnamese Families

Generally, the gender culture of East Asia is male chauvinist. This assumption is not only an expression of masculine dominance but also a social convention that gives men the privilege to administrate society based on the presumption of male intelligence and rationality in order to serve the needs of social development. Such social conventions are expressed in the proverb: "Men are the backbone of the country" or "Men are as shallow thinking as the wells. Women are as deep-thinking as the betel tray." These social conventions have been extended and practiced in the structure of the traditional nuclear family, expressed in idioms and proverbs such as: "The boat follows the waterman; the girl follows the husband" or "A child has a father like a house has a roof. The fatherless children are like tadpoles without tails"; or the ethical values assigned to women such as "Three obedience and four virtues", which are considered Confucian values. It is worth noting that although Vietnam is located in the East Asia cultural area, Vietnamese society also has idioms that emphasize the role of women/mothers in the family in balancing the roles of the two genders, such as: "Men build houses, women build happy nests" or "Those who fatherless eat rice and fish, those who motherless lie in leaves". Even so, it is undeniable that men play a pivotal and vital role in the traditional Vietnamese nuclear family structure: Men are given the voice to represent the family (or agency of family), whether based on their will or the will of the family collective. In other words, the man is "the leader of the family" for all activities and development of his family, thus having all the privileges of family administration delegated by the members of his family. In the context of contemporary Vietnamese families, this element of administrative privileges is gradually being transferred to women. This transference has not just appeared in this 21st century, but has existed in a small scope. In the first 20 years of this 21st century, the mainstream discourse has increasingly encouraged this transference, such as changing the metaphor of "roof" from father to mother. Women today are compared to the "roof" of the family instead of men as tradition. Therefore, women have more voices in establishing the core values of the traditional Vietnamese nuclear family. What is the cause of that transference of privilege? What made men voluntarily give their privilege to women even though society still preserves the role of men both in society and in the family? There are many sociological explanations, such as the maturation of women's social status through labour freedom, economic independence, body self-determination, and freedom of sex-mate choice. This article aims to provide an additional perspective on socio-psychological aspects when describing and demonstrating a psychological complex that exists deep in the mind of men towards women; thus, when faced with the maturity of the status of women, men are forced to concede their position status in the role of establishing the core of values in the traditional nuclear family. This psychological complex is temporarily called "fear of being cuckold".

Can patriarchal attitudes moderate the relation between women on boards and firm economic performance?

The paper investigates the moderating effect of patriarchal attitudes by country and year on the relationship between gender diversity on boards and firm performance. The international sample analyzed is composed of 1,103 listed firms from 18 European countries for the period of 2005–2019. Using a two-step system GMM approach, the analysis shows how the generally positive relationship between gender diversity and economic performance (proxied by return on assets and Tobin's Q) is offset and even surpassed by the negative moderating effect of patriarchal attitudes. Furthermore, our work tests critical mass theory and finds confirmation in line with the results obtained for gender diversity. The main contributions of this work include its use of new specific proxies for gender culture by country, namely, patriarchal attitudes and the finding of how they affect the relationship between women's board participation and firm performance in a negative and consistent way.

Gender-Based Violence - Magnitude and Types in Northwest Ethiopia.

Violence Against Women (VAW) becomes a serious public health issue as unnecessary morbidity and mortalities affect women and girls. Women who experience violence had the possibility of another of violence. Although gender-based violence (GBV) is a common problem in Ethiopia, the burden is not well studied. This study determines the magnitude of Gender-Based Violence among women receiving Sexual and Reproductive Health Services in a Specialized Hospital. Institution-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital among gender-based violence (GBV) service users from January 2017 to January 2022. Data were collected from register logbooks and also medical records for some variables, using a tool prepared by refereeing literature and adapting locally available resources and researchers experiences. Epi-info 7 was used to enter the data and exported it to SPSS V-23 for analysis. Descriptive statistics like frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations are computed for all variables. The lifetime proportion of sexual and physical violence was found to be 81% and 5%, respectively, while 3% of women experienced both sexual and physical violence. One hundred seventy (29.4%) of the incidents were done by an intimate-partners (boyfriend/husband). The majority (86%) had extra genital injuries. After genital examination, about one-fourth (25%) of survivors had fresh hymenal tears. About three-fourths (75.1%) of the survivors visit the health facility within threes day after the incident. The study found that GBV is common in Northwest Ethiopia. Future research should involve sensitive methods and grounded approaches to explore survivors' experiences and views on local gender cultures and other contextual factors. Establishing One-stop-center could improve the quality of the services provided to the women.