Cultural Gender Research Articles

Leading from Behind? Gender Equality in Germany During the Merkel Era

Whilst maintaining its status as an economic engine in Europe, Germany has historically been a laggard in adopting gender equality measures. The European Gender Equality Index, however, now ranks Germany relatively high and shows substantial progress since 2005. While this has gone mostly unnoticed, Germany has passed far-reaching legislation in major policy fields relevant for gender equality. This expansive policy adoption occurred during the chancellorship of Angela Merkel, but we still know little about the actors and processes that explain it. The divergent perceptions of Germany in relation to gender invite deeper scholarly investigation. In general, we lack knowledge about how conservative women and their parties lead on gender policy. More specifically, we need to know more about how policy measures introduced by conservative governments affect gender norms and gender culture, and if they ultimately lead to effective implementation and greater equality. Investigating the effects of Merkel's tenure on gender equality, we assess policy output and outcomes with a focus on internal power dynamics in Germany, as well as international and EU-level pressures in the policy domains of political representation, LGBTI rights, migration, the labour market, and care.

Tourism policy, Purusa culture, and gender inequality in absorbing women's employment

This study aims to analyze the relationship between tourism policy, gender, and purusa culture in the provision of local labor and female gender, review gender-based tourism policies, compare theories such as the rule of law, welfare state theory, human rights theory, democratic theory. economics, and tourism empowerment theory. Also adopted the Boley & McGehee Population Empowerment model through the Tourism Scale (RETS). The method used in this study is normative juridical research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The results of the systematic interpretive analysis show that the absorption of female labor is expressed as a product of structural and cultural forces, and domestic conditions around women's roles, therefore a combination of material and discursive analysis is needed to examine the socio-cultural relations of tourism policy production, the response to the absence of equality. gender in the middle of purusa culture. Workforce competency certificates that comply with the ACCSTP (ASEAN Common Competency Standards for Tourism Professionals) criteria are a preventive alternative for women to be able to target jobs in the public sector and the readiness of countries as ASEAN member countries.

Modern gender policy in Russia and China

The problems of building and realizing the self-identity of men and women through the practice of gender awareness education are relevant to all countries and cultures to varying degrees. The article attempts to conduct a comparative analysis of gender policy in Russia and China at the present stage in two aspects: education in the field of equality of rights and opportunities of men and women; correction of gender stereotypes and biases. The specificity of the approach to solving gender problems correlates with the national-cultural, political, religious, and ethical characteristics of the Russian and Chinese peoples. In Russia, as in China, the norms and principles of interaction between men and women, as well as the equality of their rights and opportunities in social life, are formally recognized by society and legalized, that contributes to spread of egalitarian views and attitudes. However, the declarative nature of this recognition often manifests itself in the lives of citizens of both States. Nevertheless, the traditional gender stereotypes are being overcome in Russian and Chinese society (in each in its own way), the authorities are trying to expand the legislative framework on gender equality of men and women, attract administrative resources to improve the level of gender culture of the population, as well as develop and implement programs designed for women. The strategic direction of gender policy and gender awareness education remains the development of a systematic approach to the presence of a gender component in the understanding of social processes, to the integration of the achievements of both sexes in the organization of society.

Art in the Time of Pandemic: Elisabetta Sirani, Artistic Agency, and Capitalist Social Reproduction

Art in the Time of Pandemic: Elisabetta Sirani, Artistic Agency, and Capitalist Social Reproduction

Преднамеренно деформированные черепа из могильника Фронтовое-3

The paleoanthropological materials from fully studied 228 burials of Frontovoye-3 burial ground it is possible to characterize the deformed skulls frequency and their shape in burials dating back to late 1st — early 5th centuries AD. We esteem the tradition of baby’s head artificial deformation as related to gender culture, which is passed on from one generation of women to the next. There were found only seven cases of deformities, which is less than 3 % of the total number of individuals studied. With the contours of the skull sagittal sutures compared, traces of slight annular deformation were found on six male skulls of mature and older age. The skull of one young woman shows traces of annular deformation with the effect of slight skull elongation. We discuss the hypothesis that the tradition of insignificant deformation of baby’s head was observed by a very limited part of society. Nevertheless, this tradition has been preserved throughout the entire existence of the necropolis. The same picture can be observed in a series of paleoanthropological materials from the Roman period from the necropolises of Chersonesos, Phanagoria, and burial grounds of the Abrau Peninsula. This situation contrasts with the high frequency and significant severity of deformed skulls among the population of the Lower Don and Volga regions, Northern Ciscaucasia.

The Birth of a Nation: Views on the Emergence of National Identities in European and Muslim Societies

The emergence of a nation can be understood through the prism of modernist or traditionalist ideas but both ideas agree on the fact that the struggle for territory and influence, the development of the state through the bureaucracy and the collective experience of the community are fundamental conditions for the emergence of a nation and national identity. National identity creates an atmosphere and space in which members of the nation exist, providing the possibility of socialization and cooperation between different strata of society that accept common values and traditions, which has enabled a uniform collective self-definition. The theoretical starting points for understanding the origin of the nation inevitably touch on the French theoretical aspect for which the state is a community of people in a certain area, the homeland is represented by a repository of historical memories, and the patria by a community of laws and institutions of unified political will. From the German theoretical aspect, the emphasis is on the nation as a community of birth and gender culture. The people are understood as a superfamily of common ancestors, languages, customs and religions. In addition to the above theories, the theory of the historical will to live together is unavoidable, which emphasizes the common historical destiny of people living in one country, thus creating a common identity that has a transcendent meaning. In addition to the above, the nation can be understood as a judicial-administrative product with a collective foundation in the state within which sovereignty arises. The cultural background of the creation of the nation and national identities, in its essence, opposes the modern desacralization of the world. Although Western nationalism offered an integrative force for the creation of larger states that no other ideology could provide until then, it led to bloody conflicts and violence in the transition from agrarian to industrial societies. The crises produced by nationalism have been overcome by secularized ideas, values, myths and symbols from the Judeo-Christian tradition, which is easiest to reach in Western European societies in times of crisis. Nation-states in the Muslim world did not appear until the 20th century. After the decisive secularization, nation-states became a political framework in Muslim societies as well. Nationality in its loyalty to the nation was opposed to the hitherto generally accepted loyalty to the ummah. In order to alleviate the tension in this regard, the starting point for the development of nations in Muslim societies is the secularization of traditional values. Religious feeling remains at the root of nationalism in Muslim societies, so loyalty to a nation implicitly means religious loyalty as well. Nevertheless, modern processes of globalization transcend nation and national identities as sources of interethnic conflicts. The foundations are being laid for a global pacification culture that encourages self-definition of local cultural identities and a new way of emphasizing people's sovereignty. As modernization failed in the expectation of weakening national consciousness, national identities and nationalist movements strengthened at the end of the 20th century. The nation once again has the potential to offer solutions to problems that have emerged in a globalizing world in which a sense of continuity of a common past has been disrupted, as important determinants of identity.

Gender Culture or Gender System? Family Gender Arrangements and Stay‐At‐Home Fathers in Late‐Twentieth‐Century Australia

AbstractThis article asks: what are the factors that encourage and enable, or require and force, some fathers to reduce employment and stay home with children? It draws upon a conceptual model which examines how ‘gender cultures’ and ‘gender systems’ shape ‘gender arrangements’ of work and family life. The article uses evidence from oral history interviews conducted with men who were stay‐at‐home fathers in late‐twentieth‐century Australia. It concludes that when Australian families negotiated decisions about who would stay home with young children, economic forces were usually more influential than gender ideals. Yet the oral history accounts also show what fathers, and their families, could gain when men took on a shared and central role in the care of their children.

National Security And Gender from Anthropological Perspectives

Every society has a gender system, a male-female dichotomy. This paper reviews different approaches of Social/Cultural Anthropology that study human societies, culture, behavioral patterns, and other aspects affecting human culture including gender. There existed beliefs that females relate to nature and males to the culture, some researchers saw gender as a behavioral function of the sex. In the culture of hunters and gatherers gender was related to reproduction and food distribution, which stimulated the formation of the first artistic performances and the creation of beauty cosmetics and decoration. The contemporary political agenda of Gender equality concerns mostly equal voting rights and equal employment opportunities. Therefore gender-related demonstration of power and control play an important role in security.

Who Is Afraid of Feminist Thought?

Hana Havelková quickly became a leading voice of Czech feminist thought in the 1990s when she participated in the “East-West” debates about the place and usefulness of feminism in postsocialist societies. When did her journey to gender theory and research begin? She tells us about those beginnings:I did not start to take an interest in the question of the position of women in our republic at my own initiative. I had to be asked to do so, and even then, around 1990, I thought, like many others did, that there is not much to say about the topic of men and women, that there are not many problems in this area. I quickly learned how very wrong I was. I realised with a shock that the communist authorities had managed to erase from public attention and discussion even such elementary human questions as the relations between the sexes and the transformations of men’s and women’s roles, including, for example, parental roles.After the initial nudge, she wrote dozens of studies and essays, educated and mentored hundreds of students, gave innumerable speeches at conferences at home and abroad, and shaped the discussion on the “politics of gender culture” in Czech society, to borrow from the title of the book on which all three of us, together with a team of twelve other researchers, worked under Hana’s leadership.2 But what was that first impulse? Perhaps we thought we could always ask her the next time we met. Perhaps the thought has become pressing only now, when we can ask no more.

The Impact of National Culture on Firm Gender Diversity

Extant literature in organizational inequality shows that environmental forces affect firm gender equality outcomes. While there is evidence that national gender culture affects individual economic outcomes, little is known about the influence of national gender culture at the firm-level. In this article, I use the context of cross-border acquisitions to study how national culture shapes firms’ arrangements towards gender equality as I explore how foreign acquisitions affect workplace gender equality at acquired firms. I use restricted-access employer-employee data from France matched to M&A data. I use a generalized differences-in differences approach to estimate the impact of acquirer national gender culture on gender equality outcomes at acquired firms after an acquisition. I find that firms acquired by acquirers from more gender egalitarian countries see a larger increase in female representation in management and larger decrease in gender pay gap post-acquisition, compared to firms that get acquired by acquirers from less gender egalitarian countries. This main effect is stronger when the post-acquisition integration process is more thorough and when a new CEO is appointed at the acquired firm.

Anthropological Study of a Young Perm Family

The article considers the gender culture in the family, one of the most closed and local socio-cultural institutions. The relevance of this topic is determined by the anthropological turn in modern humanitarian knowledge, and the involvement of new data in scientific circulation, which is obtained as a result of the use of case-study semi-formalized techniques for interviewing respondents. Thus, on the basis of the interviews received, there are reconstructed contradictory forms of gender identity in a young married couple in Perm. The article presents the materials of the respondents’ interviews in the form of narratives consistently presenting the key stages of the relationship. Gradually, the narrative’s characters begin to construct a gender identity in a new cultural institution – their own family. There can be seen a conflict between the characters’ symbolic self-identity and their real practices. The man takes a dominant role in the beginning of the relationship. He objectifies the woman and alone decides when to start the relationship. Then the situation changes. The man’s dominant role is replaced with a passive one. The initiative goes to the woman, who repeats the man’s behavior. At the same time, it turns out that in everyday life, the respondents fill the roles of the husband and wife with special content. The wife’s role includes the mother’s behavior towards her husband, and the husband’s role includes the child’s behavior towards his wife. The family is an inverse patriarchal type of relationship. The woman has a dominant role, but identifies herself as an obedient wife.

Rigged against them: women camera operators at the BBC during the 1970s and 1980s

ABSTRACT In 1973, in response to pressure from trade unions and women’s groups, and a damning report that exposed the discriminatory policies and attitudes underpinning women's employment, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) committed to the recruitment of women into previously male-only technical occupations. This article examines draws upon public and private archives, and oral history interviews with former BBC women film and television camera operators, to assess the extent to which the Corporation’s commitment to equality brought about sustained change to women’s opportunities in technical areas of television. Although stereotypical assumptions about women’s technical ability proved unfounded, women’s employment in camera roles continued to be restricted through recruitment policies and procedures that favoured male applicants. Women’s entry into technical areas also challenged existing gendered power relations and workplace culture within television studios. The BBC’s inadequate commitment to meaningful change to discriminatory work practices further entrenched the equation of technical skill with masculine labour.

Breaking the Silence within Critical Pedagogy

There is a wide and rich scientific literature about Gender Violence (GV) in diverse institutions and contexts, now including Isolating Gender Violence (IGV). However, there is an almost absolute silence about GV and IGV within the field of critical pedagogy despite its pretention to influence children’s education. This paper is part of a long research program on GV and presents the first evidence about its existence within critical pedagogy. The communicative methodology of this research has included interviews to 15 authors of critical pedagogy and 1 discussion group. The gender dimension is key in this research, most lists of outstanding critical pedagogists include only white males and most of them from North America, in this research there are 15 women of the 21 interviewees and diverse gender options and cultures are represented. The results clearly show that, as in any other social institutions and domains, within critical pedagogy there are upstanders against GV, those who maintain a guilty silence and harassers making direct GV and/or IGV.

Experiments in early US television: windows of opportunities for female technical workers in the 1940s

ABSTRACT This article examines the case of the Women’s Auxiliary Television Technical Staff (WATTS) of the Chicago television station WBKB: an all-female technical and production crew that operated from 1942 to 1947. In tracing the employment and work of the WATTS, this article examines, firstly, the conditions that enabled women to engage in television technical and production work. Secondly, this article considers the conditions that resulted in decline in the numbers of women working at the station in the post-war period, which were related to men’s return to work after the war, the shift in television’s evolution from experimental to professional and commercial, and, finally, to the gendered culture of work that emerged when men engaged in production work with women. Through an analysis of the trade and popular press discourses that first celebrated women’s television work and later dismissed it, women’s place in the earliest years of television is foregrounded.

The ways of the realization of gender-based education in the learning process in higher educational establishments

The article reveals the problem of gender-oriented education in higher education. The author notes that it is important not only to change the forms, methods and means of learning in modern conditions but also the concept of forming a modern specialist who has to train, in addition to professional knowledge, skills and abilities - interpersonal and soft skills because society is gradually moving away from the individualistic type and focuses on teamwork and cooperation at all levels. Among the gender problems in Ukraine such as gender inequality at different levels of education, the presence of elements of gender discrimination in the content of academic disciplines and its reflection in the educational and methodological literature; gender relations in the teaching staff, teaching style and pedagogical communication; speech/language sexism, etc. are identified. The survey proved the need to use a gender-sensitive approach in the educational process, showed some differences in learning between boys and girls and confirmed the importance of taking into account the psychological and physiological differences between girls and boys in the educational process. The author presents ways to implement this approach in higher education, which will contribute to the comprehensive coverage of all areas of work - teaching, methodological and educational - which will contribute to the creation of a gender-sensitive educational environment. Various directions of the introduction of gender education as a component of national, moral, family, legal, mental, labour are offered; emphasis is placed on the necessity to include gender topics in lectures, practical classes, term papers and master's theses; cooperation of educators and public organizations; formation of gender culture of the teacher, propaganda of gender education. The results of an experimental study are presented, the statistical data of which indicate the need to implement this type of education for more effective organization of the educational process in higher education, humanization and democratization of education.

RAPE CULTURE AND RELIGIOUS STUDIES: CRITICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL ENGAGEMENTS. Edited by RhiannonGraybill, MeredithMinister, and BeatriceLawrence. Feminist Studies and Sacred Texts Series, 3. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2019. Pp. v + 207. $95.00.

Religious Studies ReviewVolume 47, Issue 2 p. 215-216 Short Reviews Of Recent Publications: Gender & Sexuality Studies RAPE CULTURE AND RELIGIOUS STUDIES: CRITICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL ENGAGEMENTS. Edited by Rhiannon Graybill, Meredith Minister, and Beatrice Lawrence. Feminist Studies and Sacred Texts Series, 3. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2019. Pp. v + 207. $95.00. First published: 08 August 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/rsr.15181Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume47, Issue2June 2021Pages 215-216 RelatedInformation

Marriage and Masculinity: Male-Breadwinner Culture, Unemployment, and Separation Risk in 29 Countries.

Scholars argue that gender culture, understood as a set of beliefs, norms, and social expectations defining masculinities and femininities, plays an important role in shaping when romantic relationships end. However, the relevance of gender culture is often underappreciated, in part because its empirical identification remains elusive. This study leverages cross-country variation in gender norms to test the hypothesis that gender culture conditions which heterosexual romantic relationships end and when. We analyze the extent to which male-breadwinning norms determine the association between men's unemployment and couple separation. Using harmonized household panel data for married and cohabiting heterosexual couples in 29 countries from 2004 to 2014, our results provide robust evidence that male-breadwinner norms are a key driver of the association between men's unemployment and the risk of separation. The magnitude of this mechanism is sizeable; an increase of one standard deviation in male-breadwinner norms increases the odds of separation associated with men's unemployment by 32 percent. Analyses also show that the importance of male-breadwinner norms is strongest among couples for whom the male-breadwinner identity is most salient, namely married couples. By directly measuring and leveraging variation in the key explanatory of interest, gender culture, our study offers novel and robust evidence reinforcing the importance of gender norms to understand when romantic relationships end.

“Cinderella” Vs “Timun Mas”: Exploring Gender Stereotypes and Culture as Learning Material Purposes

Gender roles are an important part of culture. How the genders are portrayed in the literature contributes to the image young adults develops of their gender roles and the role of gender in the social order. This research entitled “Cinderella VS Timun Mas : Exploring gender stereotypes and culture as learning materials purposes” aimed to analyze the content of both “Cinderella” and “Timun Mas” which cover: 1. Occupations and Gender Stereotypes; 2 Centrality of Female and Male Characters; 3. Culture Content ; and 4 Suitability as learning material purposes. This research is a qualitative study using content analysis. It was carried out with procedures: collecting, analyzing, and presenting data. Based on research questions it is revealed that for occupation and gender types showed that “Timun mas” has varieties of gender with 66,67% reference whereas “Cinderella” only has 50% references. For the centrality of male and female character, “Cinderella’ has more varieties in 37,5% male and 62,5% female whereas in “Timun Mas” showed 50% for both genders”. For the cultural content, in “Timun Mas” the cultural content found was 60% and in “Cinderella” was 80%. And the suitability to be used as learning materials showed that “Timun Mas” checked with 16 points whereas “Cinderella” checked with 20 points. It can be concluded that both can be used as authentic learning materials for gender references, but “Cinderella” has more varieties and cultural content compared to “Timun Mas”.

Human Development by Gender and National Culture: A Comparative Analysis

The differences between female and male human development indicators are evidence that the general scenario (whole population) presents a blurred analytical viewpoint. Female schooling and life expectancy have advanced, but income is far from keeping pace. For women, legislation does not seem to be enough without the cultural legitimisation; for men, the cultural dependency on psychopathologies derived from the subjective expectations of masculinity is more evident. However, no study has apparently analysed the influence of national culture (NC) on human development (HD), by comparing the General, Female, and Male scenarios. This research sought to fill this gap by applying univariate and multivariate techniques to the data from 59 countries, using the Hofstede cultural dimensions as independent variables, HD indicators as dependent variables, and democracy, agricultural dependence, and urbanisation as controls. The influence of culture is a reality in all scenarios, but differs according to gender. For women, individualism appears to be a more powerful ally, and masculinity and uncertainty avoidance more harmful factors than for men; for men, power distance and indulgence have a greater impact than on women. Considering HD as a whole, an autonomous thinking society that rejects unjustifiable inequalities seems to be the most important cultural enabler.

Is vulnerability to climate change gendered? And how? Insights from Egypt

Most climate change literature tends to downplay the gendered nature of vulnerability. At best, gender is discussed in terms of the male-female binary, seen as opposing forces rather than in varying relations of interdependency. Such construction can result in the adoption of maladaptive culturally unfit gender-blind policy and interventions. In Egypt, which is highly vulnerable to climate change, gender analysis of vulnerability is almost non-existent. This paper addresses this important research gap by asking and drawing on a rural Egyptian context ‘How do the gendered relational aspects of men’s and women’s livelihoods in the household and community influence vulnerability to climate change?’. To answer this question, I draw on gender analysis of social relations, framed within an understanding of sustainable livelihoods. During 16 months of fieldwork, I used multiple ethnographic methods to collect data from two culturally and ethnically diverse low-income villages in Egypt. My main argument is that experiences of climate change are closely intertwined with gender and wider social relations in the household and community. These are shaped by local gendered ideologies and cultures that are embedded in conjugal relations, kinship and relationship to the environment, as compared across the two villages. In this paper, I strongly argue that vulnerability to climate change is highly gendered and therefore gender analysis should be at the heart of climate change discourses, policy and interventions.