Energy Intensity Of GDP Research Articles

Энергоэффективность экономики России: оценка и прогноз

The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the current geopolitical situation makes the problem of ensuring energy efficiency of the Russian national economy particularly significant. The indicator "energy intensity of GDP" is used as a key indicator characterizing the efficiency of using energy resources. It is shown that in the period 2012-2022, there was a positive trend towards reducing the energy intensity of GDP due to energy conservation and increased energy efficiency. The regression analysis method was used to evaluate and predict the energy efficiency of the Russian economy. The formed regression model, which includes eight factor indicators, shows that the technological factor is a key driver of reducing the energy intensity of the GDP of the Russian Federation. The performed forecast estimates allow us to state that in the medium term, we should expect a return to the positive downward trend that took place in the period 2012-2022. Current and prospective estimates of the energy intensity of GDP suggest a likely increase in the efficiency of the Russian economy in terms of the use of energy resources.

Understanding the Historical Trend of Final Energy Intensity of GDP During Economic Transitions: The Case of Portugal (1960–2014)

Understanding the Historical Trend of Final Energy Intensity of GDP During Economic Transitions: The Case of Portugal (1960–2014)

Sustainable Development of European Countries: The Climate Component

This article provides a cause-and-effect analysis of the impact of carbon emissions on climate change and on the sustainable development of European countries. Despite the consolidated efforts of the world community, the global amount of greenhouse gas emissions is not decreasing, leading to irreversible climate change. The objective of this paper is to explore Europe’s progress towards climate neutrality in the context of ensuring sustainable development and achieving the goals of the European Green Deal. The article aims to establish an econometric relationship between the amount of carbon emissions and the energy intensity of GDP based on statistical data from European countries, and using the example of Ukraine during a full-scale invasion to demonstrate factors that influence greenhouse-gas- emissions growth despite GDP. A significant aspect of this study is an analysis of data from 2012–2022, which indicates that Europe has reduced CO2 emissions and is successfully moving towards climate neutrality. Key efforts of EU countries in preventing climate change and transitioning to renewable energy sources are reflected in the context of the Green Deal. Based on econometric calculations, the direct relationship between the amount of carbon emissions and energy intensity of GDP in European countries was confirmed with a probability of 0.95. The obtained interdependence allows one to predict the amount of CO2 emissions based on known values of energy intensity of GDP during stable economic development. Special attention was paid to Ukraine and the increase in CO2 emissions due to the war. The authors concluded that the war disrupted the relationship between GDP and CO2 emissions, leading to a 23% increase in emissions in 2022. Overcoming the climate crisis and ensuring sustainable development requires a global decarbonisation strategy. However, effective climate policy is impossible without achieving peace.

Interactions Among Energy Consumption per GDP, Technological Innovation Input and Energy Consumption Structure in China During the 14th Five-Year Plan Period

In the context of China's 14th Five-Year Plan, this paper examines the complex interactions between energy utilization efficiency, technological advancement, and energy-consuming structure. The Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model, impulse response functions, and variance decomposition are used to thoroughly analyze time series data extending from 1999 to 2022 to reveal the dynamic relationships and effect mechanisms among these variables. The results show that the multidimensional adjustment of energy use has been driven in large part by technological innovation. In the short term, the improvement in energy utilization efficiency is predominantly propelled by its inherent inertia, while technological innovation gradually becomes the primary driving force. The positive impact of technological innovation input enhances energy utilization efficiency, while improved energy utilization efficiency stimulates later-stage technological innovation investment. Furthermore, a shift towards reduced GDP energy intensity is essential, focusing on controlling fossil fuel usage while advancing non-fossil energy sources. It underscores the significance of optimizing traditional fossil fuel utilization and gradually transitioning to clean energy sources for sustained and efficient energy-consuming patterns.

Global energy trends in the context of climate and environmental transformations

The article is devoted to the study of issues of energy policy formation in nine changing climatic and environmental vectors. A retrospective analysis of the impact of the climate agenda on the energy intensity of global GDP and greenhouse gas emissions was carried out. The authors present a “time line” from 1972-2022, demonstrating the connection between the adoption of a number of key international documents aimed at achieving global environmental and climate goals, and the dynamics of growth rates in the energy intensity of global GDP and greenhouse gas emissions. According to data from 2010-2022, it is shown that the policy of replacing traditional fossil hydrocarbon fuel and energy resources with renewable energy sources in the global energy balance helps to overcome environmental and climate problems, positive results have been identified, in particular, a steady trend of transformation of development scenarios of the global energy system through the introduction of low-carbon and carbon-free technologies, primarily hydropower, solar photovoltaic energy, and wind energy. An inversely proportional relationship is observed, demonstrating several trends: a decrease in the capital intensity of renewable energy sources, a decrease in the costs of the process of their implementation and operation. The results of the study allow us to state the consistency of processes in relation to changes in the dynamics of global GDP and greenhouse gas emissions, while in recent years the growth rate of greenhouse gas emissions at the global level is lower compared to the growth rate of GDP, which proves the effectiveness of the measures being implemented. The materials presented in the article can be used to develop theoretical models and applied measures to implement scenarios for decarbonization of economic systems, increasing their environmental sustainability and mitigating climate change.

Дослідження взаємозв’язку показників екологічної та енергетичної ефективності на рівні країни

The world community strives to develop methods of assessing the most important factors of environmental impact, as well as to develop mechanisms for its adjustment in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the minimum possible level. Increasing environmental efficiency should simultaneously contribute to increasing energy efficiency, which in turn can contribute to increasing the general living standard. When choosing energy-saving measures in industrial technologies, the primary fuel savings and the economic effect of the implementation of the up-to-date technologies are taken into account. This effect, as a rule, includes the cost of saved energy resources, a reduction in operating costs and a reduction in environmental tax. The ecological restrictions determined by Ukraine in the 2021 National Determined Contribution should be taken into account for forecasting primary fuel consumption. As a result, this consumption is limited by the greenhouse gas emissions, which in 2030 should not exceed 35 % compared to 1990. The purpose of the study is to upgrade the existing methodology of comprehensive assessment of energy-saving measures with new environmental restrictions and improved performance indicators based on the identification and formalization of the relationship between energy and environmental indicators. The analysis of the existing environmental indicators and regulatory environmental documents made it possible to choose the environmental indicator of specific CO2 emissions per GDP for the methodology of comprehensive assessment at the country level, to study the regression dependence between this indicator and the fuel capacity of GDP. This graphic analysis allows for determining the marginal fuel capacity of GDP in 2030, which will correspond to the accepted environmental restrictions. Thus, the method of comprehensive assessment of energy-saving measures should be developed for different hierarchical levels of the economy and take into account the marginal fuel capacity of GDP under environmental restrictions. Keywords: GDP energy intensity, specific CO2 emissions, energy efficiency indicators, ecological restrictions.

Carbon Emissions in the U.S.: Factor Decomposition and Cross-State Inequality Dynamics

This paper examines the determinants of inequality in the distribution of CO2 emissions across U.S. regions. We implement a factorial decomposition of CO2 per capita based on extended Kaya factors, that is, carbon intensity of fossil fuel consumption, energy mix, energy intensity of GDP, economic growth in terms of labor productivity and employment rate. Results reveal that U.S. states display marked differences in most factors. We identify energy intensity as the main source of emissions inequality. Based on the within and between group inequality components we also explore the effect of geographical, geological, climatic and human development partitions of U.S. states’ groups. Findings indicate that the within-group inequality had been the main contributor to the whole inequality. Finally, some economic policy implications are also discussed; explaining the unequal distribution of emissions is vital to establish differentiated targets and work towards successful mitigation proposals.

Графическое исследование показателей энергетической эффективности потребления топливно-энергетических ресурсов странами мира

The article is devoted to the comparative study of the energy characteristics of countries around the world, which is based on the construction of graphic maps of energy characteristics. The article presents the author’s maps of the energy intensity and electrical capacity of GDP by PPP of the countries of the world, the energy intensity and electrical capacity of per capita GDP by PPP of the countries of the world, a map of per capita energy consumption and electricity consumption in various countries of the world, and a map of the characteristics of CO2 emissions in various countries of the world, with the distribution of characteristics along the axes of GDP per capita and per capita electricity consumption. The materials analyze the results of the constructed maps and draw appropriate conclusions. Based on the maps of the energy intensity and electrical intensity of GDP by PPP of the countries of the world, conclusions are drawn about the high differences in the level of energy efficiency of the economies of different countries of the world, both in terms of total consumption of fuel and energy resources and electric energy, in particular. The constructed map of the energy intensity and electrical intensity of per capita GDP by PPP in various countries of the world makes it possible to group countries by indicators of energy efficiency of electricity consumption, taking into account the scale of economic development per capita. The identified country groups make it possible to carry out a subsequent analysis of the energy and economic characteristics of individual countries, to identify common features, and to develop principles, mechanisms, and methods of managing the economy and energy facilities of countries, taking into account the identified features. The map of per capita energy consumption and electricity consumption in various countries of the world presented in the materials made it possible to clearly identify that the indicators of per capita energy consumption and electricity consumption of the countries of the world are proportional. The article presents a map of the characteristics of CO2 emissions from different countries of the world, reflecting the distribution of countries relative to each other in terms of relative CO2 emissions, which allows us to clearly identify a significant difference in carbon dioxide emissions, which indicates a difference in the characteristics of the efficiency of consumption of fuel and energy resources. The results obtained make it possible to perform a subsequent grouping of countries with the identification of common features as well as the development of differentiated directions of energy policy aimed at effective economic development.

Ecological and economic determinants of energy efficiency in European countries

Since economic development is often associated with an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, it is especially important to answer the question of whether it is possible to achieve sustainable economic development and improve energy efficiency at the same time, which implies a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The purpose of this study was to build models that can help find the environmental and economic determinants of energy efficiency in European countries. An ecological and economic determinants of energy efficiency indicators of 38 European countries were found based on panel regression models. The models were built based on statistical data characterizing the level of their economic development and consumption of diverse types of energy for 1995-2021. To obtain the necessary approximations of energy efficiency indicators, one of three types of models was used: the random effects method, the fixed effects method, or the pooled model. For this, appropriate statistical tests were used. As a result, it was found that the factors that have a statistically significant impact on the energy intensity of GDP in European countries include the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions, unemployment rate, primary energy consumption per capita, and gross electricity production per capita. The findings showed that determinants of primary energy consumption were domestic consumption of solid fossil fuels per capita, domestic natural gas consumption per capita, and primary energy consumption per capita. The study results generally confirm the modern-day thesis that economic development can be achieved while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The monitoring of factors that have a statistically significant impact on the indicators under consideration can become an essential element of the modern energy efficiency management system of the national economies of European countries

INFLUENCE OF FOULING OF HEAT-EXCHANGE SURFACES OF CONDENSERS OF STEAM TURBINES ON THE CARBON OXIDE EMISSIONS

According to the strategy of environmental development of Ukraine until 2030, in order to increase the Environmental Performance Index (EPI), it is planned to reduce the energy intensity of GDP. One of the most polluting industries is the thermal power industry, and therefore reducing the emission of harmful gases, in particular nitrogen dioxide, is an important environmental problem. The share of electricity production by thermal power plants and thermal power plants in the electric power complex is significant, which leads to environmental risks due to large emissions and discharges of harmful substances by these enterprises into the environment. The magnitude of such emissions depends on the efficiency of the circulating cooling systems, which affects the rational use of fuel and water resources and, accordingly, the state of the environment. Increasing the temperature of the exhaust steam by reducing heat transfer through the contaminated heat exchange surface increases the pressure in the condenser of steam turbines and reduces the power of the turbine, which increases fuel consumption and increases the amount of emissions of harmful substances. One of these emissions is nitrogen dioxide, which is a harmful toxic compound and is classified as a greenhouse gas. The Purpose of the work is to calculate oxide carbon emissions depending on the thickness of the deposited layer on the heat exchange surface of the condensers of steam turbines of TPP. The concept of a particle of harmful emissions associated with the emergence and growth of a layer of pollution of the heat exchange surface of the condensers of steam turbines of TPP, expressed in fractions of a unit, is introduced, and an analytical expression is obtained for this value. Based on the theories of fuel combustion, heat transfer, as well as the concept of a part of harmful emissions associated with the emergence and growth of a pollution layer, the dependence of the amount of harmful emissions associated with fuel combustion at TPPs on the thickness of the pollution layer of the heat exchange surface of steam turbine condensers is obtained. Keywords: environmental pollution, thermal power plants, carbon monoxide, heat exchange surfaces.

Енергоефективність економіки України за видами економічної діяльності

The article is concerned with assessing and analyzing the energy efficiency of the Ukrainian economy by types of economic activity. The study analyzes the place of Ukraine among other countries according to international rankings (indices): the Energy Transition Index, the Trilemma Index of the World Energy Council (WEC), the International Energy Security Risk Index. It is found that Ukraine’s positions in international rankings determine a number of interrelated problems of energy, economic and environmental development of the country, among which one of the major ones is the high energy intensity of GDP. The dynamics of energy intensity of GDP in some countries of the world and in Ukraine is analyzed. A matrix for estimating the energy efficiency of economies of countries (groups of countries) according to the criteria of direction and intensity of changes and the level of energy intensity of GDP is proposed. It is examined what structural changes occurred in the energy sector and economy of Ukraine by the type of continuity of the production process and the level of energy intensity in the final consumption of fuel and energy resources (FER) and production output. The specific weight of characteristics of groups of foreign economic activity of Ukraine in the final consumption of FER and production output is analyzed. The related indices are computed and directions of structural shifts in foreign economic activity in final consumption of FER and production output are determined. A general characterization of consistency of structural shifts in final consumption of FER and production output due to foreign economic activity and their groups in Ukraine is formed. The carried out study allowed to determine that the high energy intensity of Ukraine’s GDP is a consequence of the peculiarities of the structure of the national economy, shifted towards more energy-intensive industries and technological lag of most sectors of the economy from the level of developed countries. It is determined that, in general, in the structure of the economy of Ukraine there were coordinated minor changes in the final consumption of FER and production output. However, in parts of the group of foreign economic activity related to industries with a continuous type of production process with high and medium energy intensity, there were significant uncoordinated negative structural changes both in the final consumption of FER and in production output. Some increase in energy efficiency of the national economy was caused by a reduction in production volumes in highly energy-intensive industries with a continuous production cycle. Thus, despite the high rate of decline in the energy intensity of GDP in Ukraine, its energy intensity remains one of the highest in the world (exceeding the world average by 2.1 times), which determines the unsatisfactory energy efficiency of the economy.

ВПЛИВ ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ НА ЕКОНОМІЧНЕ ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНИ: ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКИЙ ВЕКТОР

The article examines the problem of the growth of the energy intensity of the Ukrainian economy through the analysis of the dynamics of changes in such macroeconomic indicator as the energy intensity of GDP. The dynamics of changes in real GDP, energy intensity of final consumption and total primary energy supply for the years 2010-2020, as well as changes in the energy intensity of the Ukrainian economy in the period 1990-2022 were analyzed. Based on the results of the analysis, it was concluded that the crisis phenomena of 2019 and 2022 had a significant negative impact on the energy intensity of the Ukrainian economy. The definition of energy intensity of GDP and energy efficiency is given. The difference and relationship between these two concepts are defined.The aspect of the impact of energy efficiency on the implementation of a successful energy policy of the state has been studied. Particular attention is paid to the experience of European countries in the implementation of energy-efficient practices, in particular through the provision of subsidies, credits, support to industries and households. The desire of the EU countries to decarbonization of the economy is summarized. On the example of such countries as Poland, Romania, France, Germany and Finland, the pan-European approach to increasing the level of energy efficiency is analyzed. The European ap-proach to investment activities is analyzed, several key programs that invest and finance energy-efficient projects at the EU level are characterized, and the state of Ukraine'sinvestment climate is determined.Seven directions of work of the Government of Ukraine to increase energy efficiency during the ongoing military aggression are proposed. The key obstacles to the implementation of energy-efficient practices in the processof Ukraine's recovery are identified, and tools for adapting European experience to Ukrainian realities are proposed in order to preserve the trend towards increasing energy efficiency and reducing the energy intensity of the economy

Taxonomy of Chinas’s “Green” Economy

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the development of the energy system of modern China. The analysis of the main directions of the formation of the system of renewable energy sources in the country is carried out, the current regulatory and legal acts regulating the direction of development in the field of energy are considered. In the PRC, under the current conditions, preference is given to economic growth and ensuring energy security due to a moderate increase in generating capacity from fossil sources using modern available technologies to minimize damage from their use, while simultaneously increasing renewable energy sources (RES). One of the main reasons for increasing renewable energy in China is strategic in nature: by increasing the share of renewable sources in its energy balance for electricity consumption, China can reduce geopolitical tensions, making the country less dependent on unstable regions in terms of energy security. The energy market, dependent on fossil fuels, depends on ensuring the safety of oil and gas transportation routes, but one of the main reasons why the Chinese government is promoting renewable energy is to reduce air pollution. The NPC Environmental Protection Committee has repeatedly noted that the production and consumption of fossil fuel energy is responsible for 90% of sulfur dioxide emissions in the country and that for this reason, 7 of the 10 most polluted cities in the world are located in China. The country is working on the reconstruction and modernization of production facilities in order to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, technologies for carbon capture, use and storage are being developed. Currently, the country is implementing a very important transition from control over the total volume of energy consumption and the energy intensity of GDP to a new “double control” — control over the total amount of carbon emissions and the intensity of emissions.

Monetary policy of commodity-dependent economies

This paper deals with the features of monetary policies of commodity-exporting and commodity-dependent economies, using methods of generalization of their instruments. The review of the monetary policy toolkit of advanced and emerging economies during the 2020–2021 pandemic demonstrates that central banks' reaction has been cautious in adopting asset purchase programs, often limiting their purchases to a smaller scale along with a narrow set of assets. Nevertheless, the application of credit support programs implemented in 2008 and a new set of credit programs for additional segments of the economy facilitated recovery.Central banks of emerging economies started raising key rates in 2021, and in 2022 advanced economies also began conducting tighter monetary policies to combat inflationary pressures of 2021–2022. The impact of the war in Ukraine on commodity markets exacerbated rising сommodity prices along with accommodative monetary policy, has led to stagflation in 2022. EU is among the most affected by inflation caused by the dependence on Russian oil and gas, and simultaneously by the recovery of internal demand after the pandemic. In the first half of 2022, the ECB’s monetary instruments remained asset purchases and lifting key rates. The risk of distracting monetary policy priorities from the green transition due to commodities price upturn is noted.For commodity-exporting emerging economies, shocks of raw materials prices become factors of business cycle fluctuations. The opportunities for effective monetary policy of commodity-exporting economies depend on exchange rate regimes and fiscal policy. The central bank's reaction to the rise in commodity prices is a tightening of monetary policy and a fall in prices – a weakening, suggesting that stabilizing output is more important than inflation targeting.The sharp decline in commodity prices from mid-2014 to early 2016 demanded significant fiscal adjustments and monetary policy tightening measures among commodity export-dependent economies. Compared to the oil crises of 1973 and 1979, today's oil price increase is relatively minor, the energy intensity of GDP is much less, and there is a price upturn in a much broader range of energy and agricultural commodities. Monetary goals and instruments are now much better defined due to the recognition of confidence as one of the monetary instruments in managing inflation expectations.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЯ ПРОЦЕСНО-ПРОСТОРОВОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ ПОТЕНЦІАЛОМ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ СИСТЕМИ ГАЗОПОСТАЧАННЯ В ПОСТІНДУСТРІАЛЬНІЙ ЕКОНОМІЦІ

Russia's undeclared war has led to a shift in worldview paradigms, Ukraine will face the scientific and practical problem of forming and achieving such a socio-economic level that will ensure its equality with the leading world powers. The article outlines the theories characterizing the phenomenon of the development of the world economy and singles out individual signs of readiness for the transition to a post-industrial society and the main factors influencing the transformational processes of the post-industrial economy. It is emphasized that there is a need to improve state policy in order to create market incentives for a more rational distribution of capital from the sphere of resource use to more technological sectors, taking into account social and environmental consequences. An analysis of the structure of Ukraine's primary energy, which affects the functioning of the economy and the fuel and energy complex, was carried out. Ukraine's energy balance is marked by structural and price disparities, which significantly worsen the country's energy security indicators. The energy intensity of Ukraine's GDP is given, the dynamics of its decrease is extremely low. The characteristics of the Ukrainian international gas transit system are given and the need to change its architecture is indicated. It is proposed to use the probability of trouble-free operation of the gas pipeline system when changing their configuration as a criterion for controlling energy consumption in the methodology of process-spatial management of the gas enterprises potential.

Dynamics of the carbon intensity of the economy by macro-regions using the intensity index of energy intensity reduction

The paper studies the dynamics of the energy intensity of the economies of the countries of the world. It is shown that by 1980 the process of reducing the energy intensity of the economy began only in the developed countries of North America, Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, as well as in China. The intensity index of energy intensity reduction was calculated, which made it possible to identify the features of the dynamics of GDP energy intensity in developed and developing countries. The presence of convergence in the time series of energy intensity and carbon intensity of the economy of all macroregions, with the exception of the Middle East, where divergence is observed, is determined.

Convergence in energy intensity of GDP: Evidence from West African countries

As convergence in energy-related series has implications for sustainable energy consumption, researchers in the field of energy economics are interested in investigating the stochastic nature of energy-related series, including the energy intensity of GDP. However, there is a limited focus on West Africa which is a major economic block within the African continent. This study thus contributes to the extant literature by investigating the convergence of energy intensity of GDP amongst the 15-member countries of the ECOWAS. Using time-series data from 1988 to 2019, the sigma, beta as well stochastic convergence tests were conducted. Overall, results show that the energy intensity of GDP converges for the majority of the West-African countries. In this regard, regionally coordinated energy policies will improve energy efficiency and promote sustainable energy consumption more than the national energy policy of individual West-African countries.

Structural Transformation Options of the Saudi Economy Under Constraint of Depressed World Oil Prices

We implement the hybrid (energy-economy) recursive-dynamic multisector IMA-CLIM model with important adaptations to Saudi macroeconomics. We design two scenarios reflecting both the Saudi Vision 2030 economic development program and Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to greenhouse gas mitigation: Continuity of previous plans to expand energy-intensive activities under maintained energy-pricing policies, versus Transformation by economic diversification away from hydrocarbon-related activities and fiscal and energy-pricing reforms. We show that, compared to Continuity, Transformation improves activity, employment and public budget outlooks, while considerably abating the energy intensity of GDP and total CO2 emissions. Our results thus point at the relevance of economic diversification as both a hedging strategy against international climate change mitigation depressing oil markets and a national climate mitigation strategy for Saudi Arabia. However, the successful advancement of the reforms necessary for diversification remains conditional to setting a suitable institutional framework for a competitive economy.

State policy of Ukraine in the sphere of environmental protection in the context of European integration

Purpose. To develop a systematic approach to implementation of effective state environmental and economic policy of Ukraine and develop regulatory measures to implement environmental protection policy. Methodology. The methods used are: scientific observation to form topic, purpose, objectives of the study; systematic approach to analyze EUs environmental principles and structure of environmental management bodies; analysis/synthesis to compare effectiveness of environmental policy structures; scientific abstraction to develop the structural implementation of the state environmental policy; logical analysis to predict consequences of management actions; induction/deduction for the analysis of intensity energy supply/consumption, development of management actions increasing energy efficiency; quantitative/qualitative comparison for the analysis of regulatory/legislative support for regulation of man-made environmental impact. Findings. The analysis of the state and supranational ecological policy is carried out, the efficiency of the ways of implementation of environmental protection principles is determined. The structure of the state ecological policy, which will allow increasing efficiency of decision-making on environmental protection, is developed. It is established that the state environmental policy should be comprehensive because its emergence will affect its effectiveness. Regulatory measures of ecological and economic policy in the legislative, normative and legal spheres are offered. Originality. A structural approach to environmental policy implementation is proposed, which is used for analysis in relation to the energy sector. An ecological and economic indicator of efficiency of ecological policy expenses of primary energy on unit of GDP is offered. The forecast of energy intensity of GDP for 2022 is developed. It is established that slowing down the rate of energy reduction requires strengthening regulatory measures. Practical value. The structure of environmental policy implementation can be used for systemic public administration reform. Forecasting the energy intensity of GDP and slowing down the rate of energy reduction can be used to develop regulatory measures, as energy largely determines the environmental/economic indicators in related industries.

The Impact Analysis of Electricity Prices on the Energy Intensity of the Kazakhstani Economy and Sustainable Development

The independent Kazakhstan is highly inefficient electricity production, transmission and distribution infrastructure, while electricity prices both for industry and residential consumers is significantly lower that world average level due to abundance of oil, gas and coal resources. As a result of resource usage inefficiency, the country loss of 3-5% of national growth domestic product and competitiveness on international economic arena. The aim of this study is to determine the possibilities of ensuring economic growth in Kazakhstan by improving the energy efficiency of the economy. The paper proposes to identify the relationship between economic growth and energy efficiency in Kazakhstan by applying the correlation-regression and comparative analysis of the dynamics of the national gross product and its specific energy intensity, which will determine and substantiate the priority direction of increasing energy efficiency and sustainable development in Kazakhstan. The result of correlation-regression analysis reveals that an increase in the price of electricity supply for industry by 2.5 KZT tenge per 1 kW leads to an improvement in the energy intensity of GDP by 0.012 kg per 47,000 KZT (or 100 USD), and an increase in the price of electricity supply for the population by 2.5 KZT per 1 kW leads to an improvement in energy intensity GDP by 0.005 kg per 47,000 KZT. In discussion, the article argues that country is mostly focuses on development of renewable energy sector, while considering the situation that Kazakhstan is geographically large country with high energy losses during the transmission and distribution electricity system, the application of the Smart Grid technologies seems as a prerequisite for improvement of energy efficiency and economic growth in Kazakhstan.