Gateway Research Articles

Socio-economic contributions of tourism in the development of hospitality industry

This study examines socio-economic contributions of tourism in the development of hospitality industry in Cross River State, Nigeria. The economic impact analysis (EIA) was adopted as the underpinning theory for the study. It helps in analysing the contributions of an industry to the economy of a region. The researcher used cross sectional survey method, non-probability purposive method and quantitative method (multiple regression) to analyse 232 staff of hotels, restaurants, eateries and dining in Calabar metropolis, Cross River, Nigeria. Findings from the study show that the socio economic contributions of tourism (income generation, foreign exchange earnings and employment opportunities) increases revenue, improve the quality of services and facilities of hospitality industry and relieves government of the responsibility of been the sole employer of labour. The research results provide an insight on the importance of developing nations investing in tourism as the gate way to development of hospitality industry. Research results have identify socio economic contributions of tourism as the key to sustainability of hospitality industry in the area of revenue generation, improvement in services and facilities to state of art and reducing pressure on government in the area of employment.

Comparative study: High performance polymers of polyphenylene sulfide and polyethylenimine using Taguchi-Topsis optimization approaches

The role of high-performance thermoplastic products is increasing in the present days because of its excellent physical and mechanical properties and also capable of withstanding critical loads and temperatures. In this study, an attempt was made to improve the mechanical and physical properties of two polymers PPS (Polyphenylene Sulfide) and PEI (Polyethylenimine) by addition of glass fiber as a reinforcement fiber. The glass fiber (GF) content considered as 40 wt% for both the polymers. Injection molding method was used for fabrication of PPS and PEI samples. After fabrication, mechanical tests such as tensile, impact and dimensional shrinkage (%) of samples were calculated. Taguchi and Topsis analysis techniques were applied for evaluation of major influencing parameters and determining the best experiment to be performed on the machine. After conducting the test, PPS polymer exhibited better mechanical strength values and lower shrinkage (%) compared to PEI. The best input parameters kept on the machine were observed to be gate way type, temperature and pressure. The conditions of gate way type 2, temperature 320°C, and a pressure of 100 bar are obtained as the best input parameters to be fixed on the machine for achieving higher values of mechanical strength and lower dimensional shrinkage for both PPS and PEI polymers. Out of these two polymers, PPS exhibited better mechanical and physical properties combining with GF. This polymer can extend its usage as a high-performance polymer for various industrial applications.

Globalization and capital formation in Nigeria

No country can achieve sustained economic growth without substantial investments in capital formation. Nigeria is rich in natural resources but due to inadequate capital and technology, these resources have not been fully tapped and maximized. This study seeks to provide another gate way to unlocking the dearth of capital formation for development by specifically investigating the impact of financial and trade globalization on capital formation in Nigeria within the period 1990–2022. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique was adopted for data analysis. The findings of this study indicate that while trade globalization has negative effect on capital formation in both the long run and short run respectively, financial globalization exerts negative effect on capital formation in the long run but a positive effect in the short run. Nevertheless, Financial and trade globalization exert detrimental effect on capital formation in the long run. A major policy recommendation is that Nigeria should play a key role in the African Continental Free Trade Area in order to boost her trade and financial competitiveness within Africa and so be able to lunch herself into the global space, and thus tap the potential benefits of trade and financial globalization.

Development of an Improved Solid Waste Management System in Nigeria Using Smart IOT Devices

Rapid rise in inhabitants across the globe has led to the inadmissible management of waste in various countries, giving rise to various health issues and environmental pollution. Waste management is a daily task in urban areas, which requires a large amount of labour resources and affects natural, budgetary, efficiency, and social aspects. Many approaches have been proposed and implemented in developed countries to optimize waste management, such as smart waste in and route optimization. However, these technologies are still new in developing countries and have been implemented fully. The waste-collecting trucks collect waste just once or twice in seven days. The poor and improper disposal of waste produces toxic gases, and radiation in the environment, which has adverse effects on human health. The agency managing waste in Nigeria lack proper coordination to ensure better result. These challenges motivated this research. The research develop an improved solid waste management system using IoT sensors. The robust web-based system, coordinate and manage all the trucks, drivers and revenue generated from waste disposal to ensure better result when compared with existing method. The methodology adopted for this system is Object Oriented System analysis and designed (OOAD) methodology for the web based system, and Embedded C++ is used for the algorithm that controls the sensor reading. However, the MQ5, MQ7, MQ135 and Load cell sensors were used for dumpsite monitoring. While Ardunino Controller and Sim808 Gate way are used for System connection and transmission. The result from the simulated work, shows that air quality and waste bin level can monitored concurrently, which boost the efficiency of the new system. Moreover, the incorporation of load cell sensor at the dumpsite also help the regulatory body to computing the efficiency of the evacuation process of truck drivers. The readings of gas sensors on air quality from simulated environment were compared with six membership performance index (MID) of WHO air quality standard. The result shows that the simulated dumpsites were able to capture five out of the six MID. This represents 83.33% compliance to the WHO standard. The Improved solid waste management system developed in this work will help for proper coordination of waste collection and disposal, to ensure a clean and healthy environment that provides transparency in the business of waste management upon its implementation Keywords: Development, Solid Waste, Management, Smart and IOT Devices

Role Entrepreneurial Leadership as A Gate Way to Achieve Organizational Ambidexterity: A Case Study in International Organizations, Erbil City

Role Entrepreneurial Leadership as A Gate Way to Achieve Organizational Ambidexterity: A Case Study in International Organizations, Erbil City

Joint Optimization on Trajectory, Data Relay, and Wireless Power Transfer in UAV-Based Environmental Monitoring System

In environmental monitoring systems based on the Internet of Things (IoT), sensor nodes (SNs) typically send data to the server via a wireless gateway (GW) at regular intervals. However, when SNs are located far from the GW, substantial energy is expended in transmitting data. This paper introduces a novel unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based environmental monitoring system. In the proposed system, the UAV conducts patrols in the designated area, and SNs periodically transmit the collected data to the GW or the UAV. This transmission decision is made while taking into account the respective distance between both the GW and the UAV. To ensure a high-quality environmental map, characterized by a consistent collection of a satisfactory amount of up-to-date data while preventing energy depletion in the SNs and the UAV, the UAV periodically decides on three types of UAV operations. These decisions involve deciding where to move, deciding whether to relay or aggregate the data from the SNs, and deciding whether to transfer energy to the SNs. For the optimal decisions, we introduce an algorithm, called DeepUAV, using deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to make decisions in UAV operations. In DeepUAV, the controller continually learns online and enhances the UAV’s decisions through trial and error. The evaluation results indicate that DeepUAV successfully gathers a substantial amount of the current data consistently while mitigating the risk of energy depletion in SNs and the UAV.

The Synergistic Effect Study of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and A53T-α-Synuclein: Intranasal LPS Exposure on the A53T-α-Synuclein Transgenic Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease.

Aging and interactions between genetic and environmental factors are believed to be involved the chronic development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Among PD patients, abnormally aggregated α-synuclein is a major component of the Lewy body. Generally, the intranasal route is believed to be a gate way to the brain, and it assists environmental neurotoxins in entering the brain and is related to anosmia during early PD. The current study applies the chronic intranasal application of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in 4-, 8-, 12- and 16-month-old A53T-α-synuclein (A53T-α-Syn) transgenic C57BL/6 mice at 2-day intervals for a 2-month period, for evaluating the behavioral, pathological, and biochemical changes and microglial activation in these animals. According to our results, after intranasal administration of LPS, A53T-α-Syn mice showed severe progressive anosmia, hypokinesia, selective dopaminergic (DAergic) neuronal losses, decreased striatal dopamine (DA) level, and enhanced α-synuclein accumulation within the substantia nigra (SN) in an age-dependent way. In addition, we found obvious NF-кB activation, Nurr1 inhibition, IL-1β, and TNF-α generation within the microglia of the SN. Conversely, the wild-type (WT) mice showed mild, whereas A53T-α-Syn mice had moderate PD-like changes among the old mice. This study demonstrated the synergistic effect of intranasal LPS and α-synuclein burden on PD development. Its underlying mechanism may be associated with Nurr1 inhibition within microglia and the amplification of CNS neuroinflammation. The mice with multiple factors, including aging, neuroinflammation, and α-synuclein mutation, have played a significant role in enhancing our understanding of how inflammation and α-synuclein mutation contribute to the neurodegeneration observed in PD.

Ayurvedic Management of Vataja Pratishyaya w.s.r to Allergic Rhinitis (AR)- A Single Case Study

Introduction- In Ayurveda it is said that Nasa is the gate way of Shirah. There are 31 and 18 Nasa roga described by Acharya Sushruta and Acharya Vagbhatta respectively. There are 5 types of Pratishyaya described by Acharya Sushruta and Acharya Vagbhatta i.e Vataja, Pittaja, Kaphaja, Raktaja and Sannipataja. The Vataja Pratishyaya can be correlated with Allergic Rhinitis (AR). The management of Vataja Pratishyaya can be done by various treatment methods like Gritapana, Nasya, Dhumapana, Swedana, Internal medication. Aim-To evaluate the effect of Vaspa Swedana(Steam inhalation), Anutaila Marsha Nasya (Nasal instillation) , Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha (Orally) in the management of Vataja Pratishyaya (Allergic Rhinitis). Materials and Methods: The subject approached to Shalakya Tantra ENT OPD of Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda (I.T.R.A), Jamnagar, with the symptoms of Running nose, Excessive Sneezing, Nasal obstruction, Itching of the nasal cavity since 15 days was systemically reviewed and Vaspa Swedana (Steam Inhaltion), Anutaila Marsha Nasya (Nasal Instillation), Chitraka Haritaki Avaleha (Orally) were prescribed. Results: The adopted Ayurvedic treatment showed complete remission in the disease Vataja Pratishyaya (Allergic Rhinitis) within 28 days. Discussion: Allergic Rhinitis is an allergic inflammation of the nasal membrane. It occurs when an allergen like pollen, dust or animal dander is inhaled by a private with a sensitized system. The symptoms of Vata- Kaphaj Pratishaya resembles most of Rhinitis. In Ayurveda the concept of allergy is widely elaborated under the concept of Ama, concept of Asatmya & concept of Viruddha Aahara.Conclusion:.Here the treatment methods which are opted has Vata -Kapha Samana properties and has given a satisfactory result within 28 days.

Energy Trading and Power Allocation Strategies for Relay-Assisted Smart Grid Communications: A Three-Stage Game Approach

In smart grid, serious packet loss often occurs in the process of information interaction between the Utilities and customers, which results in supply-demand deviation and further increases the cost of the Utilities. In order to improve the information transmission performance of communication networks, the Utilities purchase relay service from telecom operator to help data aggregator units (DAU) transfer information to gateway (GW), so as to improve communication quality and reduce the cost of the Utilities. Secondly, in order to solve the problem of telecom operators' energy reduction and reduce the cost of purchasing energy, we utilize energy supply point (ESP) to collect the surplus energy of retail customers for energy supply, and telecom operator pays a certain amount of remuneration to ESP in exchange for ESP to continuously supply energy to telecom operator. Then, we establish a three-stage game method and system model between the Utilities, telecom operator and ESP, and propose the relay power allocation and energy transaction pricing strategy. Due to the real-time change of energy demand, we consider two situations of energy oversupply and conservative supply, and use the backward induction method and iterative algorithm to obtain the equilibrium solution of the Stackelberg game, including the unit energy price of ESP, total power of telecom operator, the proportion of transmission power allocated to the relay service, and payment scheme of the Utilities. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can quickly and accurately converge to the optimal solution of the problem, and the method can improve the stability of demand-side regulation, reduce the cost of the Utilities and increase the profit of telecom operator.

Robust Symbol Timing Synchronization for Initial Access under LEO Satellite Channel.

This paper proposes a robust symbol timing synchronization scheme for return link initial access based on the Digital Video Broadcasting-Return Channel via Satellite 2nd generation (DVB-RCS2) system for the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite channel. In most cases, the feedforward estimator structure is considered for implementing Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) packet demodulators such as the DVB-RCS2 system. More specifically, the Non-Data-Aided (NDA) approach, without using any kind of preamble, pilot, and postamble symbols, is applicable for fine symbol timing synchronization. However, it hinders the improvement in estimation accuracy, especially when dealing with short packet lengths during the initial access from the User Terminal (UT) to the Gateway (GW). Moreover, when a UT sends a short random access packet for initial access or resource request to the LEO satellite channel, the conventional schemes suffer from a large Doppler error depending on UT's location in a beam and satellite velocity. To ameliorate these problems, we propose a novel symbol timing synchronization algorithm for GW, and its advantage is confirmed through computer simulation.

Implementation of the Early Warning Application Program for Pregnant Women to Support Health Services in Rural Areas

The development process of digital technology has affected many fields. One of them is health field. Number of health application appears. They can be accessed easily by smartphone or tablet device. For instance, in developed countries, doctors examine and diagnose children's ears using smartphone. He provides the appropriate treatment for their patients through the device. The growing number of mobile applications in health will certainly facilitate patient care. There are currently about 13,000 digital health applications. Nowadays, patients have gradually followed this trend. Rock Health, as a provider of digital health ecosystem services, explains the power of mobile health care as well as the health effects of technology. The digital health care industry has a significant impact on healthcare providers. In this research, the researchers design tools or web-based applications and or sms gate way. The main objective is to monitor early health for expectant mothers and infants who are less likely to receive direct medical care.

Photonic Gateway and Protocol-Independent End-to-End Optical-Connection Provisioning in All-Photonic Metro-Access Converged Network

The All-Photonics Metro-Access Converged Network (APN) aims to achieve a flat and simple architecture that even covers access areas and represents the evolution of optical transport. Electrical processing functions such as exchange, multiplexing, and switching are uniformly placed at the border of the network segments, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i.e.,</i> access, metro, and core networks, in current optical networks. These functions are placed in Data Centric Infrastructure (DCI) and accessed only when needed in the APN. By flexibly providing direct optical connections between user premises and/or DCI according to requests from users and services, the APN creates new types of use cases requiring end-to-end guaranteed wide-bandwidth and/or extremely low latency and jitter along with an information-computing platform. To provide optical paths originating from user terminals that launch client signals using protocols preferable to their applications, we propose a configuration for a novel optical edge node, the Photonic Gateway (GW), and a procedure based on remote control of user terminals to establish end-to-end optical paths that are independent of the client signal protocol. To verify these, we present results of a proof-of-concept experimental demonstration of establishing end-to-end optical paths. An auxiliary management control channel is employed in the protocol-independent access control method. We also describe future challenges facing the Photonic GW that must be addressed.

SDAA: Secure Data Aggregation and Authentication Using Multiple Sinks in Cluster-Based Underwater Vehicular Wireless Sensor Network.

Security is one of the major concerns while designing robust protocols for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs). The underwater sensor node (USN) is an example of medium access control (MAC) that should control underwater UWSN, and underwater vehicles (UV) combined. Therefore, our proposed method, in this research, investigates UWSN combined with UV optimized as an underwater vehicular wireless network (UVWSN) that can completely detect malicious node attacks (MNA) from the network. Thus, MNA that engages the USN channel and launches MNA is resolved by our proposed protocol through SDAA (secure data aggregation and authentication) protocol deployed in UVWSN. SDAA protocol plays a significant role in secure data communication, as the cluster-based network design (CBND) network organization creates a concise, stable, and energy-efficient network. This paper introduces SDAA optimized network known as UVWSN. In this proposed SDAA protocol, the cluster head (CH) is authenticated through the gateway (GW) and the base station (BS) to guarantee that a legitimate USN oversees all clusters deployed in the UVWSN are securely established for providing trustworthiness/privacy. Furthermore, the communicated data in the UVWSN network guarantee that data transmission is secure due to the optimized SDAA models in the network. Thus, the USNs deployed in the UVWSN are securely confirmed to maintain secure data communication in CBND for energy efficiency. The proposed method is implemented and validated on the UVWSN for measuring reliability, delay, and energy efficiency in the network. The proposed method is utilized for monitoring scenarios for inspecting vehicles or ship structures in the ocean. Based on the testing results, the proposed SDAA protocol methods improve energy efficiency and reduce network delay compared to other standard secure MAC methods.

Dynamic Transmission and Computation Resource Optimization for Dense LEO Satellite Assisted Mobile-Edge Computing

A dense satellite-terrestrial integrated mobile-edge computing network (SATIMECN) architecture is developed to meet the computing demands for next generation networks. We formulate an average weighted sum energy consumption minimization problem by jointly considering task ratio allocation of computing or offloading at local and the gateway (GW), ground user terminal (GUT)-satellite association relation, GUT multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) precoding, and computation resource allocation at local and the GW. Due to the stochastic property of the optimization problem, we adopt Lyapunov optimization theory to transform it into a deterministic one. Then, we decompose the optimization problem into four subproblems and solve each one iteratively. Specifically, task ratio allocation of computing or offloading at local and the GW is obtained in a closed-form expression using the delay constraint. Then, the binary GUT-satellite association subproblem is solved by the weighted minimum mean-squared error and quadratic transform based fractional programming (QTFP) methods. Moreover, the MIMO precoding subproblem is solved by QTFP and interior point methods. Finally, the computation resource allocation subproblem for local and edge computing is derived in closed-form expressions. Simulation results demonstrate that the tradeoff between the average weighted sum energy consumption and the average queue length can be realized by adjusting the Lyapunov control parameter. Moreover, the proposed MIMO communication and frequency reuse schemes for dense satellite network can realize efficient computation offloading with relative low cost.

English

In next-generation high throughput satellite (NGHTS), precoding (a preprocessing technique at the gateway (GW) can mitigate the interbeam interference with no additional resource at the user terminal. However, the calculation of precoding requires matrix inversion, which involves huge complexity in terms of hardware resources with real-time calculation for near error-free results. This paper proposes a novel approach for precoding matrix calculation using the Neumann series. In this way, the algorithm does not directly compute the matrix inversion. Hence the computational complexity is highly reduced. The proposed method uses the 4th-order iterative series with the initial guess as an inverse of the diagonal matrix of the input to construct the Neumann series. This leads to fast convergence of the matrix inversion process with fewer resources. The algorithm is claimed to be generic as it is seamlessly applied to any linear precoding scheme. The paper examines the resource complexity, convergence probability and Bit Error Rate (BER) performance for the proposed method with Zero Forcing (ZF) and Regularized Zero Forcing (RZF) based linear precoding scheme. Experiment results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm accomplishes superior performance with fewer resources compared to the Neumann series and Joint iterative Newton/Chebyshev-based Neumann series methods.

Joint Sensing, Communication, and Localization of a Silent Abnormality Using Molecular Diffusion

In this article, we propose a molecular communication system to localize an abnormality in a diffusion-based medium. We consider a general setup to perform joint sensing, communication, and localization. This setup consists of three types of devices, each for a different task: mobile sensors for navigation and molecule releasing (for communication), fusion centers (FCs) for sampling, amplifying, and forwarding the signal, and a gateway (GW) for making decision or exchanging the information with an external device. The sensors move randomly in the environment to reach the abnormality. We consider both collaborative and noncollaborative sensors that simultaneously release their molecules to the FCs when the number of activated sensors or the moving time reaches a certain threshold, respectively. The FCs amplify the received signal and forward it to the GW for making a decision using either an ideal or a noisy communication channel. A practical application of the proposed model is drug delivery in a tissue of the human body, to guide the nanomachine-bound drug to the exact location and so to eliminate the adverse effects of the drug on normal cells. Further applications are health-care, treatments of localized disease (e.g., tumors and inflammations), immune system triggering, and nanosurgery. The decision rules and probabilities of error are obtained for two considered sensor types in both ideal and noisy communication channels.

Demand Island Routing for LEO satellite constellations

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellations create a network that includes the satellites (as routing nodes) connected by Inter-Satellite Links (ISLs) and the terminals dynamically connected to one or more satellites. The combination of transient high rate changes in the network topology due to terminals handover, and the end-to-end high propagation time between the routing nodes presents a unique challenge for designing a guaranteed-bandwidth routing protocol that can support the frequent changes. In addition, terminals connected to multiple satellites can balance their traffic between multiple paths in a frame granularity based on the links conditions, and require real-time multipath guaranteed-bandwidth. Prior work focuses on end-to-end routing between multiple gateways and terminals and does not provide a multipath guaranteed-bandwidth service.This paper addresses the problem of sending traffic from a source terminal to a destination terminal connected through multiple satellites, while guaranteeing and enabling planning of the multipath service metrics (bandwidth and latency) and handling satellite handovers. A novel paradigm called Demand Islands is presented. This paradigm takes advantage of the geographical properties of the demand. The service area is split into geographical rectangles (Demand Islands), with a gateway (GW) located at the center of each island. Each Demand Island is dynamically associated with a set of satellites that cover it. We model the set of satellites as a grid. The routing algorithm uses the grid properties to provide real-time multipath guaranteed-bandwidth routing for the demand allocated to each terminal. Each satellite executes the algorithm to calculate the next hop for a received message in the time complexity of O(1). The analysis and simulation demonstrate the unique offering of the algorithm to route real-time guaranteed-bandwidth to terminals connected to multiple satellites.

Wireless-powered backscatter communications for smart sustainable cities: A secrecy analysis

Due to its ability to enable self-sustainable communications, wirelessly powered backscatter communication (WP-BackCom) has been deemed a promising technology for supporting smart sustainable cities. We note that the existing works on analyzing the secrecy performance of WP-BackComs have largely ignored the spatial randomness of nodes that is used to model a large-scale network. To fill this gap, this paper evaluates the secrecy outage probability of the large-scale WP-BackComs based on a tractable framework of stochastic geometry (SG). In particular, the imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) at each gateway (GW) and eavesdropper (Eve), and the non-linear energy harvesting (EH) model and energy-causality constraint at each backscatter user (BU) are considered. The energy outage probability and secrecy outage probability expressions are derived in the general case at first, then the closed-form expressions are obtained under the special scenario, i.e., the no-noise and the typical propagation loss scenario. Numerical simulations validate the analytical results and examine the impacts of various parameters on the secrecy performance. In particular, there exists an optimal reflection coefficient for secrecy outage probability minimization under certain conditions, and the optimal reflection coefficient increases with the increasing SIC coefficient at GW.

Self-Organized Ad Hoc Mobile (SOAM) Underwater Sensor Networks

The need of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) having mobile sensor nodes has been there for a long time in form of underwater warfare or explorations by autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) or remote unmanned vehicles (ROVs). There are very few protocols for ad hoc mobile UWSNs (AMUWSNs). Designing a protocol for AMUWSN is quite challenging because of continuous random movement of the sensor nodes. In addition to random movement, the challenges to design a routing protocol for AMUWSN are more demanding than terrestrial ad hoc networks due to acoustic communications, which has large propagation delay in water. In this article, we present a self-organized ad hoc mobile (SOAM) routing protocol for AMUWSN. The sensor nodes may need to communicate with each other to the gateway (GW). The protocol, which we also refer to as SOAM, is a reactive, self-configuring, and self-organizing cluster-based routing protocol that uses received signal strength (RSS) for distance estimation. A beacon (BCN) packet will be sent by the GW, which will traverse through all the cluster heads (CHs) to form forwarding paths between the GW and the CHs. The ordinary sensor nodes (OSNs) will select the CHs every time they intend to forward a packet based on the BCN and they will receive from CHs. The formation of the forwarding path between the GW and the CHs and the selection CHs by OSN is explained in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec4" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Section IV</xref> .

Abnormality Detection and Localization Schemes Using Molecular Communication Systems: A Survey

Abnormality detection and localization (ADL) have been studied widely in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) literature, where the sensors use electromagnetic waves for communication. Molecular communication (MC) has been introduced as an alternative approach for ADL in particular areas such as healthcare, being able to tackle the shortcomings of conventional WSNs, such as invasiveness, bio-incompatibility, and high energy consumption. In this paper, we introduce a general framework for MC-based ADL, which consists of multiple tiers for sensing the abnormality and communication between different agents, including the sensors, the fusion center (FC), the gateway (GW), and the external node (e.g., a local cloud), and describe each tier and the agents in this framework. We classify and explain different abnormality recognition methods, the functional units of the sensors, and different sensor features. Further, we describe different types of interfaces required for converting the internal and external signals at the FC and GW. Moreover, we present a unified channel model for the sensing and communication links. We categorize the MC-based abnormality detection schemes based on the sensor mobility, cooperative detection, and cooperative sensing/activation. We also classify the localization approaches based on the sensor mobility and propulsion mechanisms and present a general framework for the externally-controllable localization systems. Finally, we present some challenges and future research directions to realize and develop MC-based systems for ADL. The important challenges in the MC-based systems lie in four main directions as implementation, system design, modeling, and methods, which need considerable attention from multidisciplinary perspectives.