Gateway Research Articles

THE BENEFITS OF DIGITALISATION ON THE GROWTH OF INDIAN SOCIAL SECTORS AND THE ECONOMY (IN THE PRESENT PANDEMIC CONTEXT)

Digitalisation is the use of modern digital tools in the nation, In Indian history there was no significant growth of digital tools during independence moment, but later on there is more scope for the usage of digital tools for the study, like study of archaeological sources, Historical tourism pictures, by the help of the ASI (Archaeological survey in India). India has good flora and fauna in the world, India can generate revenue by expanding its digital implementation in all the tourism centres in India, some of the most visited tourist places by Indians and the foreigners, were The Taj-Mahal, Agra, the gate way of India, The Red fort, Mecca Masjid, some temples like Tirupathi, shabirimala etc, these cities are well aware digitalisation, e-payments, advertisement, online booking availability and the availability of internet has made these Indian cities to invest more in digitalisation to make benefit of the customers and to make profit in their business. More over some the Indian recent schemes like “Digital India, Make in India” can try to implement in Tourism and development of tourism GDP / income. So Indian government can try to announce the benefits for the tourist guides, and create lakhs of employment in India, due to pandemic the tourist visitors has decreased and lakhs of tourists lost their lively income, it became unemployed for many months. So India has to face lot of challenges in the pandemic time and try to increase the tourism income of the nation, sources involves online transactions, social or business and economic transactions in electronic or online mode in the state or country, as it provides benefits for the consumers, producers or citizens by saving time, availability in lower cost and reduces the cost of transportation to purchase any products in the sovereign country like India, like education, hotel services, banking insurance, social services like DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer) and commerce sectors. KEY WORDS: Social sectors, use of Digital technology in tourism, Covid-19, E-governance and the Indian Economy.

Pyrolysis of plastic waste for a better environmental system

Owing to the rapid utilization of fossil fuels, the world is in need of a sustainable and renewable energy source. Surplus resources of municipal solid waste and plastic waste will act as a better biomass fuel for generating electricity and liquid fuels, which can be extracted using Pyrolysis process. The present work addresses the pyrolysis process of mixed plastic wastes. This leads to fuel oil production, which is capable to reduce the problems associated with plastic waste disposal.Plastic wastes along with municipal solid waste getting generated day to day in diversified house hold and industrial wastes are addressed to be a threat and among the major sources of environmental pollution. On other hand it’s to be noticed that theses carbonaceous plastics wastes and municipal solid waste having rich carbon content. This Biomass wastes are highly capable not only to provide a renewable source of fuel but also these technologies will act as a gate way of recycling the multidisciplinary waste getting generated in the society.

Investigation on biomass gasification process

Surplus availability of agricultural based biomass feedstocks has higher potential to be as one among the sources of sustainable and renewable energy. This technology has better advantages and features when compared to liquid fuels, in terms of availability, cost price and processing time span of feedstock. Rich carbonaceous biomass feed stocks are found in most biomass based raw materials which can be processed by gasification reactions. This leads to production of producer gas rich in CO, H2 and CH4, which is combustible in furnaces, boilers, combustion engines for power generation. On further gas cleaning the gas can be used for thermal applications and other applications without any hazards to the environment. The objective of present work is to investigate the gasification process. Thus Biomass based processing techniques are potential to produce renewable fuels and these techniques acts as a gate way for utilizing the surplus carbonaceous multidisciplinary Biomass feedstock’s available globally.

Controlled Redundancy Schemes in Collaborative IoT by Smartphones

Internet of Things (IoT) operators tend to utilize smartphones in establishing reliable and sustainable communication links for their services. Collaborative IoT (CIoT) is a concept where the smartphones are utilized as a mobile gateway (GW) that connects sensors to the cloud. CIoT scheme has many challenges including the redundancy in transmissions of sensor readings. As the same sensor data is sent by many uncoordinated users, this leads to consuming network resources and degrading Quality of Services (QoS) for primary users. This paper has three main contributions: First, four metrics for evaluating redundancy and its effects in CIoT network are defined and explained. Second, a novel redundancy control scheme (Fresh-List redundancy control) is proposed and evaluated against well-known probabilistic transmission schemes using the proposed metrics. Finally, a simulation setup for CIoT environment is implemented using a computer equipped with Bluetooth network card. The setup simulates many CIoT users with different scenarios of random entry, departure, and dwelling times. Results show the ability of Fresh-List method to reduce redundancy order and increase efficiency compared to non-controlled redundancy. It is also shown that a mix between probabilistic transmission and Fresh-List methods provide even more better redundancy control at an acceptable increase at the average packet delivery delay.

The Future Roadmap of In-Vehicle Network Processing: A HW-Centric (R-)evolution

The automotive industry is undergoing a deep revolution. With the race towards autonomous driving, the amount of technologies, sensors and actuators that need to be integrated in the vehicle increases exponentially. This imposes new great challenges in the vehicle electric/electronic (E/E) architecture and, especially, in the In-Vehicle Network (IVN). In this work, we analyze the evolution of IVNs, and focus on the main network processing platform integrated in them: the Gateway (GW). We derive the requirements of Network Processing Platforms that need to be fulfilled by future GW controllers focusing on two perspectives: functional requirements and structural requirements. Functional requirements refer to the functionalities that need to be delivered by these network processing platforms. Structural requirements refer to design aspects which ensure the feasibility, usability and future evolution of the design. By focusing on the Network Processing architecture, we review the available options in the state of the art, both in industry and academia. We evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each architecture in terms of the coverage provided for the functional and structural requirements. In our analysis, we detect a gap in this area: there is currently no architecture fulfilling all the requirements of future automotive GW controllers. In light of the available network processing architectures and the current technology landscape, we identify Hardware (HW) accelerators and custom processor design as a key differentiation factor which boosts the devices performance. From our perspective, this points to a need - and a research opportunity - to explore network processing architectures with a strong HW focus, unleashing the potential of next-generation network processors and supporting the demanding requirements of future autonomous and connected vehicles.

Modeling Wireless Mesh Networks for Load Management

Developing a simulation model for multi-hop multi-gateway wireless mesh networks (WMNs) is a challenging task. In this paper, a multi-hop multi-gateway WMN simulation model is developed in a step-by-step approach. This paper presents a MATLAB Simulink-based simulation model of Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) designed for easy optimization of layer 2. The proposed model is of special utility for the simulation of scheduling of GateWay (GW) and packet within a multi-hop multi gateway wireless network. The simulation model provides the flexibility of controlling the flow of packets through the networks. Load management among the GWs of WMN is performed in a distributed manner wherein the nodes based on their local knowledge of neighborhood beacons optimize their path to a GW. This paper presents a centralized Load Management Scheme (LMS). The LMS is based on the formation of Gateway Service Sets (GSS). The GSS is formed on basis of equal load distribution among the GWs. The proposed LMS is then analyzed for throughput improvement by leveraging the MATLAB Simulink model developed in the paper. A throughput improvement of almost 600% and a 40% reduction in packet loss was observed through simulations thus indicating the efficacy of the proposed LMS. The uniqueness of the simulation model presented in this paper are its scalability and flexibility in terms of network topology parameters.

Improving the Convergence Period of Adaptive Data Rate in a Long Range Wide Area Network for the Internet of Things Devices

A Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is one of the most efficient technologies and is widely adopted for the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The IoT consists of massive End Devices (EDs) deployed over large geographical areas, forming a large environment. LoRaWAN uses an Adaptive Data Rate (ADR), targeting static EDs. However, the ADR is affected when the channel conditions between ED and Gateway (GW) are unstable due to shadowing, fading, and mobility. Such a condition causes massive packet loss, which increases the convergence time of the ADR. Therefore, we address the convergence time issue and propose a novel ADR at the network side to lower packet losses. The proposed ADR is evaluated through extensive simulation. The results show an enhanced convergence time compared to the state-of-the-art ADR method by reducing the packet losses and retransmission under dynamic mobile LoRaWAN network.

Throughput and Packet Loss Probability Analysis of Long Range Wide Area Network

Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is the one of the promising low power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies at present and is expected to grow in the foreseeable future as a tool to provide connectivity among small things. In this paper, we present a simple analytical model to compute the throughput and packet loss probability of Medium Access Control (MAC) for Class-A of LoRaWAN. This analysis results can be used as a reference for deploying the appropriate number of end-devices (EDs) that can be accepted in a gateway (GW) while maximizing network throughput or guaranteeing the packet loss rate of EDs.

Backscatter-Assisted Data Offloading in OFDMA-Based Wireless-Powered Mobile Edge Computing for IoT Networks

Mobile-edge computing (MEC) has emerged as a prominent technology to overcome sudden demands on computation-intensive applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) with finite processing capabilities. Nevertheless, the limited energy resources also seriously hinder IoT devices from offloading tasks that consume high power in active RF communications. Despite the development of energy harvesting (EH) techniques, the harvested energy from surrounding environments could be inadequate for power-hungry tasks. Fortunately, backscatter communications (Backcom) is an intriguing technology to narrow the gap between the power needed for communication and harvested power. Motivated by these considerations, this article investigates a backscatter-assisted data offloading in OFDMA-based wireless-powered (WP) MEC for IoT systems. Specifically, we aim at maximizing the sum computation rate by jointly optimizing the transmit power at the gateway (GW), backscatter coefficient, time-splitting (TS) ratio, and binary decision-making matrices. This problem is challenging to solve due to its nonconvexity. To find solutions, we first simplify the problem by determining the optimal values of transmit power of the GW and backscatter coefficient. Then, the original problem is decomposed into two subproblems, namely, TS ratio optimization with given offloading decision matrices and offloading decision optimization with given TS ratio. Especially, a closed-form expression for the TS ratio is obtained which greatly enhances the CPU execution time. Based on the solutions of the two subproblems, an efficient algorithm, termed the fast-efficient algorithm (FEA), is proposed by leveraging the block coordinate descent method. Then, it is compared with exhaustive search (ES), the bisection-based algorithm (BA), edge computing (EC), and local computing (LC) used as reference methods. As a result, the FEA is the best solution which results in a near-globally-optimal solution at a much lower complexity as compared to benchmark schemes. For instance, the CPU execution time of FEA is about 0.029 s in a 50-user network, which is tailored for ultralow latency applications of IoT networks.

Reimagining the Post-COVID 19 World: A Critique of Arundhati Roy’s Azadi . Freedom. Fascism. Fiction.


 Arundhati Roy’s Azadi . Freedom. Fascism. Fiction. (2020) is a clarion call to the world at large and India in particular to break the shackles of obsoleteness, and reimagine a new and improved world. This wakeup call has been prompted by the pandemic which has brought the entire globe down on its knees. It has forced humankind to question the values that modern societies have been built on – all that they have chosen to venerate and those they have derided. COVID-19 has ridiculed borders: geographical, political, economic and cultural. The pandemic for Roy is a “portal, a gateway between one world and the next” (214). This anthology consists of 9 essays/ lectures written between 2018-2020. They are all linked together as they yield insights into how the world should be recreated. This paper attempts to critically assess the diverse ways in which Roy seeks to reinvent the world post -pandemic.

THE PROJECT OF CPEC: BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS FOR GILGIT-BALTISTAN

Chine-Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC) is a game changer for the four provinces of Pakistan as well as for the regions of Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir. It will become the main connective channel between both states through transport, industry, Power energy (electricity), promotion of trade and tourism. CPEC will be equally important for the central, south Asia and Middle East. This project will provide the opportunities to increased economic and strategic development in the country. Gilgit-Baltistan is bordering region between china and Pakistan. It connected both nations by Karakorum Highway which is started from Khunjrab pass in the gate way of Gilgit-Baltistan and include in CPEC. It is passes through the mountains, ups and downs ways and covers 600 km in (GB) region. The people of GB have some apprehensions on unequal distributed of rights but government of Pakistan ensuring to the people of the region, that in this project they will receive equal rights like others provinces. This study intended to provide every aspect of one belt one route concept and its effects particularly on the beautiful northern region of Pakistan.

Librarians Provide a New Gateway to Savings for Students

Librarians Provide a New Gateway to Savings for Students

The Netherlands Spatial Development for Port Area in City-Region

The Netherlands is a human-made country and an extremely well-designed European country as well. The general Dutch spatial planning for the city and environment takes place at a regional level. The local community determines the primary development conditions, and the prospect is included in a legally binding land-use plan. Especially, Rotterdam is a representative port city as the center of world trade and the gateway to western Europe. According to the history of war, the city reconstruction and the movement of the port area have led to a general change in Rotterdam and the regional redevelopment project on the southern port area of Mass river for the expansion of city functions and the balanced development. The research purpose is to understand the spatial development of the Netherlands city-region based on the analysis regarding the Kop van Zuid project, which is a representative implemented case in Rotterdam. The theoretical framework is the five dimensions and twelve indicators of territorial governance from the TANGO research project by the EU. The target case is assessed by planning and social aspect, respectively, and the results are discussed based on the theoretical framework. This research has the possibility to be utilized as advanced research by the European perspective for spatial development in other city-regions with the port area, such as Incheon and Busan in Korea.

Adaptive Mechanism for Discovering Internet Gateways in Wireless Networks Using Swarm Intelligence

One of the most critical and challenging processes is the provision of internet connectivity for nodes in Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) or mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). A wide variety of “business and non-commercial” applications are implemented in MANET, most of them gaining Internet resources. Gateway (GW) or Mesh GWs are the key components of MANET's Internet connectivity, and multiple GWs are implemented to improve MANET's capabilities. Many of the current routing protocols are implemented and improved to work with MANET, either using traditional routing approaches or tree-based network approaches. But since MANET is a complex and transient network, it is very necessary to explore new or tack the GWs failure that adds more overhead on the network. Thus, in this paper a hybrid protocol inspired by the swarm intelligence technique that follows the non-root GWs discovery approach using Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is suggested. The experimental results validate the processes of exploring new GWs, testing and maintaining existing paths to GWs, exploring different paths to existing GWs and detecting any connection failure in any route, and attempting to fix that failure.

Packet Delivery Maximization Using Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Transmission Scheduling for Industrial Cognitive Radio Systems

The performance of data aggregation in industrial wireless communications can be degraded by environmental interference on Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) channels. In this paper, cognitive radio (CR) was applied to enable devices to share primary channels with the aim of enhancing the transmission performance of the WirelessHART network. We considered a linear convergecast system, where the packets generated at each device were routed to the gateway (GW) through the aid of neighboring devices. The solar-powered cognitive access points (CAPs) were deployed to improve the network performance by opportunistically allocating the primary channels to the devices for data transmissions. Firstly, we formulate the scheduling problem of long-term throughput maximization as a framework of a Markov decision process with the constraints of the minimum delay, the number of required ISM channels, and the harvested energy at the CAPs. Then, we propose a deep reinforcement learning-based scheduling scheme to optimally assign multiple ISM and primary channels to the field devices in each superframe. The simulation results confirmed the superiority of the proposed scheme compared to existing methods.

Packet-Level Index Modulation for LoRaWAN

The long range wide area network (LoRaWAN) is one of the enabling technologies for low power wide area (LPWA) networks. In LoRaWAN, a node transmits its packet to a gateway (GW) in an autonomous and decentralized manner. The quantity of data that can be transmitted by each node is limited by the duty cycle (DC). Furthermore, it is not easy for the nodes to perform sophisticated techniques for increasing the data quantity due to their limited functionality, especially when the nodes are battery-powered. If the network size increases, packet collision may occur more frequently. Since the packet transmission drains the LoRaWAN nodes’ battery, the packet collision results in a waste of limited power. Thus, it is necessary to develop a simple but effective transmission strategy that efficiently utilizes limited battery at each LoRaWAN node. This study proposes packet-level index modulation (PLIM), which is suitable for such LPWA networks. PLIM takes advantage of the sparse data packet transmission in time and the selection of a frequency channel among multiple ones by each node. A time slot and frequency channel combination is selected, i.e., the index, to increase the data quantity. For long-range communication, it is necessary to use a higher spreading factor (SF) in LoRaWAN, which results in a lower data rate due to the DC. The proposed PLIM can compensate for such data rate loss by taking advantage of the sparse transmission in time. Numerical evaluation elucidates that the proposed PLIM can increase the data quantity of LoRaWAN system without requiring any modification in the specification. When the SF is 10, the proposed PLIM can increase the data quantity up to 32.5%, compared to the conventional LoRaWAN system.

Gateway Based Hybrid Hierarchical Routing Scheme with Time Synchronization in WSN

Gateway Based Hybrid Hierarchical Routing Scheme with Time Synchronization in WSN

Successful utilization of waste cooking oil in Neem oil based fungicide formulation as an economic and eco-friendly green solvent for sustainable waste management

Abstract Globally, about 34.22 million liters of waste cooking oil (WCO) is produced with 2% increments per year. This increase may leads to environmental risks if disposed of untreated. Beneath this backdrop, this study was designed to develop Neem emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation (up-to 70% Neem oil content) by utilizing WCO as solvent system. This study opens new gate way to manage the over-rising increments of WCO and give safer and green agriculture product for pest management. The goal was also to explore the economic and industrial feasibility of WCO as alternate source to persistent toxic, non-renewable petroleum solvents. So, processed (transesterified) WCO and aromatic hydrocarbon solvent (C9) based EC formulations were developed and different physico-chemical properties including physical appearance, acidity/alkalinity, flashpoint, emulsion stability, shelf–life, droplet size, interfacial tension etc were comparatively assessed as per CIPAC (Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council) protocols using Abel Flashpoint Apparatus, Particle Size Analyzer, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Spinning Drop Tensiometer (SDT). Assessment results proved that WCO based formulation is more stable with brown color, low odor, high flashpoint (282.16 K) compared to solvent (C9) based with less stable (crystallization/sedimentation), light colored, high smell, low flashpoint (268.46 K). Aqueous oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions of WCO and C9 based formulations were measured with droplet size (2.6 and 3.5 μm) and emulsion stability (79.6 and 98.8%). Interfacial tension reading (0.8 Nmm−1) in WCO based EC indicated good dispersion with no creaming or sedimentation. Furthermore, stability and compatibility study of active constituents recorded of 1.28 and 50% degradation in WCO and solvent based formulations respectively. WCO based EC inhibited 90% where as C9 based formulations reduced only 68% growth of Rhizoctonia solani. WCO based EC is also free from dermal toxicity, inhalation hazards and phyototoxicity. Finally, average cost effectiveness and economic advantages were calculated and found significantly (60.32%, 1787.5 €t−1) superior to C9 based EC. Waste cooking oil can be ecologically, economically and commercially explored as an alternate green solvent and resourceful waste management.

Prevalence of cigarette smoking among college students in Iran: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

Background: Cigarette smoking is known as a gateway drug for illicit drug use in youth. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of cigarette smoking in the college students in Iran. Methods: We searched electronic databases including Scopus, Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science, and national databases such as Magiran, Scientific Information Database, Iranmedex, Medlib, Irandoc, and IranPsych from 1946 to 21st July 2018 without any language restriction using a proper search strategy. We used a random effect model to calculate the pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking in college students in Iran. Chi-square test and I2 index were used to evaluate the heterogeneity between the studies. We used the meta-regression and subgroup analysis to assess the potential source of heterogeneity. Stata software, version 11 (StataCorp, TX) was used for all statistical analysis. Results: We included 60 eligible articles in our study. The pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking at least once in the lifetime was 19% (95%CI: 17-22). The I2 index indicated considerable between-study heterogeneity (I2 =98%, p<0.001). The pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking at least once in the lifetime in males and females was 28% (95% CI: 23-34) and 9% (95% CI: 6-13), respectively. In multivariable meta-regression, a significant association was shown between the year of study (β=-13.1, p=0.011) and sampling method (β=-12.8 p=0.017) and daily use in the last month. Conclusions: Increasing prevalence of smoking among Iranian university students is an important health priority. Increasing preventive and health education programs are recommended.

GoldenGateway: A DNA Assembly Method for Plant Biotechnology.

Golden Gate (GG) cloning assembles DNA fragments in a defined order to create a novel expression unit. The six entry modules contain a promoter, N-terminal tag, gene of interest, C-terminal tag, terminator, and a resistance marker. Expression units are assembled into one of three vectors that serve as both destination vectors for GG and entry vectors for Gateway (GW). The three GW entry vectors (pEN-L4-AG-R1, pEN-L1-AG-L2, and pEN-R2-AG-L3) are flanked by attR and attL sites for GW recombination. GW recombination with a destination vector results in an expression clone with three, ordered expression cassettes. The ccdB and chloramphenicol resistance (CmR) genes between the cloning sites provide positive and negative selection, respectively.