Gastrointestinal Tract Of Calves Research Articles

Dietary carbohydrate sources differently prime the microbial ecosystem but not the epithelial gene expression profile along the complete gut of young calves

BackgroundRecent data indicated similar growth performance of young calves fed solely high-quality hay instead of a starter diet based on starchy ingredients. Yet, providing exclusively such distinct carbohydrate sources during early life might specifically prime the microbiota and gene expression along the gut of young calves, which remains to be explored. We investigated the effects of starter diets differing in carbohydrate composition, that is medium- or high-quality hay and without or with 70% concentrate supplementation (on fresh matter basis), across the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of weaned Holstein calves (100 ± 4 days of age) using 16 S rRNA gene sequencing and analyses of short-chain fatty acids and host epithelial gene expressions.ResultsThe concentrate supplementation drastically decreased microbial diversity throughout the gut, which was also true to a much lesser extent for high-quality hay when compared to medium-quality hay in the foregut. Similarly, the factor concentrate strongly shaped the diet-associated common core microbiota, which was substantially more uniform along the gut with concentrate supplementation. The fermentation profile shifted towards less acetate but more propionate with concentrate supplementation in almost all gut sections, corresponding with higher abundances of starch-utilizing bacteria, while major fibrolytic clusters declined. Noteworthy, the n-butyrate proportion decreased in the rumen and increased in the colon with concentrate, showing an opposite, gut site-dependent effect. Both dietary factors modestly influenced the host epithelial gene expression.ConclusionsConcentrate supplementation clearly primed the microbial ecosystem on a starch-targeted fermentation with characteristic genera occupying this niche along the entire GIT of calves, whereas the microbial differentiation due to hay quality was less distinct. Overall, changes in the microbial ecosystem were only marginally reflected in the targeted transcriptional profile of the host epithelium.

Effect of a Lactobacilli-Based Direct-Fed Microbial Product on Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Morphological Changes.

The calf's gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiome undergoes rapid shifts during early post-natal life, which can directly affect calf performance. The objectives of this study were to characterise and compare differences in the establishment and succession of GIT microbiota, GIT morphological changes, and the growth of dairy calves from birth until weaned. Forty-four newborn Holstein-Friesian calves were randomly selected and assigned to Treatment (TRT) and Control (CON) groups. The TRT group calves received a once-daily dose of a direct-fed microbial (DFM) liquid product containing Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Lentilactobacillus buchneri, and Lacticaseibacillus casei, all formerly known as Lactobacillus. Fresh faecal samples were manually taken from the rectum of all calves, and gross necropsy was performed on the forestomachs and gastrointestinal tracts. Bacterial DNA was extracted from frozen faecal samples for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Calves in the TRT group had greater live weights (p = 0.02) at weaning compared with calves in the CON group (mean = 69.18 kg, SD = 13.37 kg). The average daily live weight gain (ADG) and total feed intake were similar between the two groups. Calves in the TRT group had greater duodenum, abomasum, and reticulum weights (p = 0.05). Rumen and intestinal development (p < 0.05) and faecal microbial diversity (p < 0.05) were more pronounced in the TRT group. The relative abundances of eight genera differed (p < 0.001) between the groups. Supplementing calves with the LAB-based DFM increased live weight at weaning and had a more pronounced effect on the development of rumen and the gastrointestinal tract and on microbiota diversity and evenness. Future work is needed to better understand the potential association of LAB-DFM products on gut mucosa-associated microbiota.

Calf rumen microbiome from birth to weaning and shared microbial properties to the maternal rumen microbiome.

Optimization of host performance in cattle may be achieved through programming of the rumen microbiome. Thus, understanding maternal influences on the development of the calf rumen microbiome is critical. We hypothesized that there exists a shared microbial profile between the cow and calf rumen microbiomes from birth through weaning. Specifically, our objective was to relate the calf's meconium and rumen fluid microbiomes in early life to that of the cow rumen fluid prior to parturition and at weaning. Rumen fluid was collected from multiparous Angus crossbred cows (n = 10) prior to parturition and at weaning. Immediately following the parturition, meconium and rumen fluid were collected from the calf. Rumen fluid was collected again from the calf on day 2, day 28, and at weaning. The rumen fluid microbial profile and subsequent volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile were characterized using 16S rRNA sequencing and gas liquid chromatography, respectively. Microbial data was analyzed using QIIME2 and the GLM procedure of SAS was used to analyze the VFA profile. Alpha diversity was similar in the early gut microbiome (meconium, rumen fluid at birth and day 2; q ≥ 0.12) and between the cow and calf at weaning (q ≥ 0.06). Microbial composition, determined by beta diversity, differed in the early rumen microbiome (rumen fluid at birth, day 2, and day 28; q ≤ 0.04), and VFA profiles complimented these results. There were similarities in composition between meconium, rumen fluid at birth, and rumen fluid from the cow at weaning (q ≥ 0.09). These data indicate successive development of the rumen microbiome and stabilization over time. Similarities between meconium and rumen fluid at birth potentially indicates in utero colonization of the calf gastrointestinal tract. Similarities in composition between the early calf rumen microbiome and the cow at weaning prompt an interesting comparison and area for future consideration in terms of identifying at what stage of gestation might colonization begin. Overall, this study provides insight into similarities between the cow and calf microbiomes and may be helpful in developing hypotheses for the pathway of colonization and programming potential in the early gut.

Use of probiotics for formation of microflora of gastrointestinal tract of calves

The results of the use of probiotic strains of microorganisms of the Bacillus family for the correction and formation of the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract and the impact on metabolism in calves are presented.&#x0D; The aim of the study. To analyze the effect of probiotics on the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract in calves and biochemical parameters of blood in calves up to one month.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The research was conducted during 2020 in the conditions of Ukrainian farms for cattle breeding. Five experimental groups of five one-week-old calves were formed in each and one control group. Calves were kept separately in the same conditions on the same diet, but with feeding together with colostrum substitute probiotics of five grams per animal: Bacillus amyloliquefaciense, Bacillus mucilaginosus, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus pumilus. The strains are deposited and produced by “Kronos Agro” Ukraine.&#x0D; Results. It was found that as a result of studies when feeding calves B. coagulans, B. pumilus and B. mucilaginosus the number of Lactobacillus sp. was 80 % higher than in the control group. The level of opportunistic pathogens in the experimental group with B. coagulans had minimal values. Animals in the group where B. mucilaginosus was given had a higher amount of Candida - up to 300 CFU/g and Enterobacteriaceae – 200 CFU/g; which is 50 % less compared to control groups, but more than in the experiment with B. coagulans. According to the results of biochemical examination of blood serum in calves, the absence of toxic effects of probiotic strains: Bacillus amyloliquefaciense, Bacillus mucilaginosus, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus pumilus on the internal organs of animals was established.&#x0D; Conclusions. It was found that the maximum positive effect on the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract of calves up to 30 days of age had B. coagulans (1×109) when fed at a dose of 5 g per animal. The amount of Lactobacillus sp. was the maximum and reached 800 CFU/g, which is 80 % more than in the control group. At the same time, the level of opportunistic pathogens in the experimental group with B. coagulans had minimal indicators and was: Clostridium by 20 %, Escherichia coli – by 70 %, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus and Candida – 100 % less than the control.&#x0D; In the study of biochemical parameters, it was found that the activity of enzymes, protein and glucose levels in the serum of experimental animals fed with B. coagulans were within the physiological norm, indicating a normal metabolic process and no toxic effects.

Cow’s whey proteins involvement in the development of the immunological system and gastrointestinal tract in calves. A review

Cow’s whey proteins involvement in the development of the immunological system and gastrointestinal tract in calves. A review

Canola meal or soybean meal as protein source and the effect of microencapsulated sodium butyrate supplementation in calf starter mixture. II. Development of the gastrointestinal tract

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of protein source, either soybean meal (SM) or canola meal (CM), and microencapsulated sodium butyrate (MSB) supplementation in a pelleted starter mixture on the development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in dairy calves. Twenty-eight bull calves (8.7 ± 0.8 d of age and 43.0 ± 4.4 kg; mean ± SD) were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: CM as a main source of protein without or with MSB or SM without or with MSB. Calves were fed starters ad libitum and exposed to a gradual weaning program, with weaning taking place on 51.7 ± 0.8 d of age. Calves were observed for an additional 3 wk after weaning and slaughtered on d 72.1 ± 0.9 of age, after which the GIT was dissected. Morphometric measurements were recorded, and samples for determination of ruminal fermentation, histology, gene expression, and brush border enzyme activities were collected. Canola meal use in the starter mixture increased abomasal tissue weight, jejunal tissue weight and length, and mRNA expression of SLC16A4 (formerly known as MCT4) and FFAR2 (GPR43) in the ruminal epithelium, and decreased ruminal ammonia and mRNA expression of SLC15A2 (PEPT2) and SLC6A14 (ATB0+) in the proximal small intestine and ileum, respectively. However, MSB inclusion in the starter mixture decreased ruminal papillae length, ruminal epithelial surface, and ruminal epithelium dry weight, while increasing mRNA expression of SLC16A1 (MCT1) in ruminal epithelia. Reduced ruminal surface area associated with MSB supplementation was the most apparent when MSB was combined with CM in the starter mixture. Additionally, MSB supplementation decreased the thickness of omasal epithelium, omasal epithelium living strata, and stratum corneum, and increased duodenal and ileal aminopeptidase A enzymatic activity and ileal aminopeptidase N enzymatic activity. Overall, CM might increase growth of the GIT of calves, particularly of the small intestine, but may negatively affect intestinal epithelium function and peptide and AA absorption. Supplementation of MSB has a negative effect on the ruminal and omasal epithelium development, particularly when combined in a starter mixture with CM.

Dynamic progression of the calf's microbiome and its influence on host health.

The first year of a calf’s life is a critical phase as its digestive system and immunity are underdeveloped. A high level of stress caused by separation from mothers, transportation, antibiotic treatments, dietary shifts, and weaning can have long-lasting health effects, which can reduce future production parameters, such as milk yield and reproduction, or even increase the mortality of calves. The early succession of microbes throughout the gastrointestinal tract of neonatal calves follows a sequential pattern of colonisation and is greatly influenced by their physiological state, age, diet, and environmental factors; this leads to the establishment of region- and site-specific microbial communities. This review summarises the current information on the various potential factors that may affect the early life microbial colonisation pattern in the gastrointestinal tract of calves. The possible role of host–microbe interactions in the development and maturation of host gut, immune system, and health are described. Additionally, the possibility of improving the health of calves through gut microbiome modulation and using antimicrobial alternatives is discussed. Finally, the trends, challenges, and limitations of the current research are summarised and prospective directions for future studies are highlighted.

Atresia Ani (Imperforated Anus) in Calves: Clinical, Surgical and Pathological Aspects

Background: Anal atresia is a congenital malformation, which often affects calves, and is related to the imperforation of the membrane that separates the endoderm of the posterior intestine from the ectodermal anal membrane. It is commonly associated with other congenital malformations and skeletal anomalies. The clinical signs generally appear in the first days of the animal's life, due to a retention of feces. The diagnosis is clinical and is based on observation, anamnesis and a physical examination of the animal. The only viable treatment is surgical. This paper aims to report 6 cases of anal atresia in bovine calves, 4 males and 2 females that were successfully treated surgically. Cases: This work reports 6 cases of anal atresia in 4 male calves and 2 female calves. Three presented total atresia (type II), one partial (type I) and in both female calves, anal atresia and rectovaginal fistula (type IV) were observed. The animals were all of undefined race. Five of the cases were from northern Tocantins, 4 males and 1 female (anal atresia with rectovaginal fistula), and 1 female (anal atresia with rectovaginal fistula) was from Valença, RJ. All animals were born active, by eutocic/natural birth, and assumed a quadrupedal position followed by the first feeding as normal. They were aged between 2 days and 6 months, and had a clinical history of abdominal distention and difficulty or inability defecating, and the females both also had a rectovaginal fistula, all cases compatible with anal atresia. Based on the patient's history and clinical examination, surgical treatment for anal reconstruction was decided upon. Postoperative treatment consisted of enrofloxacin [2.5 mg/kg - intramuscularly (IM), once daily (SID), for 5 days] and fluxinin meglumine [1.1 mg/kg - IM, SID, for 3 days] ; as well as a healing ointment which was applied to the area of the surgical wound, every 12 h, for 7 days. There were no trans-surgical complications. The animals showed progressive recovery after anal reconstruction and the stitches were removed in all cases on the 10th postoperative day, with no postoperative complications and no recurrence of any clinical signs from that moment on.Discussion: The study of congenital and hereditary changes enables the identification of their origins, can help prevent new cases and, some of them, are open to economically viable treatment and/or correction that can improve the well-being of the animal and prevent economic losses due to death or animal sacrifice, as reported in the present study. Anal atresia is the most common congenital defect of the lower gastrointestinal tract in calves, being an isolated abnormality, or associated with other malformations, especially of the distal spinal column such as the absence of a tail (perosumus acaudato), as one of the animals in this study. The clinical signs and physical examination are sufficient to establish the diagnosis, as demonstrated in this report, which is usually made in newborn animals, due to the lack or difficulty in defecation associated with no anal orifice and/or swelling in the perineal region. The treatment of choice for anal atresia is surgical, in order to construct an anal neo-orifice and thus avoid endotoxemic shock as well as providing relief and well-being for the animals. As observed in this study, when anal atresia is diagnosed early, and surgical treatment is properly instituted, the prognosis is favorable. The surgery is considered of low complexity, quick and it can be carried out in the field. Thus, from a commercial point of view, considering the costs of the procedures and the value of the calf at the end of weaning, such treatments are beneficial to the owners. In addition, the surgical treatment is essential for animal health and welfare in cases of anal atresia.Keywords: cattle, congenital defects, hereditary pathology, perosomus acaudato, surgery.

Effect of probiotics on rumen microorganisms

The article presents the results of a study on the use of probiotics based on strains of spore-forming microorganisms Bacillus lisheniformis and Bacillus subtilis for young cattle. The use of probiotics in dairy farming increases the body's resistance, restores the intestinal microbiocenosis and reduces the risk of infectious diseases of animals, prevention and treatment of dysbacteriosis. The importance of the microbial population in feed transformation and rumen fermentation processes to increase animal productivity and reduce the occurrence of rumen acidosis. The introduction of probiotics improves the health of the animal, competing for the use of nutrients by pathogenic microbes, having a positive effect on the intestinal microflora. In addition, their antipathogenic activity can reduce stress in animals. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of probiotic strains of microorganisms on the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract in calves. The research was carried out in the conditions of the farm of "Khlibodar", Sumy region, which keeps cattle of different technological groups. The use of probiotic strains of spore-forming microorganisms Bacillus lisheniformis and Bacillus subtilis affected the results of scar fermentation, such as the amount of volatile fatty acids, ammonia concentration of the scar and the pH of the scar. The mechanism of action of the bacterium B. subtilis is associated with the ability to produce antibiotic-like substances and enzymes and strengthen the body's defenses against common and specific pathogens, to stimulate the normal growth of intestinal microflora. Produced by B. subtilis substances also actively inhibit the growth and development of harmful bacteria, viruses and fungi, without causing them to become addicted. Immunomodulatory action is associated with the activation of macrophages, strengthening the barrier function of the intestine, activation of T and B lymphocytes. Destroying harmful microorganisms, free up space for the settlement of lacto-and bifidobacteria, which are typical representatives of the normal microflora.

A pioneer calf foetus microbiome

Foetus sterility until parturition is under debate due to reports of microorganisms in the foetal environment and meconium. Sufficient controls to overcome sample contamination and provide direct evidence of microorganism viability in the pre-rectal gastrointestinal tract (GIT) have been lacking. We conducted molecular and culture-based analyses to investigate the presence of a microbiome in the foetal GIT of calves at 5, 6 and 7 months gestation, while controlling for contamination. The 5 components of the GIT (ruminal fluid, ruminal tissue, caecal fluid, caecal tissue and meconium) and amniotic fluid were found to contain a pioneer microbiome of distinct bacterial and archaeal communities. Bacterial and archaeal richness varied between GIT components. The dominant bacterial phyla in amniotic fluid differed to those in ruminal and caecal fluids and meconium. The lowest bacterial and archaeal abundances were associated with ruminal tissues. Viable bacteria unique to the ruminal fluids, which were not found in the controls from 5, 6 and 7 months gestation, were cultured, subcultured, sequenced and identified. We report that the foetal GIT is not sterile but is spatially colonised before birth by a pioneer microbiome.

Influence of probiotics “Immunobacterin-D” on biocenoses and development of the gastrointestinal tract of calves

The paper presents the results of an experiment on the use of enzyme-probiotic supplement “Immunobacterin-D” for calves in the first two months of life. Probiotics are used in animal husbandry for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, increase immunity, correction of the microflora after antibiotic therapy, prevention of stress, increase growth. The study was conducted in a private farm in the Lyubar district of Zhytomyr region, which kept cattle of different ages. In a randomized controlled trial, two experimental groups of six animals were formed in each on the principle of analogues. One group was a control. Calves of the experimental group from the second day after birth were fed together with colostrum “Immunobacterin-D” at the rate of 3 grams per animal. For the first five days, the enzyme-probiotic supplement was given to the calves once a day during the morning feeding, and in subsequent studies, once every two days for a month. The results of the studies show that no case of diarrhea was registered among calves receiving the enzyme-probiotic supplement “Immunobacterin-D”. Among the animals of the control group, 66.7 % had digestive disorders – dyspepsia. Subsequently, such animals had a lower growth rate. Enzyme-probiotic supplement “Immunobacterin-D” also contains Bacillus Subthilis, Bacillus Licheniformis and enzymes and protease and lipase – it provides a polyvector effect in the digestive tract in general and scarring in particular. It was found that on the fourteenth day of feeding probiotic-containing drug “Immunobacterin-D” to calves of the experimental group, the number of bacteria probably increased by 83.5 %; ciliates – by 65.0 %; endodynomorphs – by 24.3 %. After one month of the experiment, the number of bacteria in the experimental group probably increased by 94.3 %; ciliates – by 40.5 %; endodynomorphs – by 26.7 %, compared with the control (P &lt; 0.001). The obtained data of registration of the first chewing gum in calves prove that the components of the enzyme-probiotic supplement “Immunobacterin-D” accelerate the population of microflora and the development of scar digestion in calves 2.5 times compared to calves in the control group. Prospects for further research are to study the effect of enzyme-probiotic supplement “Immunobacterin-D” on the indicators of scar fermentation of calves.

Potential Role of SLC5A8 Expression in the Etiology of Subacute Ruminal Acidosis.

Rumen fluid of cows with subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) has high concentrations of short chain fatty acids (SCFA). However, the mechanism of SCFA accumulation is unknown. The solute-linked carrier 5a8 (SLC5A8) plays a key role in the transportation and absorption of SCFA in the intestinal epithelium. The objective of the current study was to investigate (1) SLC5A8 gene and protein expression in various parts of the bovine gastrointestinal tract, (2) the effect of SCFA on SLC5A8 expression in rumen epithelial cells, and (3) SLC5A8 gene and protein expression in SARA and healthy cows. A total of 10 dairy cows, 84 ± 26 days in milk and in their second to fourth parity were allocated to control (n = 5) and SARA groups (n = 5). Three cows from the control group and three calves (1-day-old, female, 45–50 kg, healthy, fasting) were chosen to collect a total of 10 sections of digestive tract, from rumen to rectum, and then bovine ruminal epithelial cells were isolated from the three calves. Gene and protein expression of SLC5A8 was detected in all tested regions of the gastrointestinal tract in calves and adult cows by Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR and were both highest in the rumen. Gene and protein expression of SLC5A8 was more than 50% lower in the rumen epithelium of SARA vs. control cows and was partly restored after therapy of SARA cows. Compared with SCFA concentrations typical for control cows (60 mM acetate, 30 mM propionate, and 20 mM butyrate), gene and protein expression of SLC5A8 in rumen epithelium was lower at elevated SCFA concentrations typical for SARA cows (90 mM acetate, 40 mM propionate, and 30 mM butyrate), specifically for elevated concentrations of propionate or butyrate in contrast to elevated concentrations of acetate increased gene and protein expression of SLC5A8 in rumen epithelium. In conclusion, the elevated concentrations of propionate and butyrate inhibit ruminal absorption of SCFA via downregulation of SLC5A8 in SARA cows; the expression of SLC5A8 plays an important role in the etiology of SARA.

Leptin and ghrelin expressions in the gastrointestinal tracts of calves and cows.

This study aims to investigate and compare the expressions of leptin and ghrelin in the gastrointestinal tracts of calves and cows. The mRNA expression of leptin in the rumen, abomasum, and jejunum of calves was significantly higher than that in cows. In both calves and cows, abomasum ghrelin mRNA expression was significantly higher than that in other gastrointestinal tracts. In calves, leptin protein expression in the abomasum was the highest. In addition, leptin protein expression in the abomasum and jejunum of calves was significantly higher than that in cows. Results indicated that leptin in the abomasum and jejunum plays an important role during the suckling period in a ruminant.

АЛГОРИТМ КОПРОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКИ КИШЕЧНЫХ ПРОТОЗООЗОВ ТЕЛЯТ

The article presents the results of a exam-ination of calves under the age of 1 month, kept in one husbandry located on two farms in different districts of the Leningrad region. Diarrhea was found in 45% of calves at the farm in Osminovillage of, Luga district. In the Laboratory for the Study of Parasitic Diseases at the Department of Parasitology named after V. L. Yakimov at the St. Peters-burg State University of Veterinary Medi-cine, the scatological study algorithm con-sisted of making a direct smear, using the Darling’s method with an improved flotation fluid and staining fecal smears according to Romanovsky-Giemsa’s and Ziehl-Neelsen’s techniques. The staining of smears from fe-ces by the Romanovsky-Giemsa’s and Ziehl-Neelsen’s techniques made it possible to detect pathogens with a size of 3-5 microns, which are typical for Cryptosporidium sp. and Blastocystis sp. For the detection of blastocysts, the preferred diagnostic method is the Romanovsky-Giemsa staining of fecal smears, and for the detection of cryptospor-idia - Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Using this al-gorithm of scatological studies on a livestock farm located in the village of Porozhkino, the parasitic etiology of dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract in calves was excluded. At the livestock farm in the village of Os-mino, a complex of scatological studies was carried out to identify the causative agents of cryptosporidiosis and blastocystosis, and recommendations were given on the imple-mentation of therapeutic and prophylactic measures on this farm. The diagnostic algo-rithm, which includes a step-by-step study of animal feces by the direct smear method, flotation method, staining of smears accord-ing to Romanovsky-Giemsa’s and Ziehl-Neelsen’s techniques allows us to identify a wide range of pathogens and establish not only mono, but also mixed infection

Влияние незаменимых аминокислот на переваримость питательных веществ в различных отделах желудочно-кишечного тракта телят

Влияние незаменимых аминокислот на переваримость питательных веществ в различных отделах желудочно-кишечного тракта телят

Structural pathology of the endocrine organs of calves with cryptosporidiosis

It is generally accepted in practical veterinary medicine that cryptosporidiosis invasion of the gastrointestinal tract of calves is a local pathological process and the disease outcome is completely determined by the local etiological factor. Pathomorphological changes in the gastrointestinal tract, detected during the invasion, and metabolic disorders in the body of sick calves cannot occur without changes in the structure of adaptive mechanisms. Therefore, studies of the endocrine organs reaction in acute and chronic forms of the cryptosporidiosis course have been carried out. It has been found that calves during the neonatal period have the acute course of invasion accompanied by severe violations of the most functionally loaded structures of the endocrine organs. This is manifested in the form of increased mechanisms of programmed necrosis, the occurrence of reversible and irreversible degenerative processes, and local hemocirculation disorders. The pathological metamorphosis arising from cryptosporidiosis infection in endocrinocytes led to significant violations of the adaptive systems of the calves’ body and ultimately ended in an unfavorable disease outcome. Pathological changes with a predominance of atrophic, sclerotic, and necrobiotic processes in the chronic course of invasion were manifested in all structures of the studied endocrine organs simultaneously. A prolonged state of structural and functional overstrains of the endocrine organs eventually led to the depletion of adaptive hormone resources. The pluriglandular insufficiency state in the body was crucial in the pathogenesis and outcome of the chronic course of cryptosporidiosis in calves.

Enterosorbent for farm animals

Natural mineral glauconite, which is extracted in the Bondarsky district in the Tambov region, has a high adsorption capacity. The study of its properties as an enterosorbent in the conditions of passage through the gastrointestinal tract of calves was executed. Chemical modification of the mineral was carried out by converting to Na-form. As a result of treatment, the number of bacteria in it decreased 10 times, and the number of molds decreased 3 times. The prepared enterosorbent was fed to 2 and 6-month-old calves once and for 6 and 9 days daily in the amount of 0.2 g/kg of live weight. The content of metals in the mineral, feed and excrement was determined by x-ray fluorescence analysis. According to the results of one-time feeding of enterosorbent to the calf during the milk growing period, a significant sorption effect was observed with respect to copper (13.6%), nickel (52.7%) and lead (93.8%). The use of enterosorbent in the diets of 6-month-old calves contributed to an increase in the excretion of lead from the body of animals up to 36% of the total amount, which on average is excreted with feces.

Sorption of Metals on Glauconite under Gastrointestinal-Tract Conditions in Calves

The ion-exchange properties of an enterosorbent based on the modified glauconite concentrate (50%) produced from the Bondar deposit have been studied under the conditions of passage through the gastrointestinal tract in calves. Chemical modification of the mineral was performed to transfer it into the Na-form. The experimental calves were daily provided with enterosorbent at a rate of 0.2 g/kg of bodyweight for 6 and 9 days. The characteristics of releasing the metal ions accumulated on the glauconite active surface and removing them via fecal excretion are analyzed. The results of the evaluation for its sorption capacity towards Ni (a toxicant), Cu (a micronutrient), and Ca (a macronutrient) are present. The sorbent manifested a high capacity towards nickel since up to 60% of its total amount was removed from the organism. Its capacity towards copper was assessed as moderate (13%). The sorbent was accumulated in the animal digestive tract for 3–4 days, which contributed to the better copper absorption from inorganic forms under the conditions of its deficiency in the dietary feeds. Providing the animals with enterosorbent at the indicated dose did not cause the loss in calcium absorbed by their bodies.

Иверсан – эффективный лекарственный препарат при стронгилятозах желудочно-кишечного тракта телят

Иверсан – эффективный лекарственный препарат при стронгилятозах желудочно-кишечного тракта телят

Effects of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Fermentation Products on the Microbial Community throughout the Gastrointestinal Tract of Calves.

Simple SummarySaccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) are widely used for dairy cows and have been suggested to improve calf performance and health. However, the changes in microbial community along the gut in calves supplemented with SCFP have not been investigated extensively. This manuscript exhibited that calves supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products changed the microbial community of GIT and stimulated fibrolytic bacteria (Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae) colonization in early rumen and large intestine, respectively. Those alternations of microbiota in GIT might explain how SCFP works in calves.The effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) on improving growth and health of calves could be attributed to the ability of SCFP to modulate the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). However, the changes in microbial community along the gut in calves supplemented with SCFP have not been investigated extensively. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of SCFP on microbial communities in each sites of GIT using high-throughput sequencing technique. Fifteen Holstein male calves were used and randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 treatments including a calf starter containing 0 (Control, CON), 0.5 (SCFP1) or 1% SCFP (SCFP2, Original XPC, Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA, USA) of dry matter from day 4 to 56. The supplemented calves were fed with an additional 1 g/d SCFP (SmartCare, Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA, USA) in milk from day 2 to 30. Rumen fluid was sampled at day 28 of age via esophageal tube. All calves were slaughtered and gastrointestinal samples collected on day 56. Inclusion of SCFP increased the microbial species richness in the large intestine. The SCFP also affected the bacterial community at an early age in the rumen and later in rectum microbiota. Supplementation of SCFP stimulated colonization by fibrolytic bacteria (Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae) in rumen and large intestine, respectively. No differences were found between SCFP1 and SCFP2. This is the first study to analyze the effect of SCFP on bacterial community of the GIT microbiota in calves. The results provide the basic bacterial community information, which helps us understand the mechanism of action of SCFP for improving the health and performance of pre-weaning calf.