Gasoline Fraction Research Articles

Oxidative desulfurization of the straight-run gasoline fraction from the gas condensate of the Karachaganak field

An annual increase in the consumption of the automobile fuels makes us look for new ways of their obtaining. It is also important that the environmental and operational requirements for the quality of the motor fuels, obtained during oil production (associated petroleum gas, gas condensate) are systematically made more rigorous. One of the ways to solve the problems described above is to use the process of oxidative desulfurization to improve the quality of the petroleum products. In this case, oxidative desulfurization of the straight-run gasoline fraction, obtained from the gas condensate of the Karachaganak field, has been carried out. The oxidation process has been carried out with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of salts of the transition metals, molybdenum and vanadium. The optimal technological parameters (Patm, T=600C, 2 h, H2O2:S=4:1 (mol), Me:S=1:100 (mol)) of the oxidation process for the straight-run gasoline fractions have been selected. Under the optimal conditions of the oxidation process, the total sulfur content has been reduced by 89.9%. It has been shown that the molybdenum compounds exhibit greater activity in the oxidation of sulfur-containing compounds at a temperature of 600C, as compared to the vanadium compounds. A schematic diagram of the purification of the gasoline fractions from the sulfur-containing compounds by oxidative desulfurization, followed by its extraction desulfurization with the most effective N,N-dimethylformamide has been presented.

Selection of solvents for removing asphalten resin paraffin deposits

The article is devoted to the selection of optimal solvents for the removal of asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits. The efficiency of various solvents in relation to asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits (ARPD) of the Ozen deposit is considered. According to the results of the experiments, it was revealed that the most effective composite solvent is a composition containing 50% of the gasoline fraction and 50% of the kerosene fraction. This compositional composition for 5 hours showed a loss of mass of deposits of 97.7%, a dissolving capacity of 93.5 g/cm3. The effectiveness of the compositional composition is confirmed by the paraffinic type of deposits, which is explained by the high content of paraffins in the oil composition of the Ozen field. Aromatic solvents showed a relatively low dissolving power compared to aliphatic solvents, which also confirms the low content of resins and asphaltenes in the ARPO composition.

Liquid Fuels Derived from Microalgae: Physicochemical Analysis

In the analysis of the fuel like the liquid fuels obtained from the transesterification process of Spirulina microalgae biomass, the physicochemical characteristics correspond to fractions of gasoline, paraffin, and diesel, and to determine the environmental sustainability of its use, combustion tests were carried out on a diesel test engine (1000, 2000, and 3000 rpm) to establish a comparison with commercial neat diesel. The results obtained prove, based on the analysis of emissions and combustion, that this fuel can be a direct replacement for diesel.

A Predictive Approach towards Using PC-SAFT for Modeling the Properties of Shale Oil.

Equations of state are powerful tools for modeling thermophysical properties; however, so far, these have not been developed for shale oil due to a lack of experimental data. Recently, new experimental data were published on the properties of Kukersite shale oil, and here we present a method for modeling the properties of the gasoline fraction of shale oil using the PC-SAFT equation of state. First, using measured property data, correlations were developed to estimate the composition of narrow-boiling-range Kukersite shale gasoline samples based on the boiling point and density. These correlations, along with several PC-SAFT equations of the states of various classes of compounds, were used to predict the PC-SAFT parameters of aromatic compounds present in unconventional oil-containing oxygen compounds with average boiling points up to 180 °C. Developed PC-SAFT equations of state were applied to calculate the temperature-dependent properties (vapor pressure and density) of shale gasoline. The root mean square percentage error of the residuals was 13.2%. The average absolute relative deviation percentages for all vapor pressure and density data were 16.9 and 1.6%, respectively. The utility of this model was shown by predicting the vapor pressure of various portions of the shale gasoline. The validity of this model could be assessed for oil fractions from different deposits. However, the procedure used here to model shale oil gasoline could also be used as an example to derive and develop similar models for oil samples with different origins.

Gasoline and diesel-like fuel production via hydrocracking of hydrotreated tire pyrolytic oil over Ni-W/MCM-41 derived from blast furnace slag

This work reports the conversion of tire pyrolytic oil (TPO) to fuels via hydrotreatment followed by hydrocracking (HC) processes over Ni–W/MCM-41 and Ni–W/Al-MCM-41 catalysts. The catalysts were hydrothermally synthesized using the blast furnace slag (BFS) derived silica followed by precipitation of metals oxide. The catalysts physiochemical properties were investigated via several analysis tools. The TEM results revealed the ordered mesoporous MCM-41 formation and the metal oxide particles distribution on its surface. The XPS and TPR analyses confirmed the metals oxide existence on the MCM-41 support surface while incorporation into the support was observed for Ni–W/Al-MCM-41 catalyst. The Ni–W/Al-MCM-41 catalyst possessed the higher HC activity and 97.7% hydrodesulfurization. The high activity was explained via the surface area, pore size and catalyst acidity. Both catalysts have successfully produced gasoline and diesel-like fractions corresponding to the EN228 and EN590 specifications. The hydrocracked oil produced a 35 wt% of gasoline and 33% diesel upon fractionation.

Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica from Beach Sand by Sol-Gel Method as a Ni Supported Catalyst for Hydrocracking of Waste Cooking Oil

Mesoporous silica (MS) supported by nickel was synthesized from Parangtritis beach sand and assessed for its activity and selectivity as catalysts in hydrocracking waste cooking oil into biofuel. The synthesis of MS was done by the sol-gel method. Ni/MS catalysts using Ni weight variations of 1, 5, and 10 wt.% were denoted as Ni/MS1, Ni/MS5, and Ni/MS10 and were compared to standard mesoporous silica (Ni/SBA-15). The catalysts were characterized using FTIR, XRD analysis, N2 gas sorption analysis, SEM-EDX, and TEM. Catalyst Ni/MS1, Ni/MS5, Ni/MS10, and Ni/SBA-15 have specific surface areas of 130.5, 195.9, 203.9, and 381.2 m2/g and the average pores of 12.30, 9.80, 11.12, and 8.70 nm, respectively. The hydrocracking was run four times to evaluate the catalyst reusability. The hydrocracking WCO has 95.8, 82.4, and 85.2%, respectively. While Liquid fractions produced were 38.8, 43.2, and 50.2 wt.%, each of which contains gasoline of 37.09, 39.76, and 44.27 wt.%, Ni/MS10 has the highest liquid products of 50.2 wt.% and was selective to gasoline fractions up to 44.27%. Therefore, the catalyst synthesized from Parangtritis beach sand is selective for gasoline-fraction hydrocarbon and has hydrocracking activity up to 4 runnings.

Properties of Upgraded Bio-oil from Pyrolysis of Waste Corn Cobs

Technologies for conversion of waste solid materials to liquid fuel and bio-crude oil have been researched widely for the production of renewable energy as substitute to fossil fuel oil. However, ash composition of biomass affects the pyrolysis process and the bio-crude oil product has unsatisfactory properties compared to conventional petroleum oil, such as, low heating value, high viscosity, corrosiveness, and the presence of oxygenated compound which causes bio oil ageing. This paper investigated the total waste materials; corn cobs and paper sludge obtained in municipal areas of Abuja, Nigeria, employed in pyrolysis of demineralized corn cobs and the upgrade of crude bio oil via thermal cracking using zeolite prepared from waste paper sludge, with expectation to improve bio oil properties. Demineralization of corn cob removed most of the ash content of biomass allowing for pyrolysis process. The prepared zeolite with mesoporous cage-like crystals analyzed using SEM was able to effectively catalyze thermal cracking of the crude bio oil and reduce the quantity of less desired high molecular weight oxygenated compounds. The bio oil chemical composition obtained from GC-MS analysis indicated the bio oil consisted of oxygenated compounds and hydrocarbons such as aliphatic hydrocarbons (28.768%), alcohols (-0.001%), amines (10.472%), carboxylic acids (0.144), phenols (0.047%), and esters (60.57 %), which significantly influenced the bio oil properties. The physical and chemical properties of the corn cob bio oil was determined for density (0.852 ± 0.03), viscosity (1.66 ± 0.01), cloud point (-34.0 ± 0.02) and calorific value (30.9 ± 0.01). With the exception of Flash point (58 ± 0.01) and acid value (13.1 ± 0.03). In comparison, the produced bio oil had properties likened to petroleum fraction of conventional gasoline than diesel. In conclusion, pyrolysis of corn cob and upgrade of the crude bio oil using prepared zeolite was found as a promising process in improving bio oil quality. The pyrolysis study has potential in the management of environmental wastes to help resolve the challenge of solid waste disposal.

A Method of Assessing and Reducing the Impact of Heavy Gasoline Fractions on Particulate Matter Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles

A Method of Assessing and Reducing the Impact of Heavy Gasoline Fractions on Particulate Matter Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles

Tuning the acidity and pore structures of NiP based bifunctional catalyst for efficient n-hexane isomerization

Isomerization of alkane is one of the most important catalytic processes for producing environmentally friendly gasoline fraction with high octane number. However, the development of non-noble metal based catalysts with high conversion and selectivity towards multi-branched isomerized products is still challenging. Herein, we report that a NiP-Hβ/modified Kaolin catalyst was successfully prepared by ball-milling of amorphous NiP nanoparticles with Hβ/modified Kaolin composites and applied for n-hexane isomerization. The introduction of chemically modified Kaolin with abundant weak-medium acid sites and mesopores not only alleviates the cracking of isomerized products on the strong acid sites on Hβ, but also provides more active sites for the formation of di-branched isomerized products with high octane number. As a result, the NiP-Hβ/modified Kaolin catalyst shows an excellent catalytic performance for n-hexane isomerization in terms of good conversion (78.1%), high selectivity towards mono-branched (75.4%) and di-branched (21.4%) i-C6 products, and high liquid yield (99.9%). This work paves the way to the development of high performance non-noble metal based catalysts for large scale production of clean gasoline.

Zeolite-Containing Catalysts in Alkylation Processes

This article provides an overview of zeolite-containing catalysts used in the alkylation of benzene and toluene with olefins, isobutane with butenes and butane-butene fractions, gasoline and oil fractions with olefins, propane-propylene, and butane-butylene fractions of catalytic cracking. Zeolites have various types of structures, including BEA, MFI, MWW, FAU, etc., which differ in pore size and the number and location of the channels. High-silica zeolites have a large pore volume, high acidity, good hydrothermal stability, and molecular sieve properties that provide high selectivity in alkylation processes.

Production of Hydrogen From Heavy Hydrocarbons

The mechanism of the effect of an arc discharge on heavy hydrocarbon raw materials is studied in the work. The mechanism of formation of charged particles in micro-discharges with recessed electrodes is shock ionization. As a result of the interaction of hydrocarbon raw materials with an arc discharge, long hydrocarbon molecules are broken down, light hydrocarbons such as ethylene, hydrogen, and methane are formed. In the case of the organization of a micro-arc discharge, a gentle thermal regime also provides a gentle splitting of long hydrocarbon molecules, and in this case gasoline fractions of oil are formed in greater quantities compared to the case of exposure to raw materials by a conventional arc discharge.

A study on biofuel produced from cracking of low density poly ethylenes using TiO2/AlSBA-15 nanocatalysts

The burgeoning concerns over the non-biodegradable plastics wastes could be surpassed either by proper disposal technique or by an effective conversion of the plastic wastes into useful chemicals. Metal oxide; TiO2 and porous; AlSBA-15 catalysts were synthesized and a composite characterized using XRD, BET, N2 adsorption –desorption studies, TPD and SEM techniques. This work was focussed in the catalytic degradation of low density polyethylene over the synthesized catalysts in a fixed bed reactor. A hydrocarbon rich gasoline range of liquid fuel, coke and gas were the expected products from the experiment. The liquid products were analysed using GC MS equipped with J&W Scientific DB-Petro capillary column (100 m × 0.25 mm × 0.5 m). An optimum yield of liquid fuel was obtained with TiO2 catalyst at 1st h of reaction and further the product yield considerably decreased. A marginal increase in % conversion of low density polyethylene into fuel was observed with increasing catalyst: polymer ratio in the presence of TiO2 catalyst till 1:5 ratio. The liquid products contained lower range of hydrocarbons with higher content of active catalyst; while the samples collected at later stage contained heavier components. Mesoporous AlSBA-15 worked comparatively better than TiO2 by converting 89.7% of LDPE into 54.8% combustible liquid products. The catalytic activity of the catalyst followed the order of TiO2/AlSBA-15 (10%) < AlSBA-15 (27) < SiSBA-15 < TiO2. A considerable increase in gasoline fraction from 45.6% to 85.4%, yield of liquid fuel (89.1%) and conversion (98.4%) was observed during cracking in the presence of TiO2/AlSBA-15 catalyst. Plastic liquid fuel produced over the composite catalyst revealed the calorific value of 47.8 MJ/Kg which was higher than the commercial petroleum fuel. Finally, we obtain this biofuel application as mathematical model to evaluate and plot the interaction energy arising from the conjugation of TiO2 - AlSBA-15 nano-catalyst in two possible configuration, linear (conical) and spherical molecules, along the range of the αdistance (z-axis).

Experimental investigation of water injection and spark timing effects on combustion and emissions of a hybrid hydrogen-gasoline engine

This paper aimed to study the effects of water injection and spark timing on performance of a hybrid hydrogen-gasoline engine. For this aim, a modified four-cylinder turbocharged gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine equipped with hydrogen port injection and port water injection system was developed. In this study, the engine speed was maintained at 1300 rpm and the throttle opening of 30% with an excess air/fuel ratio of 1. The hydrogen energy percentage of 15%, water fuel mass ratio of 0.2 and 0.4 was added into the intake port. When the hydrogen energy percentage was changed, the gasoline fraction was also adjusted to keep the mixture at the stoichiometric. For all tested conditions, the spark timing was varied from 1 to 42°CA before top dead center (BTDC) with a fixed interval of 2°CA. Experimental results showed that maximum brake torque (MBT) spark timing varied when water and/or hydrogen is added. With hydrogen addition, the worsened combustion caused by water injection can be improved. Also, the variation of IMEP and COVIMEP versus spark timing became more insensitive with hydrogen addition. With water injection, the high NO emission caused by hydrogen addition can be largely reduced, however with side effect of higher HC and CO emissions.

Nickel-modified sulfated zirconia catalyst: Synthesis and application for transforming waste cooking oil into biogasoline via a hydrocracking process

The synthesis of a sulfated zirconia catalyst and its modification with Ni metal was carried out and applied in the hydrocracking of waste cooking oil into biogasoline. The SO4/ZrO2 (SZ) catalyst was synthesized via a hydrothermal process using ZrOCl2·8H2O as a precursor, followed by sulfation using (NH4)2SO4 solution. The catalyst was calcined at a temperature of 600 °C. The obtained SZ catalyst was refluxed in aqueous solutions of Ni(NO3)2 with various Ni loadings (1, 2, and 3 wt% Ni), followed by reducing hydrogen gas at 400 °C to yield Ni/SZ catalysts. The impregnation of Ni on SO4/ZrO2 led to an increase in catalyst acidity, as well as their activity and selectivity for the hydrocracking process. Among ZrO2 and the synthesized catalysts, 1% Ni/SZ has the highest acidity level. The hydrocracking process was performed at 450 °C. The 1% Ni/SZ catalyst was able to selectively produce the gasoline fraction, with the conversion reaching 70.28% gasoline from 80.28% for the total liquid products. As a result, the catalyst was shown to be acceptable for industrial-scale applications.

Coking of high-viscosity water-containing oil

Objectives. A characteristic feature of oil production is an increase in the volume of highviscosity bituminous oil. In Russia, technologies based on the use of water vapor are used for their extraction. The use of such technologies leads to a large amount of water in the product stream from the production well. Preparation of oil for processing involves its stabilization, desalination, and dewatering. Since the densities of the extracted oil and the water contained in it are comparable, traditional preparation schemes for processing of high-viscosity bituminous oil are ineffective. One of the possible solutions to the problem involving such oil in the fuel, energy, and petrochemical balance is to use a coking process at the first stage of its processing. This aim can be achieved by studying the influence of the process conditions of coking high-viscosity water-containing oil on the yield and characteristics of the resulting products.Methods. Coking of oil with a density of 1.0200 g/cm3 at 50 °C and with 18 wt % water content was carried out in a laboratory installation in a “cube.” A hollow cylindrical apparatus was used as a reactor and was placed in a furnace. The temperature and pressure in the reactor were maintained at 500–700 °C and 0.10–0.35 MPa, respectively.Results. An increase in the coking process temperature results in an increase in the amount of gaseous products, a decrease in the amount of the coke generated, and a higher dependence of the amount of liquid products on temperature with a maximum yield at 550–600 °C. The process temperature also affects the composition of liquid products. At a lower temperature, the amount of gasoline and kerosene fractions in liquid products is higher. With an increase in pressure, a higher amount of gaseous products, coke, and low-molecular-weight hydrocarbon fractions in liquid products could also be obtained. The characteristics of the coke produced in the coking process are similar to those of commercially produced grades. It is noted that when coking water-containing oil, up to 98% of the emulsion water goes with liquid products, and the remaining amount of water remains in the formed coke.Conclusions. Results showed the possible application of the coking process at the initial stage of processing high-viscosity bituminous oil. In this case, the dewatering stage is significantly simplified since the technological scheme of delayed coking allows the separation of the gasoline fraction from water.

Synthesis of Mesoporous Carbon from Merbau Sawdust as a Nickel Metal Catalyst Support for Castor Oil Hydrocracking

Synthesis of mesoporous carbon from merbau sawdust with H2O2 as activator using reflux method followed by carbonization at 800 °C (RC800) had been carried out. This research is aiming to produce effective pathway to synthesize effective nickel-mesoporous carbon catalyst. The nickel metal was impregnated on the mesoporous carbon by wet impregnation using the salt precursor of Ni(NO3)2∙6H2O. The results showed that carbon RC800 and C800 had a specific surface area of 135.18 and 182.48 m2/g. Specific surface area of Ni/RC800 and Ni/C800 catalyst were 41.31 and 7.15 m2/g, respectively. The metal content in Ni/RC800 and Ni/C800 catalyst were 0.83 and 0.92 wt%, respectively. Ni/RC800 catalyst had the highest acidity (7.64 mmol/g) compared to Ni/C800 catalyst (6.99 mmol/g), RC800 (97.43 mmol/g), and C800 (6.17 mmol/g). The Ni/RC800 catalyst has the highest activity with the liquid product conversion of 66.01 wt%. Its selectivity towards gasoline fraction, diesel fraction, alcohol, and organic was 8.06, 1.17, 2.61, and 54.13%, respectively. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis of paraffin wax

It is a great challenge to find an efficient process for upgrading or recycling waste hydrocarbons, such as heavy oil, waxes, and plastics. The microwave-assisted pyrolysis process has drawn considerable attention as a new method because of its volumetric and selective heating. In this study, we designed a unique catalyst, SiC foam @HZSM-5, in which the SiC core was microwave absorbent and the HZSM-5 shell coated over the core provided active acid sites for the cracking reaction. By implementing the SiC in the foam shape, the heat and mass transfer was enhanced during the pyrolysis process. Solid paraffin wax (PW) was chosen as the main feedstock to investigate the designed process performances for the catalytic pyrolysis of high-density hydrocarbons under microwave irradiation. We mainly investigated the effect of MW absorbent, catalyst, and temperature at the same time. Results showed that the number of SiC@HZSM-5 foams determined the process temperature and affected the quality and yield of the products. In this regard, the highest yield of the collected liquid oil was 80 wt%, which contained more than 77% gasoline (C6-C10) fractions, comprising 57% BTX of the collected liquid yield, achieved by employing three coated SiC foams and a recorded temperature of 530 °C. In addition, a considerable volume of olefins (C2-C5), as high as 49%, was detected in the collected gases, while the portion of residue solid after the process was less than 2 wt%.

Optimization of the heat exchange system of the gasoline fraction hydrotreating unit

This article deals with the main trends of improving the energy efficiency of production facilities for processing hydrocarbon materials on the example of a catalytic reforming unit. By analyzing the heat-technological scheme of the hydrotreatment section, the potential for energy saving has been identified and options for upgrading the heat exchange system of the stabilization unit to increase the use of secondary energy resources and minimize heat losses have been proposed. Based on thermal and economic calculations, a more efficient option has been chosen with an arrangement of multistage heat exchange and use of distillate product for preheating raw materials, which allows more fully using the potential of its own streams. The proposed optimization of the heat exchange system of the stabilization unit of the hydrotreating plant by involving the distillate product in the heat exchange will provide an increase in the degree of heat recovery with a reduction in heat losses and electricity consumption, a reduction in the number of heat exchange equipment units and a more rational use of them.

Distillation of Pyrolysis Results from Mixed Used Plastic and Palm Oil in The Fractionation Column to Produce the Gasoline Fraction, with RON Analysis: Experiments and Modeling

Reprocessing plastic waste to become fuel oil is a good process. Plastics were originally obtained from the polymerization of petroleum products. According to SIPSN data from the Ministry of Environment in 2020, plastic waste in Indonesia has reached 17.314 million tons/year. In addition to using recycling, reduction can be made using hydrothermal pyrolysis cracking to convert solid plastic waste into liquid gasoline fractions with the help of co-reactants. However, with the pyrolysis process, the final result of the process allows the presence of impurities that are still contained in it. In this research, the distillation of the pyrolysis results for gasoline fraction plastic waste was carried out using a fractionated distillation column. The distillation process enhances the performance of petroleum oil with an average of RON 98 and a caloric value of 10,609,7 cal/gr. Modeling and simulation using excel of the distillation results of pyrolysis were carried out, it was found that the increase in the reflux ratio led to an increase in the purity of the distillation product and the effect of residence time caused the longer the process to run, the lower the distillation product. Therefore, the separation should not be done too long, which can cause the purity to decrease every time. The higher the reflux ratio, the smaller the kinematic viscosities get proven by experimental and modeling, but the value is a striking difference due to deviation from the model.

CATALYTIC PYROLYSIS OF POLYPROPYLENE PLASTIC FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES INTO GASOLINE FRACTION COMPOUNDS USING THE MIXED NICKEL (Ni) AND CHROME (Cr) METALS AS THE CATALYST

Plastic wastes which come from municipal solid wastes, have been identi􀂿 ed as the worldwideenvironmental problem in the last decades. Chemical recycling is one of the alternative methods to solvesuch problem. Inorder to obtai appropriate liquid fuels, polypropylene plastic waste was degraded thermallyand catalytically in the presence of natural zeolite incorporated with chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) metals.The reaction was conducted in a 􀂿 xed bed reactor in the temperature range of 400-500°C. The dependenciesof process temperature and effect of catalyst on yield of the fuel fractions were determined and comparedto commercial gasoline fractions. The current study shows that the major product of thermal degradation(pyrolysis) and catalytic degradation is liquid (gasoline) fraction and the highest products obtained attemperature 450°C is approximately 77.84%. The use of chromium and nickel metals on activated naturalzeolite as a bi-functional catalyst enhance the yield of liquid fractions and the acidity of the catalysts. The liquid product obtained in this process was analyzed using GC for its composition. Synthesized catalysts, activated natural zeolite and natural zeolite were characterized by means of nitrogen physisorption (BET), porosity, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and acidity. Based on the obtained results, the catalyst containing 6% of chromium and 4% of nickel on activated natural zeolite is a good catalyst for conversion of polypropylene plastic wastes to liquid (gasoline) fuels. Catalytic conversion using such catalysts may applicable as an alternative method for recycling plastic wastes to more valuable commodities such as fuel oils.