Gasoline Engine Research Articles

STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF MISFIRES ON THE UNEVEN ROTATION OF THE CRANKSHAFT OF A GASOLINE ENGINE

Purpose. Investigate the effect of misfires on the unevenness of the torque on the crankshaft of gasoline internal combustion engine with spark ignition.
 Research methods. The results of the thermodynamic calculation of the operating cycle, the dynamic calculation of the engine parameters at the nominal operating mode of an well engine and an engine with misfiring in one cylinder are presented. The computer program Engine Calculation and Microsoft Office program package were used to perform the research. The object of the study is the MeMZ-245 four-stroke, four-cylinder gasoline engine. The subject of the study is the torque unevenness coefficient of the internal combustion engine μ.
 Results. The topical issue of investigating the impact of misfires on the indicators of unevenness of rotation of the crankshaft of a spark-ignition internal combustion engine has been solved. The torque unevenness coefficient μ = 6.164 for the MeMZ-245 4-stroke 4-cylinder engine when operating at the nominal mode was calculated. It was established that as a result of a malfunction (disabling one cylinder), the average effective torque of the engine decreases by 29.4%. The value of the torque unevenness coefficient of the faulty engine was calculated as μ = 12.165, which is twice the value for the well-worked engine. It was established that level of torque unevenness of MeMZ-245 4-cylinder in-line engine with misfiring approaches to single-cylinder engines.
 Scientific novelty. For the first time, it was theoretically proven that due to the lack of ignition in one of the cylinders of a 4-stroke 4-cylinder engine, the average effective torque of the engine decreases by 29.4% when operating at the nominal mode. The value of the torque unevenness coefficient μ of an engine with misfiring is twice the value for a well-worked engine, which is close to similar values of single-cylinder engines.
 Practical value. The method of calculating the torque unevenness coefficient of an internal combustion engine can be used in the design of new and modernization of existing internal combustion engines.

Multi-objective optimisation of heat transfer and structural strength of aero-piston air-cooled engine cylinder based on orthogonal test

Owing to their compact and lightweight structure, air-cooled aviation piston engines are used in general aviation, agriculture, and military fields. To address the kind of engine thermal load problem, this study used a horizontal four-cylinder four-stroke aviation piston air-cooled gasoline engine as the research object. Tested the engine cylinder temperature and pressure under calibrated power conditions, built a one-dimensional simulation model and a fluid–structure interaction simulation model. Four main structural parameters—fin thickness, fin spacing, fin length, and cylinder wall thickness—were considered as factors. Each factors have five levels to construct orthogonal tests to analyse their influence on the cylinder heat transfer and structural strength performance. A range analysis of the orthogonal test showed that the fin thickness had the most significant influence on the thermal stress, while the fin length most significantly influenced the temperature and cylinder hole deformation. A comprehensive frequency analysis method combining intuitive and range analyses is used to determine the optimal combination scheme, and the heat transfer and strength performance of the engine cylinder before and after optimization is compared. The results indicated that the fin thickness and length had the most influence on cylinder performance. After optimisation, the temperature decreased by 3.3 % from 198.3 ℃ to 191.8 ℃, while the thermal stress decreased by 21.9 % from 100.5 MPa to 78.5 MPa. In addition, the cylinder hole deformation decreased by 11 %, from 0.273 mm to 0.243 mm. These research results can provide a reference for the design and optimisation of heat fins of air-cooled aviation piston engines.

Performance Analysis of Hydroxyl (HHO) Gas Addition on a Gasoline Generator

The research explores the use of hydroxyl (HHO) gas as a renewable energy source due to the over-reliance on fossil fuels in conventional engines. An HHO cell is designed to produce hydrogen gas used in conventional generators. The cell uses electrolysis of water and potassium hydroxide as a catalyst. The HHO gas is generated with ordinary water without any catalyst and the detailed results of the reaction and analysis are presented. The goal is to develop and test-run an electrolytic cell on a gasoline engine (spark ignition engine) and measure the variation of its parameters in comparison to that of a gasoline engine. The efficiency, performance, power output, and emission are tested under load. This study comprises detailed work on the performance analysis of the HHO cell on the conventional generator, establishes the relationship between the variation of the KOH catalyst against time to produce the HHO gas, the relationship between the variation in voltage and how it directly influences the rate of gas production. Warm water, which is raised above room temperature, is used to verify the above-stated relationships, check if it holds and check the more efficient means of operating the electrolyte based on the temperature of the water used. An increase in the temperature of the water above room temperature leads to more gas production, thereby increasing the efficiency of the HHO cell in gas production. When HHO cell is operated with ordinary water without a catalyst at room temperature, it is observed that the reaction forms a cloudy around the plates of the cell, but the reaction is not turbulent with no significant amount of gas produced, as compared to that of the presence of potassium hydroxide (KOH), which serves as a catalyst to speed up the rate of the reaction and enhance the production of the HHO gas. This clearly shows the need and importance of the presence of a catalyst in the reaction. HHO cell is operated with salt (NaCl) as a catalyst in replacement for potassium hydroxide (KOH) to check the reaction and the rate of gas production. The reaction observed is metal rusting, though it is turbulent a bit more than that of the presence of KOH solution.

Development of Environmentally Friendly Fuel Mixtures Based on Tamanu Oil and Pertasol, as Well as Performance Testing on Gasoline Engines

Development of Environmentally Friendly Fuel Mixtures Based on Tamanu Oil and Pertasol, as Well as Performance Testing on Gasoline Engines

The Impact Of Introducing Brown Gas Into The Incoming Air Flow On The Performance Of An Internal Combustion Engine

The increase in the number of motorized vehicles has led to challenges in maintaining environmental air quality, combustion efficiency, and the sustainability of fossil fuels. An innovative solution to address these issues is the utilization of brown gas. This study aims to investigate the impact of introducing brown gas into the incoming air flow on the performance of an internal combustion engine. The brown gas flow rate varies based on the gas production rate resulting from variations in the addition of NaOH (10 g/l, 20 g/l, and 30 g/l) to every 1 liter of water in the generator. Gas production rates are measured using a flow meter. The influence of brown gas on gasoline engine performance is assessed through power testing with a chassis dyno test engine and exhaust emissions testing with a gas analyzer. The findings reveal that the highest flow rate of brown gas is achieved with the addition of 30 g/l NaOH during the electrolysis process. Introducing brown gas into the incoming air flow can increase maximum engine power by 15.5% and reduce CO exhaust emissions by 23.37%.

Defining innovative areas and prospects to develop the patenting of technological advances in the automotive power plant industry

The object of this study is the field of patenting of technological advances registered in the world in the field of automotive power plants. The subject of the study is the dynamics of patenting in the automotive power plant industry, associated with the need to harmonize the trajectories of technological development with global trends in energy efficiency and manufacturability, in order to ensure sustainable economic growth. Patenting in the industry is considered in the following areas: gasoline engines, diesel engines, hybrid cars, electric cars, hydrogen cars. The relevance of this study is determined by the general desire of society to innovate through the latest tools and the introduction of systemic measures to comprehensively address the problem of increasing energy efficiency and reducing air pollution caused by road transport. The paper analyzes the statistics of patents registered in the world, examines patent activity and trends in the patenting of technological advances in the automotive industry from 2010 to 2022. In the industry of gasoline and diesel engines, hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles, the current work investigates through systematization and analysis of important aspects of patenting statistics and innovation dynamics. For the period of 2017–2022, the average increase in the number of registered patents per year compared to the previous period was found to be 1.37 times higher for the area of "hybrid vehicles", 1.3 times higher for the area of "electric vehicles", and 26 times higher for the area of "hydrogen vehicles". A comparative analysis of the number of registered patents by areas was carried out, further patenting rates were predicted, and priority areas of research and innovation were identified

Effect analysis on hydrocarbon adsorption enhancement of different zeolites in cold start of gasoline engine based on Monte Carlo method

50%–80% of the hydrocarbons in gasoline engine emissions come from during cold starts. Zeolites are often used to adsorb HCs during gasoline engine cold-starting. In order to investigate the effect of adsorption enhancement of different molecular sieves on HCs during gasoline engine cold-starting. In this paper, the adsorption properties of Beta, MOR and FER zeolites at different temperatures were simulated based on Monte Carlo method using propylene and toluene as probe molecules. The results show that all three molecular sieves exhibit good adsorption properties at low temperatures. The adsorption capacity decreased with increasing temperature. The molecular sieves tend to adsorb molecules with diameters similar to the pore size of zeolite. In addition, the three-dimensional zeolites Beta and FER showed better adsorption properties than the one-dimensional zeolites. Based on Monte Carlo method, the adsorption properties of Beta, MOR and FER molecular sieves were investigated at different temperatures under multi-components using toluene, isopentane, propylene, ethylene, methane and water as adsorbents. The results showed that there was a competitive adsorption among the components due to the limited adsorption sites in the molecular sieve channels. Large molecules such as toluene and isopentane occupied most of the adsorption sites and hindered the adsorption of small molecules.

Nonlinear feedforward controller design of gasoline engine air-path system for reducing engine torque overshoot

In gasoline engines, the amount of fresh air in the cylinder becomes temporarily excessive owing to the slow response in exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) gas under a high EGR ratio. This phenomenon should be avoided, as it causes an engine torque overshoot because the amount of fuel also increases to follow the stoichiometric ratio, and can cause discomfort to the driver. In this study, we investigate reducing torque overshoot using a feedforward controller, which is a simple and effective method for improving the response of a control system. The feedforward controller is typically designed based on the inverse of the plant model. However, designing a feedforward controller for a high-order and nonlinear plant, such as an engine air-path system, can be challenging. Therefore, we exploit the fact that if a given nonlinear system satisfies the flatness property, a feedforward controller based on the inverse model can be easily obtained. The effectiveness of the proposed feedforward controller is evaluated through simulations.

The effects of limonene and eugenol additives in n-heptane and low-octane gasoline on the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of single-cylinder gasoline engine

This study investigated the effects of two additive polarities: polar (eugenol) and nonpolar (limonene) additives blended into n-heptane and low-octane gasoline. These compounds were chosen due to their unique molecular structure characteristics which influences the exhaust emissions. The physicochemical properties, fuel consumption, and exhaust gas emissions of a single-cylinder gasoline engine were measured. Four fuel blends were created by blending eugenol and limonene on a volumetric basis, n-heptane-eugenol (NHE), n-heptane-limonene (NHL), low-octane gasoline-eugenol (GE), and low-octane gasoline-limonene (GL). Tests were conducted on a single-cylinder gasoline engine. The exhaust gas emissions were analyzed using gas chromatography, and the role of each additive substance in the formation of carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (HC), residual oxygen (O2), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions was validated using Hyperchem simulation and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Owing to differences in the molecular structure and energy content of the two additives, the fuel consumption of NHE-fueled vehicles increased by 19.69% compared to NHL, whereas GE decreased by 32.15% compared to GL. Owing to the presence of oxygen atoms and low binding energy, blending eugenol with n-heptane and low-octane gasoline significantly reduced CO by 1.87% higher than limonene. However, eugenol’s aromatic structure can only reduce 14.45% of HC emission, while limonene, with its dynamically moving electrons and nonpolar properties can reduce up to 18.24%. It was discovered that the two additives could improve the quality of exhaust gas emissions.

In-cylinder spray evolution in a motored central-injection gasoline engine: Imaging and simulating the effects of flash-boiling and intake crossflow

Accurate predictions of fuel spray behavior and mixture formation in simulations of direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) engines are fundamental to ensure proper description of all subsequent processes including ignition, combustion, and emissions. In this work, the spray evolution in a single-cylinder optical DISI engine was studied experimentally and numerically with the goal of enabling predictive computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of in-cylinder sprays. The authors explored a wide range of operating conditions characterized by several fuel injection temperatures and engine speeds, using a well-characterized nine-component gasoline surrogate known as PACE-20. The effect of flash boiling and intake crossflow on the spray is discussed, with a focus on evaluating the ability of the spray models to capture highly transient spray behavior. In the experiments, the fuel temperature was varied between 20°C and 80°C, allowing for non-flash- to flash-boiling transition to emerge with enhanced flashing intensity at the highest temperatures. Spray collapse resulted in vapor-rich regions, owing to the locally lower inertia of the fluid. Varying the engine speed from 650 to 1950 rpm promoted increasingly more turbulent in-cylinder crossflow which interacted with the spray during the injection event and resulted in enhanced spray dispersion. The CFD model was able to capture the spray morphology transition at different fuel temperatures and engine speeds adequately. It is shown that the spray breakup model could capture the transitional spray behavior induced by flash boiling atomization and intake flow via proper initialization of the spray cone angle and calibration of the spray models’ constants.

Structure Optimization of Ultra-Light Power Generation System

A wide-speed, ultra-light power generation system is a critical power generation unit structure, often because of its high efficiency and power density. Lightness and reliability are two key design indicators within the system, albeit they could lead to contradictory problems, particularly in systems containing prime movers, batteries, generators, rectifiers, and inverters. Ultra-light generator sets are facing more severe problems and contradictions in designing in terms of matching, coordinating, and stabilizing the components in the systems. This paper describes the system design of a low-cost and high-reliability microgenerator set: a gasoline engine, three-phase permanent magnet synchronous generator, rectifier, and inverter. Moreover, the matching relationship between the four parts and the design effect of each part of the power generation system was analyzed, simulated, and tested to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the so-designed system.

Influence of oxyhydrogen gas retrofit into two-stroke engine on emissions and exhaust gas temperature variations

The generation of power and fuel sustainability that contributes to a cleaner output of exhaust gases is one of the most important objectives the world seeks. In this paper, oxyhydrogen gas is used to retrofit into a two-stroke engine. The water was electrolysed and generated a mixture of oxygen (O2) and hydrogen (H2) or known as oxyhydrogen (HHO) gas via an electrolytic dry cell generator. The HHO was retrofitted experimentally to investigate the engine emissions and exhaust gas temperature from a 1.5 kW gasoline engine. The engine was tested with different power ratings (84–720 W) to investigate the performance and emissions of the engine using gasoline followed by the addition of HHO. The emissions of CO and NOx were measured with different amounts of HHO added. The exhaust temperature was calculated as one of the variables to be considered in relation to pollution. The air-fuel ratios are varied from 12 to 20% in the experiment. The most appropriate air-fuel ratio needed to start the generator with the most environmentally friendly gas emission was analysed. The results showed that the addition of HHO to the engine is successful in reducing fuel consumption up to 8.9%. A higher percentage of HHO added also has improved the emissions and reduced exhaust gas temperature. In this study, the highest quantity of HHO added at 0.15% of the volume fraction reduced CO gas emission by up to 9.41%, NOx gas up to 4.31%, and exhaust gas temperature by up to 2.02%. Generally, adding oxyhydrogen gas has significantly reduced the emissions, and exhaust temperature and provided an eco-friendly environment.

Experimental Study of Isopropyl Acetate and Acetone Additive Gasoline on a Spark-Ignition Engine and its Impact on Green Environment

Background & Aim: Gasoline engines using alcohol fuels are being researched in the present trend since they are seen to be viable as diesel engines. The effect of isopropyl acetate and acetone additive blends on gasoline is explored in this study using a single-cylinder four-stroke gasoline engine operating at a constant speed of 2500 rpm under all loading conditions. Methods: Two gasoline blends are prepared by adding 5 % and 10 % by volume of isopropyl acetate and acetone separately. Properties are investigated and tested for its engine performance and emission. objective: There are not much research about the effect of Isopropyl acetate as a fuel additive in gasoline engine. Hence the main objective lies on extract information on using this additive in SI engine Results: The trial results demonstrated that the A5 (5% Acetone + 95% Gasoline) brake thermal efficiency improved when compared to pure gasoline. At maximum engine load, all additive blends have lower brake specific fuel consumption than pure gasoline. However, under full load, the emissions of various additive blends are lower than those of pure gasoline. Conclusión: Results revealed that IA5 (5 % Isopropyl acetate + 95 % Gasoline), IA10 (10 % Isopropyl acetate + 90 % Gasoline), and A10 (10 % Acetone + 90 % Gasoline) are considered good for decreasing HC, NOx, and CO emissions respectively. The findings of this study can be considered as a patent to lay the information on these types of alcohols in gasoline engines.

Chemical kinetic study of gasoline surrogate with ammonia on combustion: Iso-octane modeling

To facilitate the transition towards a carbon–neutral society, it is necessary to undertake comprehensive research on the utilization of ammonia in gasoline engine applications. In the present work, a new chemical kinetic mechanism for iso-octane/ammonia (iC8H18/NH3) was proposed and widely validated with the experiment data of ignition delay time (IDT) and laminar burning velocity (SL). The iC8H18 model of Cai [Combust. Flame, 162, 2015] and NH3 model of Zhang [Combust. Flame, 234, 2021] was chosen as the based model, and they connected through the chemical coupling between the iC8H18 and the NH2 chemistry. In addition, the influence of C-N interaction on the prediction ability of iC8H18/NH3 model was also analyzed and found that the H-abstraction reaction between NH2 and iC8H18 is the key reaction affecting the IDT and SL of mixture. Present work was also focused on the chemistry kinetic of iC8H18/NH3 mixture. The reaction pathway analysis shows that the addition of NH3 slightly enhanced the H-abstraction reaction of iC8H18 in tertiary site (cC8H17) and slightly inhibited the H-abstraction reaction of primary site (aC8H17, bC8H17, and dC8H17). In the end, the mole fraction of NO in iC8H18/NH3 flames is analyzed. The results show that NH3 addition increased the concentration of NO, but with the gradual increase of equivalence ratio, the increasing trend of NO concentration gradually decreases. A higher equivalence ratio can be selected to effectively control the increase of NOx concentration. Through the analysis of NO formation and reduction reaction pathway, it was found that NH3 addition increases the mole fraction of NH2 radical, the NO formation pathway was stronger than NO reduction pathway due to the sufficient OH radical, and finally leading to the increase of NO concentration. However, with the increase of equivalence ratio, the concentration of NH2 radical exceeds OH, and the number of OH is insufficient in satisfying the NH3-related NO reaction pathway, resulting in a decrease of the influence of NH3 addition on NO concentration.

Покращення динамічних властивостей засобу рухомості озброєння шляхом встановлення дизельних двигунів при проведенні модернізації

This article examines the possibilities of improving the dynamic properties of a weapon vehicle by installing diesel engines during modernization. It proposes a number of practical measures to achieve this goal, such as replacing a gasoline engine with a diesel engine.The article conducts a comparative analysis of the traction and dynamic characteristics of the basic gasoline power unit and the diesel power unit installed after modernization on the example of APCS 70. The necessity of modernization by replacing gasoline engines with diesel units is substantiated by means of a comparative traction and dynamic calculation and economic indicators of power units. A comparative analysis of fuel consumption is carried out and the power of the power units is compared. The disadvantages of using gasoline power units are analyzed. According to the results of the calculations, the optimal ratio of parameters that determine the dynamic properties of the vehicle of the weapon is achieved.For the calculation of the main indicators of traction and speed properties of the prototype, the numerical values of the design parameters of the APCS 70 product, which are given in the reference literature, are used.The modernization discussed in this article involves further refinement of the APCS 70's power plant compartment, which is located in the aft part of the hull. It contains two ZMZ 4905 power units assembled with clutches and gearboxes mounted on a common frame. The gasoline power units are replaced with clutch assemblies and 4-speed transmissions. Diesel power units are assembled with clutches, equipped with 5-speed gearboxes and are installed with minor modifications to the standard subframe on which the units are mounted. In turn, the replacement of the power units entails further modifications to the cooling system, fuel supply, exhaust system, engine heating system, as well as part of the electrical equipment of the power units. The transfer case and subsequent transmission of the product remain unchanged.The research provides valuable information for military equipment specialists and engineers interested in improving the performance of combat vehicles.

A comprehensive analysis of hydrogen fuel cell integration in fishing vessels

HHO gas is a fuel supplement produced through the electrolysis process of water in an HHO generator, where HHO gas falls under the category of alternative energy and is classified as a new energy source. The fundamental principle of internal combustion engines is generally to convert the chemical energy of liquid fuel into mechanical energy. The production of hydrogen through the electrolysis process is continuously evolving to facilitate the use of environmentally friendly fuels, with potential impacts on engine performance and exhaust gas emissions. This study examines the effect of adding HHO gas to electronic fuel injection (EFI) type-L gasoline engines on exhaust gas emissions and fuel consumption. It has been proven that the addition of HHO gas to the combustion process of gasoline engines, particularly EFI type-D, results in reduced emission levels (CO by 15.31% and HC by 16.27%). Moreover, the introduction of 0.1 Mol of HHO gas into EFI type-L engines through the air filter leads to a significant impact on exhaust gas emissions and a 2.8% increase in fuel consumption compared to not using HHO gas. This could be attributed to the distinct characteristics of EFI systems compared to conventional engines, as they are not accustomed to fuel supplements being injected into the engine.

Dynamics of nanocluster aerosol in the indoor atmosphere during gas cooking.

Nanocluster aerosol (NCA: particles in the size range of 1-3 nm) are a critically important, yet understudied, class of atmospheric aerosol particles. NCA efficiently deposit in the human respiratory system and can translocate to vital organs. Due to their high surface area-to-mass ratios, NCA are associated with a heightened propensity for bioactivity and toxicity. Despite the human health relevance of NCA, little is known regarding the prevalence of NCA in indoor environments where people spend the majority of their time. In this study, we quantify the formation and transformation of indoor atmospheric NCA down to 1 nm via high-resolution online nanoparticle measurements during propane gas cooking in a residential building. We observed a substantial pool of sub-1.5 nm NCA in the indoor atmosphere during cooking periods, with aerosol number concentrations often dominated by the newly formed NCA. Indoor atmospheric NCA emission factors can reach up to ∼1016 NCA/kg-fuel during propane gas cooking and can exceed those for vehicles with gasoline and diesel engines. Such high emissions of combustion-derived indoor NCA can result in substantial NCA respiratory exposures and dose rates for children and adults, significantly exceeding that for outdoor traffic-associated NCA. Combustion-derived indoor NCA undergo unique size-dependent physical transformations, strongly influenced by particle coagulation and condensation of low-volatility cooking vapors. We show that indoor atmospheric NCA need to be measured directly and cannot be predicted using conventional indoor air pollution markers such as PM2.5 mass concentrations and NO x (NO + NO2) mixing ratios.

Modal Analysis of Combustion Chamber Acoustic Resonance to Reduce High-Frequency Combustion Noise in Pre-Chamber Jet Ignition Combustion Engines

<div>The notable increase in combustion noise in the 7–10 kHz band has become an issue in the development of pre-chamber jet ignition combustion gasoline engines that aim for enhanced thermal efficiency. Combustion noise in such a high-frequency band is often an issue in diesel engine development and is known to be due to resonance in the combustion chamber. However, there are few cases of it becoming a serious issue in gasoline engines, and effective countermeasures have not been established. The authors therefore decided to elucidate the mechanism of high-frequency combustion noise generation specific to this engine, and to investigate effective countermeasures. As the first step, in order to analyze the combustion chamber resonance modes of this engine in detail, calculation analysis using a finite element model and experimental modal analysis using an acoustic excitation speaker were conducted. As a result, it was found that there are two combustion chamber resonance modes in the 7–10 kHz band, both of which affect the high-frequency oscillation of the in-cylinder pressure. Both resonant modes have mode shapes that form a single nodal plane in the diametrical direction including the central axis of the cylinder, but the orientations of those nodal planes differ by 90 degrees. In addition, the two resonance frequencies are influenced by not only the bore diameter, temperature, and heat capacity ratio, but also the spatial shape of the combustion chamber. Therefore, when the piston descends and the spatial shape of the combustion chamber changes, the resonance frequencies change as well.</div>

Effects of intake manifold geometry in H2 & CNG fueled engine combustion

This study attempted to identify the effect of optimized intake manifold geometry on the behaviors and emission level of hydrogen compressed natural gas (H2CNG) fueled engine. For this purpose, a commercial Hyundai Sonata spark ignition engine (SIE) is modified to operate with CNG and hydrogen blend. The optimal intake pipe length was predicted using an analytical acoustic method. A new intake manifold is designed and implemented utilizing natural supercharging managed by over-pressure waves acoustic propagation. Several tests are conducted on the engine using the new manifold with a speed range from 1000 to 5000 rpm. Based on various engine speeds, the variation of brake torque (BT), in-cylinder pressure, NOx and CO emissions investigated by using gasoline, CNG and hydrogen CNG blend (HCNG) fueled engines via external mixtures. The first finding of the study is that the novel geometry improves the in-cylinder pressure by 10% at 3500 rpm. However, high engine speeds show a reduction of 14% in NOx and 40% in HC while speeds below 2000 rpm reduce CO by 40%. The second finding is that the new optimized geometry serves to get rid of both the auto-igni-tion and the backfire for high ratio of hydrogen in the blend.

Battery Operated Hybrid Vehicle/Systems

By the use of Battery operated Hybrid vehicle/system helps in reducing the pollution/emission and also reduces the consumption of fossil fuel (petrol, diesel, CNG etc.) Without compromising its performance, may leads to this hybrid design more economical as well as more ecofriendly when compare it with convention vehicles (fossil fuel operated IC engine Vehicles). The main advantages of using hybrid vehicle is flexibility in choosing any two engines it may be either Petrol engine with electric motor/generator, diesel engine with electric motor /generator etc. The traction battery used in Battery operated hybrid vehicle is either charge by using renewable energy sources or by using IC engine provide in combination with its.