Gasoline Engine Research Articles

Speed Effects on the Performance of a Gasoline Engine Using a Mixture of Gasoline-Ethanol Fuels

In recent years, to quantify the quality, energy called "exergy" has been widely used in designs, simulations, and evaluation of the performance of various thermal-chemical systems. The main goal of this project is to evaluate the quality of gasoline engines and the efficiency of a gasoline engine using a mixture of gasoline and ethanol. Furthermore, the effects of 2500 rpm and 4500 rpm on analyzing the second law of thermodynamics were investigated with different fuels. The methods examined in this research include efficiency through heat transfer, irreversibility, total efficiency, and efficiency of burned fuel. The results showed that the performance parameters for gasoline and different ethanol compounds increase until the combustion stage then decrease with the beginning of the expansion phase. For fuel E85, 32.323% of the input energy is converted into indicative exergy and this value for E0, E20, E40, and E60 fuels was 26.27%, 28.5%, 30.3%, and 31.8% respectively. By increasing the amount of ethanol, the efficiency of the second law of thermodynamics increases. The second law efficiency at 4500 rpm for E0, E20, E40, E60, and E85 fuels was, 32%, 35.7% 39.8%, 42.8%, and 50% respectively. Furthermore, by reducing the speed to 2500 rpm, the efficiency for E0, E20, E40, E60, and E85 fuels reduced to 26.7%, 30.4%, 31%, 34%, and 36%, respectively.

Research on combustion cycle-by-cycle variations under high load in SACI mode and application potential of i-EGR coupling air dilution when fueled with methanol and gasoline

Spark assist compression ignition (SACI) is a efficient combustion mode but roughness combustion under high load limits its application. This test analyzed the combustion parameters variation coefficient and quantified the correlation between combustion parameters with spark ignition ratio under high load SACI mode for engine fueled with methanol and gasoline, further studied the potential of i-EGR combining air dilution on improving combustion performance. Results showed that fueled with methanol can reduce in-cylinder pressure and pressure rise rate, and relieve the combustion roughness. However, compared with gasoline engine, the combustion parameters was more sensitive to ignition timing and i-EGR rate, especially for combustion phase parameters like ignition delay, combustion center and so on. Introducing small amount of high-temperature exhaust gas into cylinder will induce rougher combustion, but cylinder pressure significantly reduced and combustion phase parameters fluctuated with i-EGR rate increasing. Under high i-EGR rate, methanol as an oxygenated fuel was more beneficial to maintain stable combustion. I-EGR coupling air dilution can significantly improve the economic performance under high load SACI mode, fuel economy improvements of up to about 17.4% and 19% compared to the origin point when fueled with gasoline and methanol. EGR combining air dilution can simultaneously improve BSNOX, BSTHC, and BSCO emissions.

Investigation of the performance and emission effects of ammonia-borane as a B–N-based amine-borane adduct in gasoline engines

This study examined the impact of varying concentrations of ammonia-borane (AB) in gasoline on engine performance and emissions across different load conditions. Four fuel formulations were tested: pure gasoline (G100) and gasoline blends containing 10%, 15%, and 20% AB (AB10, AB15, AB20). Increased AB concentration resulted in higher brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC). While exhaust gas temperatures were highest with G100 (730.9 °C at full load), the AB blends, particularly AB20, exhibited lower temperatures, with a maximum reduction of 13.8%. The AB20 blend demonstrated elevated BSFC and increased oxygen (O₂) emissions but significantly reduced carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, with up to an 88.2% decrease at full load. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were generally lower for all AB blends. The highest NOx value was measured with G100 fuel at full load, while the lowest NOx value was measured with AB10 fuel. Under these conditions, a 23% decrease in NOx value was observed with AB10 fuel compared to G100. The engine's thermal efficiency decreased with AB blends at all load levels compared to pure gasoline. Thermal efficiency decrease of 13.76%, 22.32%, and 30.88% occurred for AB10, AB15 and AB20, respectively compared to G100.Overall, incorporating AB in gasoline reduced thermal efficiency and led to a notable decrease in NOx, hydrocarbons (HC), and CO emissions.

Appraising machine learning algorithms in predicting noise level and emissions from gasoline-powered household backup generators

AbstractMachine learning is presently receiving great attention. However, machine learning applications to gasoline engine research are limited. This paper investigated the implementation of various machine learning models in predicting the emissions (CO2, CO, and PM2.5) and noise levels of gasoline-powered household generators for the first time. Data of operating and installed capacity, efficiency (input) and emissions, and noise level (output) obtained from 166 generators were used in extreme gradient boosting, artificial neural network (ANN), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), and polynomial regression (PNR) algorithms to develop predictive models. Results revealed high prediction performance (R2 = 0.9377–1.0000) of these algorithms marked with very low errors. The implementation of PNR followed by the RF exhibited the best models for predicting CO2, CO, PM2.5, and the noise level of generators. R2 of 1.000 and 0.9979–0.9994, mean squared error of < 10−6 and 2 × 10−5–8.6 × 10−5, mean absolute percentage error of 9.15 × 10−16–1.3 × 10−15 and 7.1 × 10−3–8.1 × 10−2, and root mean squared error of 3.3 × 10−16–5.4 × 10−16 and 4.4 × 10−3–9.3 × 10−2 were recorded for all the output parameters using PNR and RF respectively. DT models had the least prediction capacity for CO, CO2, and noise levels (R2 = 0.9493–0.9592) while ANN produced the least performance for PM2.5 (R2 = 0.9377). This study further strengthens machine learning applications in engine research for the prediction of various output parameters.

Promotion of La2O3 on Pd/Al2O3 three-way catalyst for passive selective catalytic reduction operation

For three-way catalysts (TWC) applied in lean burn gasoline engines for passive selective catalytic reduction (pSCR) operation, besides the conversion efficiency of HC/CO/NO, the production of NH3 is also an important concern. In this work, La2O3 was introduced into the Pd/Al2O3 catalyst system, the influence on its TWC performance for pSCR operation was investigated, and the physicochemical properties were characterized by a range of techniques. The results reveal that the introduced La2O3 mainly interacts with Al2O3 by preferentially anchoring to the tetra-coordinated Al sites on the surface. When the catalyst is modified by appropriate amount of La2O3 (4 wt%), higher dispersion of Pd species, larger amount of Pd2+ and active oxygen species are achieved, which well contributes to improved low-temperature reduction ability and NH3 desorption property of the catalyst. As a consequence, excellent catalytic conversions of HC/CO/NO are obtained, and meanwhile, higher concentration of NH3 is generated, making the modified catalyst more promising for pSCR operation.

The performance of a spark ignition gasoline engine with hydrogen addition under low-load conditions

With continuously increasing populations and industrialization, more and more green consumers and stringent emission regulations promote low-carbon or zero-carbon alternative fuels in transportation sector. Hydrogen is considered carbon-free when produced using environmentally friendly methods, and could achieve zero carbon emission in the internal combustion engines. This study comprehensively explores the influences of the hydrogen addition on the performance of the gasoline spark ignition (SI) engine operated at low-load conditions. The experimental results showed that the abnormal combustion cycles of the test gasoline engine are greatly reduced with hydrogen enrichment. In addition, the coefficient of variation (COV) of the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) of the gasoline engine is 2.66 % under the 1500 rpm and 0.2 Mpa (brake mean effective pressure: BMEP) condition, while the COV of IMEP of the engine fuelled with gasoline and hydrogen is 2.34 % at the same condition. Furthermore, the knocking intensity of the gasoline engine is strengthened by adding hydrogen because the averaged maximum pressure rise rate (MPRR) of the gasoline SI engine is slightly increased. Besides, the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) of the gasoline engine is increased 0.9 % and its maximum increase rate of the ITE is 4.27 % with hydrogen addition at the 1300 rpm and 0.2 MPa condition. Last, unburned HC, CO, and CO2 of the gasoline engine are reduced while NOx emissions increase with adding hydrogen due to high combustion temperature.

RESEARCH OF THE COMBUSTION PARAMETERS OF GASOLINE WITH ADDITIONAL HYDROGEN IN A SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE IN EXTERNAL SPEED CHARACTERISTIC MODES

The directions of development and improvement of road transport around the world are inextricably linked to the desire to reduce the use of cars “on traditional fuels” due to limited oil and environmental safety of mankind. Since the modes of external speed characteristic are the most typical for the operation of cars in cities, the study of environmental performance of engines in these modes is an urgent task. Therefore, finding ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from automobile engines at high-speed modes is an urgent task. The rapid growth in the number of cars with internal combustion engines and the inevitable decline in world oil reserves necessitate the development and implementation of energy-saving technologies and the use of alternative fuels. Research aimed at finding ways to improve the fuel efficiency and environmental performance of automotive engines is relevant. One of the promising areas is the influence on the combustion process in gasoline engines by using additives of alternative fuels, which include hydrogen. The presented study of the parameters of combustion of gasoline with hydrogen additive in a spark ignition engine at external speed characteristics is a comprehensive analysis of the combustion process of a gasoline-hydrogen mixture and determination of its effect on the concentration of carbon dioxide in exhaust gases by developing a mathematical model that takes into account the composition of the mixture components and features of the combustion process, allows for sufficiently accurate calculation of the operating process of an engine with hydrogen additive at ψ ≤ 10%, its identification by the results of experiments. In the course of the study, dependencies were developed to determine the combustion parameters of the Wiebe model, taking into account the addition of hydrogen to gasoline in the modes of external speed characteristics, and the effect of hydrogen addition on the concentration of CO2 in exhaust gases was analyzed. It is shown that with an increase in the hydrogen additive to 10% by mass fraction to gasoline, there is a decrease in CO2 emissions to almost 30% in the external speed characteristic modes, which corresponds to modern environmental standards for gasoline internal combustion engines.

Research on the Hazards and Emission Control Strategies of Small Agricultural Gasoline Engine Exhaust

With the widespread use of small gasoline engines in lawnmowers, generators, and chainsaws, their exhaust emissions have become a significant environmental pollution issue. Small gasoline engine exhaust primarily contains carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and hydrocarbons (HC), which negatively impact air quality and pose threats to human health. To mitigate these emissions, research on emission control strategies for small agricultural gasoline engines is increasingly important. This study aims to explore and evaluate different exhaust treatment technologies for small gasoline engines, including traditional catalytic converters, emerging particulate filters, electric catalysts, and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology. The study highlights the importance of these exhaust treatment technologies in reducing environmental pollution and promoting sustainable development, contributing significantly to environmental protection and the sustainable development of the ecological environment.

Improvement in Efficiency of Four Stroke Petrol Engine Blend with Butanol Using Hydrogen Supplementation

Hydrogen is seen as one of energy vector of the next century. Hydrogen, as a renewable energy source provides a potential form sustainable development particular in transportation sector. The hydrogen driven engine reduces both local as well as global emission. Hydrogen gas is in brown color and form of un-separated hydrogen and oxygen generated by the electrolysis process of water by a unique electrode design. Hydrogen gas was used as a supplementary fuel in a petrol engine with few modifications and without need of storage tanks. As hydrogen, Butanol is also used as fuel in engine. Blending of small proportion of petrol and butanol can be used in petrol engine without modification of engine. Using of butanol with petrol improve performance of engine. As hydrogen gas is used as a supplementary and butanol is blend with petrol, it will enhance the combustion characteristics of petrol engine and improve performance. In this project we are going to analyze the performance characteristics of petrol engine with butanol blends using HHO kit. Key Words: Hydrogen, Four stroke petrol engine, Butanol

Experimental study on the optimization of operating conditions for hybrid powertrain gasoline engines

With the rapid expansion of the market for hybrid vehicles, the development of dedicated hybrid powertrain engines has become an important research direction. This study focuses on the techniques to improve the fuel economy of dedicated hybrid powertrain operating conditions of 2000 rpm, 110 Nm. Turbocharging can enhance the performance and fuel economy of gasoline engines while reducing emissions. However, intake boosting increases the pressure and temperature of the mixture in the cylinder at the compression end timing, leading to a higher risk of knock, which is not conducive to the safety and fuel consumption reduction of gasoline engines. Low-temperature combustion with mixture dilution can effectively reduce the occurrence of knock and NOx emissions. In this study, the effects of EGR and VVT strategies as different dilution methods on the combustion of turbocharged gasoline engines were investigated. The experimental results indicate that both EGR and VVT can achieve mixture dilution in the cylinder, reducing the combustion temperature and thus lowering NOx emissions. Furthermore, advancing the ignition timing results in CA50 trending towards the optimal fuel consumption point, shortening the combustion duration CA10–90, and reducing ISFC. Compared to VVT, EGR can better suppress knock, leading to an earlier ignition phase CA50, a shorter combustion duration, and ultimately less fuel consumption. The research findings provide technical support for the optimization of dedicated hybrid powertrain operating conditions.

Modeling of an Adaptive HHO Gas Controller Based on Fuzzy Logic and Polynomial Function Controls to Improve Engine Torque of Gasoline Engine

Typical hydrogen-hydrogen-oxygen gas (HHO) usage to improve gasoline engine performance refers to the fixed HHO flow rate method, providing 0.25‒0.5 liters/minute of HHO for every 1000 cc engine size. However, the arising hypothesis expresses that the fixed HHO flow rate method does not optimally improve engine torque for various loads. The research objective is to propose an adaptive HHO gas controller that manages the HHO generator to produce an appropriate HHO flow rate for engine operation by adapting to load and engine speed variations. Hence, the engine torque improvement optimally occurs for various loads. The adaptive HHO controller combines fuzzy logic and polynomial function controls involving real-time engine data, such as mass airflow (MAF), air-fuel ratio (AFR), and the commanded AFR from the engine control unit (ECU), whose values vary with load and engine speed. A system simulation based on Matlab-Simulink investigates engine performance improvement due to the controller. The results show that the adaptive HHO flow rate due to the proposed adaptive HHO controller improves engine torque during small, medium, and big-loaded engine operations, respectively, by 1.5%‒4.7%, 6.8%‒26.8%, and 21.1%‒72.8% depending on engine speed 2500 rpm‒4000 rpm) and the commanded AFR (12.6‒15.4). Conversely, under the same condition, the fixed HHO flow rate with 0.75 liters/minute HHO for a 1500 cc engine, used for comparison, improves the engine torque by 0%‒0.6%, 0.3%‒14.2%, and 9.3%‒50.1%, respectively. The data show that the adaptive HHO controller provides better improvement. Moreover, the adaptive HHO controller improves engine thermal efficiency and reduces AFR error against the commanded AFR.

The effects of water injection inside an internal combustion engine regarding NOx emissions

Abstract In this paper we present the influence of water injection on NOx emissions and the performance of a gasoline engine subjected under light to medium loads. The test bench used for measurements has a 4-cylinder, 1.6-liter engine and operates with a wasted spark configuration. Water is injected upstream of the throttle valve through a single injector mounted in the intake runner. The injection timing and amount of water injected inside the engine have been controlled by NI CompactRIO hardware device by the aid of an in-house algorithm implemented in LabView. Water is injected twice at each rotation of the crankshaft in order to have water in all cylinders. The injection of water is done at a fix angle, one time at 0°CA and the other at 360°CA, only the amount is varied from 10% to 45% of the total fuel fraction injected. The results showed that at an amount of water of about 25% of the total fraction of fuel injected, it produced a considerable decrease in NOx emissions, while keeping engine performance unchanged.

Effects of alcohol fuels on SACI engine and analyze of prediction of SACI engine performance by artificial neural networks

The combustion characteristics of spark assistant compression ignition mode under different loads and fuels were explored, as well as by constructing artificial neural networks(ANN) model, the prediction ability of different algorithms for engine performance was discussed. Burning methanol and n-butanol can help to improve IMEP and induce earlier spontaneous combustion. The knock intensity(KI) of engine fueled with methanol was highest followed by n-butanol and gasoline, but maximum amplitude of filtered pressure oscillation(MAPO) shows the opposite trend. KI showed great positive liner correlation with ignition timing. Methanol showed the most outstanding tolerance on the compression ignition state. Fueled with methanol can decreased equivalent brake specific fuel consumption(ESFC) up to 52.9 % compared with the initial SI gasoline engine. N-butanol can improve BSNOx, BSTHC and BSCO concurrently, however fueled with methanol will worsen BSNOx. ANN model for engine combustion, economy and emissions performance was built. The prediction accuracy of Bayesian regularization algorithm for engine performance predicting was highest, but it have no advantage in the calculating times when the amount of data was large while the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm would be the ideal efficient. The mean square error of ESFC and emissions parameters under scaled conjugate gradients algorithm always poorest.

Experimental Study on the Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Methanol/Gasoline Fuels in Direct Injection Miller Cycle Gasoline Engines

Experimental Study on the Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Methanol/Gasoline Fuels in Direct Injection Miller Cycle Gasoline Engines

Effect of direct water injection on knock suppressing mechanism in a high compression ratio gasoline engine

ABSTRACT A low capacity, boosted gasoline engine is an effective approach to enhancing fuel economy. However, knock combustion poses significant limitations to the practical development of these engines. This study investigated the chemical kinetics and macroscopic properties of engines equipped with direct water injection (DWI) at high compression ratios (CRs) to address knock issues. The results indicated that the generation and consumption pathways of OH and CH2O remain unaffected by water injection. Although water exhibited an opposing effect on the sensitive reactions of OH and CH2O, the production reaction rates of OH and CH2O decrease with water injection. Knock index values at each monitoring point approached zero when the water injection quality exceeds 30%. Additionally, knock suppression effectiveness improved with the advancement of water injection timing. The simulation results indicated that the knock index at high CR decreased from 13.61 to 0.27 when the water/fuel ratio exceeded 30%. The indicated specific fuel consumption decreased by 29.3%, and indicated power increased by 41.8% compared to the original engine. Although NOx and CO emissions increased because of the high CR, the water injection coupled with the compression ratio strategy limited the increase in emissions. These findings indicated that DWI coupled with high CR was advantageous to enhancing fuel economy and reducing emissions in low capacity gasoline engines.

Experimental investigation on the characteristics of ternary blended fuel using Artocarpus heterophyllus peel: a sustainable fuel for gasoline engine applications

Experimental investigation on the characteristics of ternary blended fuel using Artocarpus heterophyllus peel: a sustainable fuel for gasoline engine applications

Statistical analysis of technical specifications for non-reversible plate vibrators with different types of engines

Introduction. Forward plate compactors are surface soil compaction machines with a flat operating device, which are usually equipped with a single-shaft vibration exciter. Forward plate compactors may be driven by gasoline, diesel or electric engines. When designing and modernizing forward plate compactors, a problem of technical specifications justification may arise, including such parameters as exciting force, vibration exciter oscillation frequency, engine power, base plate width, etc. This statistical analysis of plate compactors with different types of engines was carried out to summarize manufacturers practices and reveal correlations between the technical specifications of forward plate compactors.Materials and methods. This research is based on the information presented on the official websites of forward plate compactors manufacturers and their dealers. 644 models of forward plate compactors were scrutinized. Regression equations and correlation coefficients were derived using Microsoft Excel software.Results. Parameters ranges for forward plate compactors with different types of engines were determined. Regression equations of correlations between oscillation frequency, exciting force, engine power, base plate width, relative exciting force and mass of forward plate compactors with different types of engines were derived, as well as the corresponding correlation coefficients. It was revealed, that most parameters have low or very low correlation coefficient, regardless of the engine type.Conclusion. The ranges of the technical specifications of diesel and gasoline forward plate compactors are quite close to each other. The parameters ranges of electric plate compactors, in most cases, are beyond the ranges of gasoline and diesel plate compactors. Low correlation coefficients and a large scatter of parameters indicate that manufacturers do not have a methodology for justification of the technical specifications of forward plate compactors. Results of the study may be used when clarify ranges of parameters and formulate requirements for a mathematical model of vibration plates behavior.

Sensitivity Analysis of Injection Mass Flow to the Inlet Orifice Radius of a GDI Injector Nozzle

It is more difficult to accurately control the cycle fuel mass of a gasoline engine as the injection pressure increases, and the difference in the injection mass flow will become intense due to the machining error of GDI injector structural parameters. In order to guarantee the uniform cycle fuel mass of the GDI injector, this paper investigates the effect of the inlet orifice on the injection mass flow and the sensitivity of inner-flow characteristics in the GDI injector nozzle to the inlet orifice radius by the single factor analysis method. The results show that the local resistance of the injector nozzle will decrease and the discharge coefficient will rise due to the increase in the inlet orifice radius; the sensitivity of cycle fuel mass to the inlet orifice radius is most strong at r = 0.02 mm, and its accuracy should be improved when grinding the chamfer of the nozzle inlet; the sensitivity coefficient of the inlet orifice radius will rise up, and the machining accuracy of the inlet orifice radius should be improved as there is an increase in injection pressure.

Effects of Lean Burn on Combustion and Emissions of a DISI Engine Fueled with Methanol–Gasoline Blends

Methanol has significant potential as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. Using methanol–gasoline blends with lean-burn technology in traditional spark-ignition engines can enhance fuel economy and reduce emissions. This paper investigates the effects of lean burn on the combustion and emissions in a commercial direct-injection gasoline engine fueled with methanol–gasoline blends. The lean-burn mode is adjusted by controlling the injection strategy. The results show that homogeneous lean burn (HLB) has earlier combustion phase and better power performance when the excess air ratio (λ) is less than 1.3, while its combustion phase extends more than stratified lean burn (SLB) when λ exceeds 1.4. Both lean-burn modes achieve optimal fuel economy at λ = 1.2–1.3. Under stable conditions, BSFC decreases with higher methanol blending ratios, with SLB being more economical at low blending ratios and HLB at higher ratios. The lowest HC and particulate matter emissions for both modes are achieved around λ = 1.3. SLB has lower NOX emissions when λ < 1.3, while HLB shows lower NOX emissions when λ > 1.3. The particulate size distribution is bimodal for blending lean-burn conditions, with SLB having the highest nucleation mode peak and HLB the highest accumulation mode peak. M20 (20% volume of methanol) corresponds to the highest particle emissions under lean-burn conditions. This study can provide a deeper understanding of methanol–gasoline blending lean burn, and provide a reference for emission control of spark-ignition engines.

Optimizing Orchard Planting Efficiency with a GIS-Integrated Autonomous Soil-Drilling Robot

A typical orchard’s mechanical operation consists of three or four stages: lining and digging for plantation, moving the seedling from nurseries to the farm, moving the seedling to the planting hole, and planting the seedling in the hole. However, the digging of the planting hole is the most time-consuming operation. In fruit orchards, the use of robots is increasingly becoming more prevalent to increase operational efficiency. They offer practical and effective services to both industry and people, whether they are assigned to plant trees, reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, or carry heavy loads to relieve staff. Robots can operate for extended periods of time and can be highly adept at repetitive tasks like planting many trees. The present study aims to identify the locations for planting trees in orchards using geographic information systems (GISs), to develop an autonomous drilling machine and use the developed robot to open planting holes. There is no comparable study on autonomous hole planting in the literature in this regard. The agricultural mobile robot is a four=wheeled nonholonomic robot with differential steering and forwarding capability to stable target positions. The designed mobile robot can be used in fully autonomous, partially autonomous, or fully manual modes. The drilling system, which is a y-axis shifter driven by a DC motor with a reducer includes an auger with a 2.1 HP gasoline engine. SOLIDWORKS 2020 software was used for designing and drawing the mobile robot and drilling system. The Microsoft Visual Basic.NET programming language was used to create the robot navigation system and drilling mechanism software. The cross-track error (XTE), which determines the distances between the actual and desired holes positions, was utilized to analyze the steering accuracy of the mobile robot to the drilling spots. Consequently, the average of the arithmetic means was determined to be 4.35 cm, and the standard deviation was 1.73 cm. This figure indicates that the suggested system is effective for drilling plant holes in orchards.