Gasoline Engine Oil Research Articles

Discriminating gasoline fuel contamination in engine oil by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy

Abstract Gasoline engine oil (SAE 5W20) was contaminated with four levels (0%, 4%, 8% and 12%) of gasoline fuel and submitted to terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). Three sampling methods were used to compare measurement variations. For all sampling methods, refractive index decreased with increased fuel contamination and absorption coefficient increased with increased fuel contamination. Absorption coefficients were significantly different for each fuel contamination level for each sampling method across the entire 0.5–2.5 THz range. The frequency of 0.5 THz produced the best model of absorption coefficient predicting fuel contamination with a root-mean-square error of 0.21% points. THz-TDS demonstrated high potential for estimating gasoline fuel contamination in gasoline engine oil.

A field test method to quantitatively determine oxidation stability of gasoline engine oil

AbstractAs oxidation stability of engine oil was hard to evaluate in field, this paper tried to propose a field test method to determine the oxidation onset temperature (OOT) of gasoline engine oil. A theoretical model of grey average value of oil spot image and OOT was established by using spot test method, image processing, and Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetery method. The oil sample unknown OOT was taken to spot test and image processing in field to obtain the grey average value. The OOT can be calculated by bringing the grey average value to the established theoretical model. This approach was successfully used for OOT determination of 4 different kinds of engine oils with good accuracy and precision. The absolute error of mineral oils was less than 4.52°C, and synthetic oils were less than 1.2°C. This convenient, low‐cost, and reliable method can achieve OOT of engine oil in field determination and provide reference for engine oil drain interval evaluation.

0W-16 Fuel Economy Gasoline Engine Oil Compatible with Low Speed Pre-Ignition Performance

0W-16 Fuel Economy Gasoline Engine Oil Compatible with Low Speed Pre-Ignition Performance

Bioremediation of Petrol Engine Oil Polluted Soil Using Microbial Consortium and Wheat Crop

Bioremediation of Petrol Engine Oil Polluted Soil Using Microbial Consortium and Wheat Crop

A Comparative TEM Study of Soot Particles Derived from Used Diesel and Gasoline Engine Oils

A Comparative TEM Study of Soot Particles Derived from Used Diesel and Gasoline Engine Oils

Mycoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon polluted soil by <i>Pleurotus pulmonarius</i>

Mycoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon polluted soil was investigated using Pleurotus pulmonarius for a period of 62 days. Hydrocarbon (Petrol + diesel + spent petrol engine oil + spent diesel engine oil in ratio 1:1:1:1) polluted soil in 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 20% concentration were inoculated and incubated with pure culture of P. pulmonarius obtained from commercial mushroom laboratory of Federal Institute of Industrial Research Oshodi (F.I.I.R.O.) Lagos Nigeria. Inoculation was done by adding 20 g of vigorously growing spawn of P. pulmonarius. A set of control treatment was used where different concentrations of the petroleum hydrocarbon were added to all soils but no inoculation with the fungus. The results showed that the initial organic matter content of the soil increased with increase in the concentration of petroleum mixture added to the soil. The highest impact of P. pulmonarius on the organic matter content of the soil was noticed in soil with 10% concentration treatment (68.34%) and the least was in soil with 2.5% treatment concentration (22.12%). The initial nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus contents of the soils samples decreased with increase in the petroleum concentration. The difference was significant at 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 20% concentration of contamination for organic matter, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus (p<0.05). A significant (p<0.05) reduction in concentration of the heavy metals (manganese, copper, and zinc) after 62 days of incubation with P. pulmonarius suggested that the mushroom is a good agent for heavy metal remediation. The highest reduction of Mn was at 10% concentration (24.00±0.04 to 1.73±0.10), Cu at 10% concentration (37.24± 0.02 to 0.00), and Zn was at 10% concentration (63.03±0.02 to 5.75±0.14). The percentage loss of the TPH due the growth of P. pulmonarius decreased with increase in the concentration of petroleum added to the soil. The percentage loss for 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 20% concentration are 52.60%, 38.71%, 27.20% and 8.31% respectively. Heptane, toluene, octane, M-p xylene, Alpha xylene, nonane, propylbenzene, decane, tridecane, tetradecane, anthracene and pentadecane had high reduction; however, the reduction is more significant (p<0.05) in soil inoculated with P. pulmonarius. Our results suggest that P. pulmonarius can be used to clean soils polluted with moderate level of petroleum products mixtureKey Word: Mycoremediation, petrol, diesel, spent engine oil, P. Pulmonarius, TPH

Experimental evaluation of viscous damping coefficient in the fractional underdamped oscillator

In this article, we obtain the viscous damping coefficient β theoretically and experimentally in the spring–mass–viscodamper system. The calculation is performed to obtain the quasi-period τ. The influence of the viscosity of the fluid and the damping coefficient is analyzed using three fluids, water, edible oil, and gasoline engine oil SAE 10W-40. These processes exhibit temporal fractality and non-local behaviors. Our general non-local damping model incorporates fractional derivatives of Caputo type in the range [Formula: see text], and the viscous damping coefficients are determined in terms of the inverse Mittag-Leffler function. The classical models are recovered when the order of the fractional derivatives is equal to 1.

Performance Study of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Lubricant Oil

One oil soluble zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by surface-modification method. Its tribological performance was evaluated by four-ball test, SRV Friction-Wear Test and Mini-Traction machine, its oxidation resistance estimated by Rotating Pressure Vessel Oxidation Test and Pressurized Differential Scanning Calorimetry, all these study were contrast with ZDDP in base oils and API SM Gasoline engine oil. As a result, nanozinc oxide has good anti-oxidative capability, excellent anti-wear properties, In API SM Gasoline engine oil, the comprehensive Performance of nanoZnO additive substitution ZDDP is similar to ZDDP, in particular friction and antioxidative properties, nanoZnO in more outstanding than ZDDP. These results showed that zinc oxide nanoparticles were a kind of good performance lubricanting oil additives.

Rhizoremediation of Petrol Engine Oil Using Biosurfactants Producing Microbial Consortium in Mustard Crop

Contamination of soil / water resources by petroleum products poses severe threats to underground water and soil quality. In the present study biosurfactant producing bacterial cultures were used to degrade petrol engine oil under in situ conditions in the plant rhizosphere system. Two bacterial isolates used in this study were recovered from Haldia oil refinery sites and identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (JX100389) and P. moraviensis (JX149542). Application of consortium C2, (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and P. moraviensis) degraded 79.02 % petrol engine oil @ 2% in the soil planted with mustard (Brassica juncea var. Kranti) crop after 120 days. GC-MS of biodegraded fuel showed the presence of new product like hexadecanoic acid 2, oxo-methyl ester.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(2): 261-266 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i2.12475

Distinguishing Gasoline Engine Oils of Different Viscosities Using Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy

Terahertz-time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) in the range of 0.5–2.0 THz was evaluated for distinguishing among gasoline engine oils of three different grades (SAE 5W-20, 10W-40, and 20W-50) from the same manufacturer. Absorption coefficient showed limited potential and only distinguished (p < 0.05) the 20W-50 grade from the other two grades in the 1.7–2.0-THz range. Refractive index data demonstrated relatively flat and consistently spaced curves for the three oil grades. ANOVA results confirmed a highly significant difference (p < 0.0001) in refractive index among each of the three oils across the 0.5–2.0-THz range. Linear regression was applied to refractive index data at 0.25-THz intervals from 0.5 to 2.0 THz to predict kinematic viscosity. All seven linear regression models, intercepts, and refractive index coefficients were highly significant (p < 0.0001). All models had a similar fit with R 2 ranging from 0.9773 to 0.9827 and RMSE ranging from 6.33 to 7.75. The refractive indices at 1.25 THz produced the best fit. The refractive indices of these oil samples were promising for identification and distinction of oil grades.

Monitoring the Petrol Engine Oil Viscosity: Investigation of the Capability of the Metal Magnetic Memory Technology

An engine lubrication system is one of the main factors which influence engine life span, and it can be easily determined based on the viscosity of the engine oil. The current and common technology for monitoring and the determination of the engine oil viscosity using the oil analysis method is found to be uneconomical and ineffective. On the same vein, this paper presents an investigation of the capability of the Metal Magnetic Memory (MMM) technology in the processes of monitoring and detecting the variation of petrol engine lubricant viscosity via in-situ operation. A few investigations were conducted on a Robin Engine 126 cc EX 13D single cylinder of four strokes with water cooling. One multi-grade engine lubricant oil condition has been put to the test; namely, SAE 15W-40. During the investigation of the petrol engine oil viscosity, the magnetic field signal is captured when the engine oil in-service age is 0 km (fresh oil), 250 km, 500 km, 750 km and 1,000 km, with the crankshaft rotational speed of 2500 rpm at three different locations such as at the Bottom Dead Centre (BDC), oil sump A (engine oil inlet), and oil sump B. The lubrication condition in the petrol engine is successfully monitored based on the magnetic field signatures generated by the interaction between the piston surface and the layer of the lubricant during the time when the engine was in operation. The generated MMM signatures were captured using a type 2 scanning device with two ferroprobe sensors and a length measuring sensor and recorded by the TSC-3M-12 type device. The waveform signatures captured were displayed as length domain signal and then were analysed using the MATLAB software to determine the magnetic field energy (EH). In addition, the real viscosity value at room temperature was determined using the Haake Viscotester 6 L, each time after the magnetic field signal was captured. The results of these studies have shown that the magnetic field energy (EH) is inversely proportional to engine oil viscosity. Finally, the MMM technology can be utilised in promoting economic development and effective planning of the maintenance schedule of the petrol engine oil.

The Application of Heavy Alkyl Benzene in Engine Oil and Hydraulic Fluid Formulations

Heavy alkyl benzene (HAB) is a byproduct in the process of linear alkyl benzene (LAB) production. It is used as heat transfer oil and lubricating greases. In this article the potential of the usage of HAB in the formulation of gasoline and diesel engine oils as well as hydraulic fluid is indicated. With the aim of passing 5W30, 5W40, 10W40, and 15W40 standards, different engine oils have been formulated. The formulations contain various amounts of HAB as minor component, and miscellaneous quantities of solvent neutral 100 (SN-100), SN-150, and SN-650 as major component. The measurement of typical properties of obtained oils indicates that some of them do have the intended criteria. Test field of the recent oils designate that they have good performance. In the next step, different blends of HAB as major component and polyisobutene (PIB) as minor component have successfully been employed in the formulation of several ISO grade hydraulic fluids. The achieved materials do have suitable air release and demulsibility.

An Experimental Study on Catalytic Cracking of Polyethylene and Engine Oils

The utility of plastics and engine oils is very important due to their wide application in the packaging and automotive industries respectively and as such their continued use has led to an in increase in plastics and oil waste. However, the huge amount of plastic and engine oil waste produced may be treated with thermal catalytic methods to produce fossil fuel substitutes. In this research, the co-processing of polyethylene resin with petrol engine oil into high value hydrocarbons using thermal catalytic cracking (consisting of initial pyrolytic stage followed by a catalytic reforming stage) was investigated. Plastic resins and petrol engine oil were loaded in the thermal reactor and HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst placed in the catalytic chamber. The system was purged with nitrogen at temperatures between 400 and 520oC. The resulting products were compared with those obtained in the absence of a catalyst. At temperatures greater than 460oC the conversion into liquid and gas fuels is above 70% wt. At similar temperatures and in the absence of catalyst, thermal cracking of low density polyethylene generated majorly liquid products with a low calorific value. The use of HZSM-5 as a catalyst caused a significant increase in the proportion of gaseous hydrocarbons that consisted mainly of light fraction olefins and liquid oil with calorific value of 43.9 MJ/kg and also comparable to regular petrol fuel. This study focuses on developing a method of conversion that can be adopted by industries as a means of converting waste plastics and waste oils into resources rather than waste.

Restoration of Petrol Contaminated Soil by PGPR Consortium Producing Rhamnolipids and Enhancement of Growth and Antioxidant activity of Withania somnifera

Oil spills may considerably damage the soil quality. Increased contamination of agricultural soil by different hydrocarbons due to increased extraction and refinement of hydrocarbon are a serious environmental hazard due to their persistence in nature for a long time. Scope of bioremediation strategies is limited due to poor hydrocarbon accessibility and their low solubility which can be overcome by use of rhamnolipids, a class of biosurfactants. In the present study, pseudomonas strains (RK 4 and RK 3) isolated from contaminated soil identified by 16S rRNA were ascertained for PGPR as well as biosurfactants (rhamnolipids) property and checked for the compatibility to form consortium. Inoculating the strains and consortium of both the strain in petrol hydrocarbon contaminated soil and its interaction with Withania somnifera in presence of petrol oil reveals that rhamnolipids property of the strains helped in lowering the impediment effect of petrol engine oil hydrocarbons and the growth promotory activities enhanced the growth and antioxidant activity of Withania somnifera. Consortium of the both the strains showed positive results as compared to the individual strain and the interaction were found to be beneficial. The selected consortium of the strain could be further used for restoration of hydrocarbon contaminated soils for growing Withania sominfera.

Classification and individualization of used engine oils using elemental composition and discriminant analysis

The six most common commercial automotive gasoline and diesel engine oils in the Republic of Korea, ZIC A, ZIC XQ RV/SUV, Kixx G1, Kixx RV, and the brand name products HD Premium gasoline and HD Premium diesel, were randomly used in nineteen different vehicles. Samples of seventy-six used engine oils, which were withdrawn from the sumps of those vehicles at different intervals, were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and statistically compared. Two data analysis strategies were used to interpret and understand the elemental profiles in the multi-dimensional data. Macro (additive elements of Ca, Zn and P) and trace (wear metal elements of Ag, Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb and Sn) elements were used as potential markers to determine the brand of oil used and the engine type in which the oil was used, and to trace the individual vehicle for forensic purposes. The discriminant analysis statistical technique was applied, and its prediction ability was assessed. In this study, 92.1%, 82.9% and 92.1% of the cross-validated grouped cases correctly predicted the brand of oil, the engine type and the vehicle that was the source of the oil, respectively.

전산유동해석을 통한 가솔린 엔진용 오일분리기의 성능분석

Computational simulation has been conducted to analyze the oil separation performance of gasoline engine oil separators. Two models are compared to select a proper oil separator for the engine. To analyze oil separation characteristics, d50 and separation efficiency have been calculated for each separator. As a result, model A shows excellent d50 and separation efficiency, and model B shows good pressure-drop characteristics. Model B is recommended for the general gasoline engine with low crank-case pressure and low oil consumption. Model A is recommended for the engine with high crank-case pressure and high oil consumption, especially equipped with special exhaust gas treatment system, that is critical to the oil contamination.

Monitoring of the Physical and Chemical Properties of a Gasoline Engine Oil during Its Usage

Physicochemical properties of a mineral-based gasoline engine oil have been monitored at 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 3500, 6000, 8500, and 11500 kilometer of operation. Tracing has been performed by inductively coupled plasma and some other techniques. At each series of measurements, the concentrations of twenty four elements as well as physical properties such as: viscosity at 40 and 100°C; viscosity index; flash point; pour point; specific gravity; color; total acid and base numbers; water content have been determined. The results are indicative of the decreasing trend in concentration of additive elements and increasing in concentration for wear elements. Different trends have been observed for various physical properties. The possible reasons for variations in physical and chemical properties have been discussed.

Lubricating Oils Evaluation of Dispersancy Capacity of Lubricating Oils and the Impact of Biofuels on Lubricant Dispersancy

Abstract One of the primary functions of a lubricant is to preserve the cleanliness of a combustion engine’s mechanical parts. The cleanliness of the mechanical parts is facilitated by the introduction of “detergency” and “dispersancy” additives to the engine oil. This last property, dispersancy, is the property that allows the oil to suspend and carry away “pollutants” of diverse sources, such as soot from combustion, metallic particles from wear, corrosion of mechanical parts, and insoluble products resulting from the aging of the oil, etc. Recently, with the arrival of new fuels (e.g., biodiesel, ethanol blends, etc.) we notice that the existing or traditional lubricants present an important variability in terms of durability and resistance to pollutants, such as the fuel or the biofuel. Our studies show that the dispersancy capacity of certain types of lubricants is significantly degraded by the presence of specific pollutants, and in particular fatty acid methyl esters of the biofuels, which have a significant impact. It is therefore important to quantify the degradation of the oil in-service (engines or transmission oils) and to monitor the evolution of the oil’s dispersancy properties during use to be able to determine steps and intervals for maintenance. Additionally, for the development of new lubricants it is necessary to define a criterion of acceptance of the oil by its dispersancy capacity. This new method will define and quantify this criterion. The writers will present the results of these studies with particular emphasis on the impact of biofuels on the dispersancy capacity of both gasoline and diesel engine oils. They will describe a method of analysis using an automated instrument providing precise, objective measurement of this important parameter. This method will therefore be able to estimate the dispersancy capacity of lubricants, as well as the implication of various pollutants on this parameter.

MEMBRANES SEPARATION PROCESS FOR OILY WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Pilot-scale dead end microfiltration membranes were carried out to determine the feasibility of theprocess for treating the oily wastewater which discharge from some Iraqi factories such as power station of south of Baghdad and the general company of petrochemical industries. Polypropylene membranes(cylindrical shape) with different pore diameters (1 and 5 micron) were used to conduct the study onmicromembrane process. The variables studied are oil concentration (100 – 1000 ppm), feed flow rate (20 –40 l/h), operating temperature (31 – 50°C) and time (0 – 3 h). It was found that the flux increases withincreasing feed flow rate, temperature and pore size of membrane, and decreases with increasing oilconcentration and operating time. It was found also that the effect of feed oil concentration has the greatest effect on the fouling of membrane among other variables. The percent rejection of oil improved significantly with decreasing oil concentration but decreased with increasing feed temperature, pore size of membrane and operating time. Feed flow rate has slightly effect on oil rejection. The type of oil used in this work is 20W-50 gasoline and diesel engine oil. A general model of dead end filtration mode has been successfully evaluated to explain fundamental mechanisms involved in flux decline during dead end microfiltration of oily water emulsions. Analysis of the fall in flux with time for the polypropylene membrane (5 μm) indicates that intermediate and standard pore models give the best prediction for experimental behavior. Empirical correlations for the prediction of the flux and percent reject of oil were determined in this study. These equations have the correlation coefficient 98.87% and 91.49% respectively.

Tribological Performance Research of Micro-Nano Serpentine Powders Addictive to Lubricant Oil

The serpentine is a kind of phyllosilicates whose crystal structure leads to a tetrahedral-octahedral (TO) structure. Because of its unique crystal structure, micro-nano serpentine powders (MSP) in liquid lubricants can show a good tribological performance, so that lots of scholars had started extensive and in-depth studied on its tribological performance. In this research, the raw material which is Xiuyan serpentine produced from Liaoning province, China, had been made into powders with particle average diameter about 0.5 μm. The friction optimized content of MSP in the lubricant oil was studied and it were examined that the loads’ and friction pairs move velocity’s changes had effect to tribological performance in friction course. The results show that the optimal content of MSP in gasoline engine oil SJ10W-40 is 0.5 mass%, under this condition, friction coefficient can be reduced to 0.03, and the friction-reduction performance can been enhanced by 73.3%, so that the lubrication state is that boundary lubrication changes into mixed lubrication. Disclosing the tribological rule of MSP in lubricant oil under the condition of loads and the move velocity of friction pairs changing, and discovering MSP addictive to lubricant oil can extended friction pairs with high move speed and heavy loads working hours, all that can provide a theoretical basis to promote engineering.