Gasoline Engine Oil Research Articles

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PROPER CAPACITY AND STRUCTURE OF THE OIL-INTERCEPTOR

Based on the knowledge that is acquired through basic experiment, the authors made full-scaled oil-interceptor and used conventional gasoline engine oil to conduct experiment. As a result, it is proved that to make oil-interceptor which can maintain retention efficiency to fulfill effluent standard of sewerage is feasible. Besides, the authors made consideration regarding performance test method of oil-interceptor based on this result of the experiment.

Performance and anti‐wear mechanism of Cu nanoparticles as lubricating oil additives

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the tribological performance and anti‐wear mechanism of Cu nanoparticles as lubricating oil additives.Design/methodology/approachAn end‐face wear testing apparatus is used to measure the tribological properties of Cu nanoparticles as lubricating oil additives and using a commercial SJ 15W/40 gasoline engine oil for comparison. Electrical contact resistance (ECR) is measured on a universal nano and micro tester‐2 tribometer to detect the formation of tribo‐film generated by Cu nanoparticulate additive. The worn steel surfaces are investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectra (EDS) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).FindingsThe results show that Cu nanoparticles used as an oil additive can improve the anti‐wear and friction‐reduction performance of SJ 15W/40 gasoline engine oil remarkably. The results of SEM, EDS and XPS show that a deposit film containing metallic copper can form on the worn surface, which has a film thickness of about 120 nm.Originality/valueThis investigation establishes a baseline of Cu nanoparticles used as lubricating oil additives under face‐to‐face contact work conditions. Thus, the results are reliable and can be very useful for further applications of Cu nanoparticle additives in industry.

Sampling and Analytical Method Development and Hand Wipe Measurements of Dermal Exposures to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

This article describes the laboratory assessment of a hand and surface wipe sampling method for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The analytical method employed extraction of the wipe samples into dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) flourometric detection of pyrene, a predominant PAH in used gasoline engine oils (UGEO). Recovery of pyrene was evaluated for two different sampling media by first contaminating the hands of a small number of volunteers with UGEO, followed by applying a small amount of corn oil to the palms, and by wiping the skin with a Whatman cellulostic filter paper or a polyester fabric wipe (i.e., Alpha wipes). In summary, using either Whatman or Alpha wipes, the mean recovery of pyrene from the UGEO that was applied to the hands and contained within three consecutive wipes was 69% and 54%, respectively. However, the relative recovery of the first to second wipe was on average 47% and 75% for the two media, respectively. These results indicate that the Alpha wipes were more efficient at recovering pyrene in the first wipe but less efficient overall when all three consecutive samples were included. Even though this sampling was performed in a controlled laboratory environment, the minimum and maximum amount of pyrene recovered in the individual composite samples using either method spanned a range of twofold. Overall, intra-and interpersonal variability, as measured by coefficient of variation, were 22% and 19%, respectively, and were not statistically different by type of media used. This method was used in a pilot field survey to sample the hands of 18 automotive repair technicians and 18 office workers. Detectable amounts of pyrene (>0.2 μg/sample) were found on the hands of 61% and 0% of these two groups, respectively, with the highest measured quantity equal to 1.06 μg. Samples from the upper surfaces of automobile motors were generally low to nondetectable (<0.027 μg/sample), while the median value of 0.047 μg/50 cm2(CV = 160%) and up to 0.640 μg were found on the drip pans.

Development and field evaluation of environment friendly partially synthetic 2-stroke gasoline engine oil in three-wheelers (autorickshaws)

Development and field evaluation of environment friendly partially synthetic 2-stroke gasoline engine oil in three-wheelers (autorickshaws)

Major pathways for used oil disposal and recycling. Part 2

One of the main concerns with lubricating oil relates to used oil management for both industrial and engine oils, although the environmental impact of gasoline and diesel engine oils is the most critical. Provided that efficient management systems are in place, most used oil should not reach the environment, so, the major question is ‘how should we dispose of collected used oil?’ The first option lies in burning it as a fuel, the second in recycling (re-claiming, reprocessing, re-refining). The latter allows recovery of mineral base oils, which are valuable constituents of crude oil. In the first part of this paper, the author looked at the problems associated with used oil, its use as a fuel, and simple recycling. He went on to look at major re-refining processes, starting with hydrogenation (KTI, Mohawk, BERC/NIPER, and PROP technologies). In Part 2 he covers other processes, including Safety Kleen, IFP/Snamprogetti, UOP Hylube, and vacuum distillation and clay treatment technologies.

Major pathways for used oil disposal and recycling. Part 1

AbstractOne of the main concerns with lubricating oil relates to used oil management for both industrial and engine oils, although the environmental impact of gasoline and diesel engine oils is the most critical. Provided that efficient management systems are in place, most used oil should not reach the environment, so, the major question is how to dispose of collected used oil. The first option lies in burning it as a fuel, the second in recycling (reclaiming, reprocessing, re‐refining). The latter allows recovery of mineral base oils, which are valuable constituents of crude oil.Mobile (on site) and fixed plants for industrial oil recycling will first be discussed, and the paper will look at the most modern re‐refining processes that produce base oils of as high quality as virgin base oils. Based on current re‐refining experience, the quality of finished lubricants blended from re‐refined base stocks is also noted. Re‐refining today may be of significant benefit to the economy and can, of course, protect the environment. All modern re‐refining technologies produce small amounts of by‐products in which toxic materials may have been concentrated. A final aspect of reprocessing used oil is to integrate it, after hydrogen treatment, into existing refineries. This valuable raw material can then be directly routed to a lube oil unit or even to a cracking unit for conversion to gasoline. The integration of used oil treatment processes into selected refineries may be the most effective pathway to used oil disposal.In this first part, the author looks at the nature of the problems associated with used oil, its use as a fuel, and simple recycling. He then goes on to look at major re‐refining processes, starting with hydrogenation (KTI, Mohawk, BERC/NIPER, and PROP technologies). Part 2 will describe other processes, including a range of vacuum distillation/clay treatment technologies.

EFFECTS OF KEROSENE CLEANING ON THE FORMATION OF DNA ADDUCTS IN THE SKIN AND LUNG TISSUES OF MICE DERMALLY EXPOSED TO USED GASOLINE ENGINE OIL

Used gasoline engine oils (UGEO) are carcinogenic and/ or mutagenic in long-term studies and capable of increasing the number of mutagen-or carcinogen-DNA adducts when applied dermally to mice. The carcinogenic or mutagenic risk of UGEO has been attributed to the concentration of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) that accumulate in the lubricating system during combustion of gasoline. When dermal exposure to UGEO takes place, the use of hand cleansers, solvent-or d-limonenebased, is commonly recommended for washing, In this study, female mice aged 4-6 wk (12-17 g) were utilized to evaluate the efficiency of kerosene, as solvent-based cleanser, to remove UGEO following dermal exposure. Using a 32P postlabeling technique, the total levels of DNA adducts in skin and lung were significantly increased in kerosene-treated mice. Application of UGEO followed by kerosene washing significantly decreased skin DNA adduct levels but increased lung adduct levels after 8 h. The observed lower DNA adduct skin levels may reflect greater UGEO skin penetration and absorption in the presence of kerosene cleanser.

Barrier cream application reduces the formation of DNA adducts in lung tissue of mice dermally exposed to used gasoline engine oil.

Epidemiological evidence suggests that auto mechanics are at higher risk for lung and urinary bladder cancer. Used gasoline engine oils (UGEO), a common exposure for many mechanics, are carcinogenic and increase carcinogen-DNA adduct levels in the skin and lungs of mice treated topically. The ability of a barrier cream to reduce dermal absorption of carcinogens in UGEO was evaluated. Groups of five animals were treated topically for 5 days with 25 microliters/day UGEO. A barrier cream was applied to two groups prior to exposure. Skin of both groups was washed with a commercial hand cleaner, the first group, one hour after UGEO application, the other, eight hours after application. Two other groups did not receive barrier creams before UGEO application, but were washed at one or eight hours after the oil was applied. Another group was treated with UGEO five times but was never washed; other groups consisted of barrier cream and commercial cleaner controls. Skins and lungs were harvested 24 hours after the final exposure and DNA isolated. Carcinogen-DNA adduct levels were determined by 32P-postlabelling followed by thin-layer chromatography to separate the adducts and scintillation counting to quantify the adduct level. Pre-application of barrier cream reduced markedly the carcinogen-DNA adduct levels in both skin and lung tissue of mice treated with UGEO and washed at eight hours. In the lung, this reduction was statistically significant. Adduct levels in both tissues were approximately the same in the groups washed at one hour, indicating that if the skin is washed promptly after exposure, barrier cream application is unnecessary. If, however, washing does not take place until several hours after exposure, the pre-application of barrier cream appears to significantly reduce the DNA adduct levels. These data are of practical importance to mechanics who may be working with oily parts for extended periods.

Development and application of non-invasive biomarkers for carcinogen-DNA adduct analysis in occupationally exposed populations

Biological monitoring of exposures to carcinogenic compounds in the workplace can be a valuable adjunct to environmental sampling and occupational medicine. Carcinogen-DNA adduct analysis has promise as a biomarker of effective dose if target organ samples can be obtained non-invasively. We have developed non-invasive techniques using exfoliated urothelial and bronchial cells collected in urine and sputum, respectively. First morning urine samples were collected from 33 workers exposed to benzidine or benzidine-based dyes and controls matched for age, education, and smoking status. Sufficient DNA for 32P-postlabelling analysis was obtained from every sample. Mean levels of a specific DNA adduct (which co-chromatographed with standard characterized by MS) were elevated significantly in the benzidine-exposed workers relative to controls. In addition, workers exposed to benzidine had higher adduct levels than those exposed to benzidine-based dyes. This study demonstrates the usefulness of these non-invasive techniques for exposure/effect assessment. To be useful in occupational studies, biomarkers must also be sensitive to exposure interventions. We have conducted topical application studies of used gasoline engine oils in mice and found that the levels of carcinogen-DNA adducts in skin and lung can be significantly lowered if skin cleaning is conducted in a timely manner. The combination of useful, non-invasive techniques to monitor exposure and effect and industrial hygiene interventions can be used to detect and prevent exposures to a wide range of carcinogens including those found in used gasoline engine oils and jet exhausts.

Laboratory evaluation of the dispersancy power of a gasoline engine oil and its relationship with sequence VE test results

AbstractThe evaluation of the dispersancy power of a gasoline engine oil is included among such international specifications as those of the Committee of Common Market Automobile Constructors (CCMC) and the American Petroleum Institute (API). Such an evaluation is carried out by means of long, severe, and expensive engine bench tests, the engines used being Mercedes M102E (CCMC G4 and G5 levels) or the Ford Pinto 2.3 (API SG and SH levels). The cost of these tests necessitates pre‐selection of oils by laboratory tests and these need to be a reliable indicator of bench test performance. The present study proposes two new laboratory methods, the OXYDISP and the POTDISP tests, which associate artificial ageing of the lubricants with modified blotter spots tests. These tests showed excellent correlation with Sequence VE engine test results. They were also capable of distinguishing oils of different API standards. They therefore provide an effective tool for preselection of lubricants, without pretending to be a replacement of or substitute for Sequence VE or other engine bench tests.

Gasoline engine oil durability on fuel economy improvement performance

Gasoline engine oil durability on fuel economy improvement performance

Headspace gas chromatography analysis of uncombusted gasoline diluent in used gasoline engine oils

A method for analyzing the uncombusted gasoline diluent in used gasoline engine oils using a combination of headspace gas chromatography (GC) and PONA ( P araffins, Q lefins, N aphthenes and A romatics) analysis was studied. The gasoline diluents in ten types of used gasoline engine oils, taken from engines submitted to road, bench, and chassis dynamometer tests, were determined using headspace gas chromatograms after their peak intensities had been corrected according to their retention indices. These results were compared with those from ASTM D3525 to assess the appropriateness of the headspace GC method. A further attempt was made to analyze corrected headspace gas chromatograms by PONA analysis in order to determine the diluting components in the used engine oils. The results of the study revealed that there was no reason to think that the sample would decompose when injected into GC apparatus, and that the information on the gasoline diluent and its diluting components should be readily obtainable. Analysis showed that the diluting components of uncombusted gasoline consisted mainly of less combustible gasoline components.

DNA adducts in human and mouse skin maintained in short-term culture and treated with petrol and diesel engine lubricating oils

Human and mouse skin samples maintained in short-term organ culture were treated topically with used engine oils from petrol- and diesel-powered vehicles. Mice were also treated topically in vivo for comparison. DNA was isolated and analysed by 32P-postlabelling and the labeled DNA digests were resolved on polyethyleneimine-cellulose tlc sheets. A large number of radioactive adduct spots were observed in DNA from skin treated with the used petrol-engine oil, indicating the formation of adducts by many components of the complex oil mixture. Total adduct levels were similar in mouse skin (both in vivo and in vitro) and in human skin, although qualitative differences in the adduct maps were apparent between the human and mouse skin DNA. Treatment with the used diesel engine oil produced adduct levels no greater than that of control samples in mouse skin (in vivo and in vitro), although significant levels were found in human skin DNA from one donor. The results correlate well with the carcinogenic activity of these oils in experimental animals, helping to substantiate the conclusion that petrol engine oils (but not diesel engine oils) may present a carcinogenic risk to man if appropriate measures to minimise skin contact are not observed.

Wear-preventing property of used gasoline engine oils

Wear experiments were conducted with used gasoline engine oils as the lubricants. Several oil samples were obtained from gasoline engines run under various conditions. Friction and wear properties of the oils were determined and are discussed in connection with some of their chemical characteristics, such as total acid number (TAN), total base number (TBN) and absorbance of IR spectra by specific chemical groups. The results obtained show that friction and wear properties of used engine oils change considerably with their degree of deterioration. The wear rate increases sharply when the increase in TAN above the initial value exceeds about 1 mgKOH g −1. However, wear is minimized if TBN is larger than about 2 mgKOH g −1 when determined by the HCl method.

A study of low-temperature sludge formation in gasoline engine oil.

It is widely known that the composition of blowby and crankcase gases plays an important role in the formation of low-temperature sludge in engine oil. It is further known that NOx reacts with olefin contents of unburned gasoline to form sludge precursors. It is acknowledged that engine operation during stop-and-go driving accelerates sludge formation. In this study, the authors developed an oil evaluation test which combines the stop-and-go driving elements into a single STOP/GO driving mode and investigated why stop-and-go driving accelerates sludge formation. It was found that in low-temperature engine operation in the stop element of the STOP/GO driving mode, NOx and unburned gasoline are absorbed into the oil, and in high-temperature operation in the go element of the STOP/GO driving mode, NOx and unburned gasoline are released from the oil. NOx comes in contact with unburned gasoline in the combustion chamber during the compression stroke and in the vapor of the crankcase ; it reacts with olefins in the unburned gasoline to form sludge.

Carcinogenic potential of gasoline and diesel engine oils

Used gasoline engine oils are carcinogenic in mouse skin and mutagenic in Salmonella. The toxicity of fresh gasoline engine oils and that of fresh and used diesel engine oils are less well defined. The present studies examined the dermal carcinogenic potential of a series of fresh and used oils from both gasoline and diesel engines. The used oils represented a variety of operating conditions. The objective of the study was to assess the potential carcinogenic hazards associated with exposure to these materials. The majority of the used gasoline engine oils tested were carcinogenic although one oil, collected after a relatively short drainage interval, was inactive in the dermal carcinogenesis bioassay. Additionally, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were elevated in the used oils in comparison to the fresh oils. The fresh gasoline engine oils and both the fresh and used diesel engine oil samples were noncarcinogenic, and there was little evidence of elevated PAH levels in the used diesel engine oils. The carcinogenic potency of used oils from gasoline engines was related to drainage interval, but other factors such as contribution of the fuel due to blowby and driving cycle may also have been important. The used diesel engine oils were not carcinogenic even after extended use.

32P-Postlabelling analysis of DNA adducts in the skin of mice treated with petrol and diesel engine lubricating oils and exhaust condensates

Samples of unused or used petrol and diesel engine lubricating oils were applied to the shaved dorsal skin of 4- to 6-week-old male Parkes mice, either as a single treatment (50 microliters/mouse) or as four consecutive daily treatments (50 microliters/application). DNA isolated from the skin 24 h after the final treatment was digested to 3'-mononucleotides and analysed by 32P-postlabelling for the presence of aromatic adducts. Enhancement of sensitivity using butanol extraction or nuclease P1 digestion of the DNA hydrolysates led to the detection of up to eight adduct spots on polyethyleneimine-cellulose thin-layer chromatograms with samples of DNA from skin treated with used engine oils, at levels of 40-150 amol total adducts/micrograms DNA. Multiple treatments with the used oils gave rise to similar patterns of adducts in lung DNA. A single treatment of mouse skin with petrol engine exhaust condensate (50 microliters), or diesel engine exhaust condensate (50 microliters), containing 20 and 46 micrograms benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)/g respectively, gave rise to approximately 75 amol total adducts/micrograms DNA in skin. A significant proportion, 31 and 48% respectively, of the adducts formed by the petrol and diesel engine exhaust condensates co-chromatographed with the major BaP-DNA adduct, but with the used engine oils, only petrol engine oil, and not diesel engine oil, produced significant amounts of an adduct (22% of total) that corresponded to the BaP-DNA adduct.

Carcinogenic Potential of Gasoline and Diesel Engine Oils

Carcinogenic Potential of Gasoline and Diesel Engine Oils

Jojoba-oil-based two-stroke gasoline engine lubricant

Indigenous production of crude oil in India is far short of demand and crude oil must be imported especially for the production of high-quality lubricating oil base stocks. With a view to conserve and eventually replace petroleum base stocks, oil derived from jojoba is a possible substitute. Considering the requirements of small two-stroke gasoline engines and the properties of jojoba oil compared with conventional formulations, some experimental blends based on jojoba oil were prepared and screened for physico-chemical, wear and scuffing characteristics. As the results were encouraging, the piston-tightening, wear and deposit-forming tendencies were assessed in a short duration engine test. The results show that jojoba oil has a good potential to replace mineral oil base stocks in two-strole gasoline engine oil formulations.