Gas Supply System Research Articles

The Effect of Ventilation on the Hazards of Hydrogen Release in Enclosed Areas of Hydrogen-Fueled Ship

This paper presents a systematic investigation that encompasses the safety assessment of a fuel preparation room (FPR) intended for a hydrogen-fueled ship. The primary objective is to determine the appropriate ventilation strategy to mitigate the risks associated with potential hydrogen leakage. The study focuses on a case involving an FPR measuring 10.2 m × 5.3 m × 2.65 m, which is part of a 750 DWT hydrogen-powered fishing vessel. To identify the potential events leading to hydrogen dispersion, an event tree analysis is conducted. Additionally, existing regulations and guidelines related to the safety assessments of hydrogen leakage in enclosed areas are summarized and analyzed. Computational fluid dynamics, FLACS-CFD, are utilized for the consequence analysis in order to evaluate the impact of ventilation on hydrogen dispersion and concentration within the FPR. The research findings indicate significant effects of ventilation on the hazards and safety assessments of FPRs and high-pressure fuel gas supply systems. The study highlights that hydrogen vapor tends to accumulate at the ceiling and in the corners and spaces created by the equipment. The position and size of ventilation openings greatly influence the dispersion of hydrogen leakage. Proper ventilation design, including top inlet ventilation and outlet ventilation on the opposite side, helps to maintain a safe FPR by facilitating the efficient dispersion of hydrogen vapor. Moreover, locating inlet ventilation on the same side as the outlet ventilation is found to hinder dispersion, while the cross-ventilation achieved by placing inlets and outlets on opposite sides enhances airflow and dispersion. Consequently, it is recommended to prioritize the structural design of FPRs and implement enhanced safety measures. Additionally, updating the relevant regulations to address these concerns is strongly advised.

Applied Insulating Coatings for Gas Distribution Pipelines in the Republic of Belarus and Their Characteristics

Gas distribution system is a production complex, which is part of the gas supply system and consists of organizational and economically interconnected facilities designed to organize the supply of gas directly to consumers. On the national basis of the gas distribution system is formed by about 67.0 thousand km of external distribution gas pipelines, 28.0 thousand km of which are underground steel pipelines. As potentially hazardous objects, steel underground distribution pipelines are subject to higher requirements for corrosion protection. As a rule, they are provided with complex anticorrosion protection, an obligatory component of which is insulation coatings. Taking into account the above mentioned, the definition of general indicators characterizing condition of insulation, the degree of its wear is an actual task. To solve it, for the first time, we have analyzed an array of long-term statistical data on defects of protective coatings of distribution gas pipelines, detected by instrumental method. The values of specific defect density Dd and damageability Ad have been determined for all types of applied protective coatings. The best values have been found for insulation on the basis of heat-shrinkable tapes. The characteristic damage of the protective coating on the basis of bituminous mastics (microcracks), which can be used as an indicator of aging of this type of insulation, has been determined. It has been shown that defect formation in the insulation coatings of gas pipelines up to the present time is, as a rule, a low-intensive process, which has been confirmed, among other things, for gas pipelines operated for a long time. The obtained results were included into the justification of abolition of the previously used 40-year normative service life of steel gas pipelines in the new edition of the Rules of Technical Safety in the Field of Gas Supply of the Republic of Belarus.

Operational and engineering experiences of gas injection to JET for TT and DT operational campaigns

Following the first deuterium–tritium experiment (DTE1) at UKAEA, modifications were investigated to the Joint European Torus’ (JET) gas introduction (GI) systems to increase the gas feed capabilities of the JET facility to better support future campaigns. The GI systems comprise the GI and gas distribution system in the Active Gas Handling System (AGHS), and neutral beam injection and the tritium injection modules on the torus. During DTE1 about 100 g of tritium was supplied from AGHS to JET users. During the second deuterium–tritium experiment (DTE2) and the tritium–tritium experiment (TT) just over 373 g and 630 g of tritium respectively was supplied to JET users for the campaigns. The tritium and deuterium gas supply systems of the fuel cycle can be underestimated as having fewer technical or scientific challenges based on the mechanical simplicity of equipment that they consist of. However, operational experience has shown these systems have the potential to bottleneck a campaign programme. This publication outlines the upgrade requirements foreseen, following DTE1, for operations in the DTE2 and TT campaigns, how these changes impacted the gas supply operations, and where limitations were encountered. The areas discussed include—challenges of upgrading and maintaining equipment designed for a short operating life; the impact of having differences between user requirements and gas supply capabilities; the logistics of gas supply involving multiple control room locations; communication routes between gas supply systems and teams; and safely controlling and tracking tritium gas movements. The latest JET tritium campaigns highlighted a number of challenges for future facilities looking to operate in both batch and continuous gas injection operational modes. The recommendations from this publication intend to provide a starting point for how to address these challenges and optimise gas supply in support of future fusion programmes. This work has been carried out within the framework of the contract for the operation of the JET Facilities and has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission.

Analysis of methods for improving the efficiency of “Iceberg” gas air coolers

Russia has the largest volume of natural gas reserves in the world. Recoverable natural gas reserves amount to about 67 trillion cubic meters, according to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation for 2023. In recent years, the development of the Unified Gas Supply System has been growing rapidly. Since 2021 the Government of the Russian Federation has been actively introducing draft laws and regulations related to the scaling of the country’s gasification. In June 2021 came out the Federal Law No. 184-FZ, which instructed the Government of the Russian Federation to adopt regulations aimed at implementation of provisions of free gasification of the country [1]. In September 2021 there was issued Decree No. 1547, [2] approving the new Rules for connecting gas-using equipment and capital construction facilities to gas distribution networks, which introduces the concept of pre-gasification. It is worth noting that new gas mains, compressor stations (CS) are put into operation, active reconstruction of the existing shops with exhausted gas compressor units (GCU) is carried out. One of the most urgent issues of the gas industry today is the efficient use of energy resources. Besides using the energy of flue gases from gas turbine drive of GPA, energy at gas throttling at gas distribution stations and other methods of energy saving, the significant role is played by the effective operation of air coolers of gas (ACG), the operation of which affects the reliable transportation of gas in the main gas pipeline (MG). The paper analyzes the methods of technical condition of gas air cooling devices of “Iceberg” type operated at the production site of the booster compressor station of “Gazprom Dobycha Nadym” LLC. The thermal efficiency of air coolers with all fans turned on and off was determined for the coldest and hottest months of the year. The electric energy savings of the frequency controlled drive (VFD) were calculated.

Consideration of liquefied natural gas as an alternative source of gas supply to Ukraine

The object of research is the energy sector of Ukraine, specifically the gas supply system of the national economy. One of the most problematic places is the dependence of the Ukrainian economy on the import of natural gas (NG). Ukraine is rich in various natural resources, in particular, in natural and associated gas. However, own wells for NG extraction are not enough for gas supply to industrial enterprises and the population. Therefore, part of the necessary gas is imported. In the course of the study, methods of alternative supplies were analyzed, namely, liquefied natural gas (LNG), options for its supply with subsequent regasification were analyzed. The global market for liquefied natural gas (LNG) was studied and it was shown that the production and consumption of LNG is constantly increasing. Since Ukraine is part of Europe, and the main suppliers of LNG for European countries are the USA and Norway, one of the options for gas supply for Ukraine considered the supply of LNG to the territory of Poland by sea transport, its regasification and subsequent transportation to consumers through existing pipelines. The second option is the supply of LNG to the Ukrainian coast of the Black Sea. To do this, it is necessary to study prospective transportation routes, build logistics and terminals for receiving and regasifying LNG. Since the depth of the channels from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea is small, the option of supplying natural gas from Central Asia by pipeline to the Black Sea coast of Georgia, its liquefaction, transportation by sea and regasification is proposed. This option requires significant capital expenditures for the construction of a natural gas liquefaction plant on the territory of Georgia and a regasification complex on the Ukrainian coast or a floating terminal. In the course of the work, LNG quality criteria used in the world were studied, and it was noted that for the purchase and use of LNG in Ukraine, it is necessary to develop own standards for controlling its composition. Because the technology of providing the consumer with natural gas using LNG is more flexible than pipeline transport. Its implementation will make it possible to provide Ukraine with natural gas in the required quantities and, if necessary, to promptly change the volume of deliveries.

Economic Analysis of Gas Supply System For Dual Fuel Engines With Life Cycle Cost

The regulations of the international maritime organization (IMO) on ship emission are becoming increasingly strict. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is an ideal alternative fuel for vessels, considering its environmental and economic advantages. This paper compares the life cycle cost (LCC) of LNG ships low pressure gas supply system (FGSS). Comparative analysis of the three main pressurization modes for supplying LNG in the low pressure gas supply system, namely external gas source pressurization, self-pressurization and cryogenic pump boost. Through modeling in Aspen HYSYS software, system operation is simulated, life cycle costs are compared, and the implementation effects of the three system schemes are analyzed and evaluated. The application of life cycle economic analysis in ships mainly focuses on the overall energy saving and emission reduction of ships. Its application in low pressure gas supply systems for dual-fuel engines is rare. This study helps the gas supply system choose the most economical and applicable scheme in practical applications.

Real-Time Control of Gas Supply System for a PEMFC Cold-Start Based on the MADDPG Algorithm

During the cold-start process of a PEMFC, the supply of air and hydrogen in the gas supply system has a great influence on the cold-start performance. The cold-start of a PEMFC is a complex nonlinear coupling process, and the traditional control strategy is not sensitive to the real-time characteristics of the system. Inspired by the strong perception and decision-making abilities of deep reinforcement learning, this paper proposes a cold-start control strategy for a gas supply system based on the MADDPG algorithm, and designs an air supply controller and a hydrogen supply controller based on this algorithm. The proposed strategy can optimize the control parameters of the gas supply system in real time according to the temperature rise rate of the stack during the cold-start process, the fluctuation of the OER, and the voltage output characteristics. After the strategy is trained offline according to the designed reward function, the detailed in-loop simulation experiment results are given and compared with the traditional control strategy for the gas supply system. From the results, it can be seen that the proposed MADDPG control strategy has a more effective coordination control effect.

Coordinated planning of integrated electricity–heat–gas energy system considering renewable energy consumption

AbstractDevelopment and utilization of renewable energy is an effective way to deal with global warming. In this context, integrated electricity–heat–gas energy system (IEHGES) provides a new way for the efficient use of renewable energy. Existing IEHGES planning methods focus on the improvement of cost and energy efficiency, while not designing a capacity configuration scheme for high renewable energy penetration scenarios. Here, a coordinated planning method for IEHGES considering renewable energy consumption is proposed. Firstly, electricity/gas/heat storage, electric boiler and power to gas are co‐configured to realize heat‐electricity decoupling operation of combined heat and power, providing flexible and controllable electricity supply for the system. Then, coordinated planning method of IEHGES is proposed which takes into account the coordination of multi‐energy and the coordination between optimal planning and optimal operation. The spare capacity factors are included in the planning and cost of environmental penalty and renewable energy generation subsidy are included in operation cost. In view of the uncertainties, complementary characteristics between electricity, gas and heat supply systems in IEHGES are combined with k‐means to obtain optimal schemes of coordinated planning. Finally, the correctness and validity of the proposed method are verified by three indexes in a case study.

AERODYNAMICS AND MIXTURE FORMATION IN BURNERS WITH A MULTI-ROW JET FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM

The purpose of the work is to establish the laws of isothermal flow and mixture formation of fuel and oxidizer in a new modification of microjet burners equipped with a three-row fuel jet system and oriented to operation at various values of the excess air coefficient. The proposed burners are designed to provide the ability to control the composition of the fuel mixture in the flame stabilization zone and, in general, high efficiency of fuel combustion under the conditions under consideration. As part of the work, the following tasks were to be solved: to establish the main characteristics of the flow and mixture formation in the these burners; to identify the effects of various factors on the structure of the flow and mixture formation in these burners; to determine the rational design parameters of the fuel gas supply system, which realize favorable conditions for the mixture formation of fuel and oxidizer in the flame stabilization zone of the proposed burners. Computer simulation using Fluent code was used as a research method.
 The main features of aerodynamics and mixture formation of fuel and oxidizer in the considered burner devices are revealed. The dependences of the characteristics of the processes under study on a number of design and operating parameters have been established. In particular, a comparative analysis of the patterns of flow and mixture formation during the operation of burner devices was performed for various values of the excess air coefficient corresponding to the supply of fuel gas to various fuel supply sections. Data have been obtained to determine the values of the geometric parameters of the fuel supply system, under which the necessary conditions for mixture formation in the flame stabilization zone are realized.1548

SYSTEMATIZATION OF STATES OF GAS DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS ACCORDING TO THEIR OPERABILITY

Problem statement. Gas distribution systems of settlements are compound complexes, the main task of which is the reliable and safe supply of gas to consumers. Most of the existing gas distribution systerms of settlements have reached their maximum service life, therefore an important task is to modernize and reconstruct them using the latest technologies of the renovation of pipeline systems. In addition, the number of emergencies has recently increased due not only to the ageing of the system components but also to the destruction of gas pipelines as a result of russian aggression. To make informed and effective decisions on the restoration, reconstruction or modernization of gas supply systems, it is necessary to assess their actual technical condition, namely, their operability. The operability of an operating gas pipeline is determined on the basis of a database of its technical condition, namely: executive documentation, drawings and passports of gas pipelines, route schemes, defect lists, certificates of pipes and welded joints, capacity, etc. Moreover, gas supply systems are complex and dynamic, therefore a systematic approach is needed to determine operability as a state by which the ability to perform specified functions is assessed, according to the reliability theory. The purpose of the article − is to systematize the states of gas distribution networks according to their operability to determine the expediency and method of reconstruction (modernization) of the systems. Conclusion. The article proposes a systematization of the states of gas distribution systems according to their operability. The decision on the need and type of reconstruction (modernization) of gas distribution systems should be made depending on the state of the systems' operability. This will allow to minimize the cost of reconstruction and obtain optimal system parameters.

The effect of different laser head angles and shielding gas supply systems to maximize the depth of penetration by minimizing the plasma shielding effect in fiber laser welding of 3-mm thick NiTinol sheet

Bead-on-plate laser welding of 3 mm thick NiTinol sheet was tried with the help of 2.3 kW Yb:Fiber laser. It was found that the laser power was insufficient to get the full penetration with narrow weld-bead by varying the scan speed when shielding gas was provided from the side of the bead and the laser head was kept perpendicular to the plate. It was observed that when gas was supplied from the top of the plate and moving with the laser head, fully penetrated bead was obtained at much lesser value of heat input (P/v) because of the reduction of length of plasma plume. It was also detected that with increase in rotation of laser head angle the depth of penetration and laser bead width decreases because of the increase in laser spot area, reduction of laser intensity and increase in length of plasma plume. The increase in length of plasma plume increased the plasma shielding effect and reduced the absorptivity of the laser in the NiTinol sheet. According to the study, the maximum depth of penetration at a constant laser heat input was obtained for minimum value of plasma plume length and maximum value of laser intensity.

The use of liquefied petroleum gas as fuel in tractor diesel engines

BACKGROUND: The use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as alternative helps to eliminate a number of drawbacks related to fuel-air ratio. The high-priority problem is development of means and methods of reduction of environment pollution, specifically targeted researches in the field of alternative fuel with minimal harmful emissions into the environment, increase of availability of this technology by means of reducing the costs of adaptation of the fuel injection system of a diesel engine.
 AIMS: The main aim of the study is justification of parameters of the diesel engine operating according to gas-diesel cycle with the spark dose ignition.
 METHODS: The studies were carried out at the brake bench equipment of the MMZ D-243 diesel engine. The distributed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) supply system with an ignition dose of diesel fuel was tested with automatic change of the gas supply angle and including exhaust gases in the intake manifold in the recycling system. Adaptation of the diesel engine to LPG allows the fuel injection system to operate in both diesel and gas-diesel mode, while the electronic regulation of the diesel fuel supply in the "diesel" mode occurs more accurately and helps to reduce the consumption and final combustion of diesel fuel in the exhaust manifold. The standard equipment for distributed LPG supply widely used for transferring gasoline engines with spark ignition is applied. The chosen domestically made electronic control unit was configured according to the methodology for controlling the gas supply in the cylinders developed in Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM.
 RESULTS: The studies showed that the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere decreased in all operation modes of the engine in the gas-diesel mode and complies with the Euro-5 standard. Due to the 2,5 times lower price of LPG compared to diesel fuel, the cost of using LPG as a replacement for diesel fuel in the "gas diesel" mode is reduced by 2530% of the cost of agricultural crops. The use of LPG in gas-diesel engines reduces the cost of agricultural products by 1518%.
 CONCLUSIONS: These indicators confirm the relevance of scientific research in the development of the diesel engine adaptation system. The gas-diesel fuel injection system of the engine is the main effective way to reduce diesel fuel costs.

Distributed deep reinforcement learning-based gas supply system coordination management method for solid oxide fuel cell

Distributed deep reinforcement learning-based gas supply system coordination management method for solid oxide fuel cell

Cybersecurity of the municipal infrastructure

A modern city is a complex system that requires a unified systematic approach to ensuring public safety, law and order and environmental safety in the face of high levels of both man-made and natural risks. Due to the growing role of information technology in the functioning of a modern city, the threat of cyberattacks on critical municipal infrastructure has increased. The cost of such cyber-attacks can be very high, both for individual victims and for society as a whole. Cyberattacks can lead to the theft of sensitive information, data destruction or the disclosure of personal data. In addition, such attacks can lead to loss of working time and suspension of systems, which can have serious consequences for the city’s viability.
 The experience of other countries in protecting critical municipal infrastructure from cyber threats has been studied, analysed and summarised. The impact of the latest information technologies (such as the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, blockchain) on the development of municipal infrastructure, the use of these technologies to protect critical infrastructure from cyberattacks, their advantages and disadvantages compared to classical security technologies have been considered. Particular attention has been paid to the problems of safe automation of modern city management processes such as automation of traffic control systems, environmental monitoring systems, financial systems, power grids, water and gas supply systems, communication systems, and control systems for wastewater treatment plants. The features of cyber attacks and the use of methods for protecting critical infrastructure in the context of hybrid warfare have been examined. Recommendations for a comprehensive increase in the level of protection of municipal critical infrastructure from cyber threats have been provided, taking into account the latest global trends in cybersecurity.

Safe Design of a Hydrogen-Powered Ship: CFD Simulation on Hydrogen Leakage in the Fuel Cell Room

Adopting proton exchange membrane fuel cells fuelled by hydrogen presents a promising solution for the shipping industry’s deep decarbonisation. However, the potential safety risks associated with hydrogen leakage pose a significant challenge to the development of hydrogen-powered ships. This study examines the safe design principles and leakage risks of the hydrogen gas supply system of China’s first newbuilt hydrogen-powered ship. This study utilises the computational fluid dynamics tool FLACS to analyse the hydrogen dispersion behaviour and concentration distributions in the hydrogen fuel cell room based on the ship’s parameters. This study predicts the flammable gas cloud and time points when gas monitoring points first reach the hydrogen volume concentrations of 0.8% and 1.6% in various leakage scenarios, including four different diameters (1, 3, 5, and 10 mm) and five different directions. This study’s findings indicate that smaller hydrogen pipeline diameters contribute to increased hydrogen safety. Specifically, in the hydrogen fuel cell room, a single-point leakage in a hydrogen pipeline with an inner diameter not exceeding 3 mm eliminates the possibility of flammable gas cloud explosions. Following a 10 mm leakage diameter, the hydrogen concentration in nearly all room positions reaches 4.0% within 6 s of leakage. While the leakage diameter does not impact the location of the monitoring point that first activates the hydrogen leak alarm and triggers an emergency hydrogen supply shutdown, the presence of obstructions near hydrogen detectors and the leakage direction can affect it. These insights provide guidance on the optimal locations for hydrogen detectors in the fuel cell room and the pipeline diameters on hydrogen gas supply systems, which can facilitate the safe design of hydrogen-powered ships.

Numerical Simulation of Assembly Process and Sealing Reliability of T-Rubber Gasket Pipe Joints

Underground pipelines are vital parts to urban water supply, gas supply, and other lifeline systems, affecting the sustainable development of cities to a great extent. The pipeline joint, which is a weak link, may be seriously damaged during natural disasters such as earthquakes. The failure of pipe joints can cause leakage accidents, resulting in system failure and interruption, and even some secondary disasters. Herein, based on uniaxial and plane tensile test results of a T-rubber gasket material, the assembly process and sealing performance of a T-rubber gasket joint of a ductile iron pipe are numerically simulated using the Ogden third-order strain energy density function to fit the material constant. The simulation accounts for severe nonlinearities, including large deformations, hyperelasticity, and complex contacts. The effects of the assembly friction coefficient, assembly depth, and radial clearance deviation of the socket and spigot on the seal contact pressure are analyzed. The results suggest that the entire history of the deformation and stress variations during assembly can be clearly visualized and accurately calculated. For the different friction coefficients, the assembly depth corresponding to the sliding friction condition of the spigot pipe was 74 mm, while the minimum pushing force required to assemble the T-rubber gasket joint of a DN300 ductile iron pipe was 6.8 kN at the ideal situation with a friction coefficient of 0. The effective contact pressure of the rubber gasket seepage surface under various operating conditions is much higher than the normal pressure of municipal pipelines, thus indicating that the rubber gasket joint exhibits the ideal sealing performance. Furthermore, a certain deviation, which is about 20 mm, is allowed for the assembly depth of the rubber gasket joint such that the axial displacement of the pipe joint can be adapted under an earthquake or ground displacement.

Energy, Exergy, and Economic (3E) Analysis of Boil-Off Gas Re-Liquefaction Systems Using LNG Cold Energy for LNG-Fueled Ships

Liquefied natural gas (LNG)-fueled ships have the effect of reducing most pollutants, which is advantageous for responding to strict regulations. Because boil-off gas (BOG) is generated in the LNG storage tank of an LNG-fueled ship, a BOG re-liquefaction system is required. The representative systems for LNG-fueled ships were proposed by Kwak and Shen, but their exergy efficiencies were only 19.6% and 24.9%, respectively. To improve the system, this paper proposes novel BOG re-liquefaction systems combined with the fuel gas supply system. The systems utilize LNG cold energy in the BOG stream and N2 reverse Brayton cycle, respectively. The proposed systems were simulated using a commercial program and were optimized using a genetic algorithm. The results of energy, exergy, and economic (3E) analyses performed for comprehensive evaluation of the proposed system show that the system in which LNG cold energy is applied to the BOG stream has the best performance. Specific energy consumption, exergy efficiency, and total annual costs of this system were improved by up to 78.6%, 69.2%, and 68.2%, respectively, compared to those of the existing systems. The overwhelmingly superior system is expected to greatly contribute to the improvement of the BOG re-liquefaction system for LNG-fueled ships.

Deep Reinforcement Learning Algorithm Based on Fusion Optimization for Fuel Cell Gas Supply System Control

In a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system, the flow of air and hydrogen is the main factor affecting the output characteristics of the PEMFC, and there is a coordination problem in the flow control of both. To ensure real-time gas supply in the fuel cell and improve the output power and economic benefits of the system, a deep reinforcement learning controller with continuous state based on fusion optimization (FO-DDPG) and a control optimization strategy based on net power optimization are proposed in this paper, and the effects of whether the two gas controls are decoupled or not are compared. The experimental results show that the undecoupled FO-DDPG algorithm has a faster dynamic response and more stable static performance compared to the fuzzy PID, DQN, traditional DRL algorithm, and decoupled controllers, demonstrated by a dynamic response time of 0.15 s, an overshoot of less than 5%, and a steady-state error of 0.00003.

Features of exploitation of engineering systems of buildings during martial law

The destruction of engineering systems of buildings and structures, periodic peak loads in the mode of their work, which are formed during hostilities, significantly affect the stability of the operation of these systems. The need to perform repair and debugging work in the emergency mode is not always consistent with the current labor protection requirements, which were developed for the conditions of operation of engineering networks in peacetime. Given the existing and delayed impact of damage to the operation of engineering systems, it is necessary to take into account the existing conditions in the normative documents, which can be used in the future in major circumstances. Explosions near gas pipelines generate dynamic vibrations similar to pile driving during construction. In this case, the "Safety Rules for Gas Supply Systems" require inspection of welded joints along the entire length of the damage plus 20 m. Often, damage to a gas pipeline caused by an explosion leads to its displacement vertically and horizontally. Therefore, it becomes necessary to check the welded joints closest to the place of damage by a physical control method. If a defect is detected in the joints, it is necessary to check the next joint of the gas pipeline. In addition to through damage, there is a possibility of damage to only the insulating layer. Since it is physically impossible to check an underground gas pipeline, it is necessary to use an instrumental method to detect such damage. Not eliminated insulation damage will lead to intensive corrosion of the steel gas pipeline, and subsequently to the gas leakage. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct an extraordinary instrumental examination, on the basis of which areas that need additional isolation are determined. An inspection and additional sealing of engineering inputs and outputs of underground utilities should be carried out. The buildings should be monitored for the presence of micro-concentrations of carbon monoxide and control of pre-explosion concentrations of methane.

RESEARCH OF GLOBAL ENERGY TRENDS AIMED AT THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACTIVE ENERGY COMPLEXES

The article is devoted to the study of modern trends in the development of the global fuel and energy complex with the identification of features and key areas that determine the nearest policy in the field of energy conservation and energy efficiency improvement. The materials analyze the dynamics of changes in demand for consumption of various types of energy resources, changes in the structure of the world energy balance, emphasizing the continuing low level of energy efficiency in many countries of the world. Taking into account the significant amount of investments in renewable energy development technologies, the high growth rates of installed capacity of power plants operating on renewable energy sources over the past decade, as well as the high rates of global growth in demand for electricity consumption, one of the key areas in improving the efficiency of the global fuel and energy complex will be the use of distributed generation, including among those operating on the basis of renewable energy sources. Integration of technologies of small distributed generation with modern technologies of energy consumption management at the level of final consumption, such as management, demand for electricity and natural gas consumption and the formation of active energy complexes on the basis of industrial enterprises, will be full-fledged participants in the circulation of energy resources in Unified energy systems and Unified gas supply systems of the future.