Gas Industry Research Articles

Gas Composition Tracking in a Transient Pipeline Using the Method of Characteristics

For a gas pipeline with multiple gas sources, the significance of tracking the composition of natural gas is increasing with the implementation of X+1+X system for the natural gas industry in China. Mathematically, the tracking problem is usually described by a system of partial differential equations (PDEs). The continuity equation on gas composition has been developed to track natural gas composition according to the law of mass conservation. The algorithm resulting from the method of characteristics (MOC) is proposed to solve the system of PDEs. Compared to the original MOC, numerical solutions of the continuity equation on gas composition are obtained after the hydraulic calculation and thermal calculation. Moreover, different combinations of boundary conditions for the MOC are derived, which could expand the range of application of the MOC and be applicable to various operating conditions. The heating values of diverse gas sources have been determined following the methods documented in ISO 6976:2016. The case study of a gas pipeline in China verified the validity of the algorithm via the commercial simulation software Pipeline Studio for Gas (TGNET). The heating value and gas composition obtained by the algorithm can be used in the custody transfer metering of natural gas pipelines for Class B and C metering stations described in GB/T 18603−2014.

Gas Composition Tracking in a Transient Pipeline Using the Method of Characteristics

For a gas pipeline with multiple gas sources, the significance of tracking the composition of natural gas is increasing with the implementation of X+1+X system for the natural gas industry in China. Mathematically, the tracking problem is usually described by a system of partial differential equations (PDEs). The continuity equation on gas composition has been developed to track natural gas composition according to the law of mass conservation. The algorithm resulting from the method of characteristics (MOC) is proposed to solve the system of PDEs. Compared to the original MOC, numerical solutions of the continuity equation on gas composition are obtained after the hydraulic calculation and thermal calculation. Moreover, different combinations of boundary conditions for the MOC are derived, which could expand the range of application of the MOC and be applicable to various operating conditions. The heating values of diverse gas sources have been determined following the methods documented in ISO 6976:2016. The case study of a gas pipeline in China verified the validity of the algorithm via the commercial simulation software Pipeline Studio for Gas (TGNET). The heating value and gas composition obtained by the algorithm can be used in the custody transfer metering of natural gas pipelines for Class B and C metering stations described in GB/T 18603−2014.

Digitalization of Anchor Handling Tug Supply (AHTS) Vessels: Enhancing Efficiency and Safety in Offshore Operations

Abstract Global demand for safety and sustainable offshore operations has led to great and dynamic changes in the maritime and offshore industry in recent years. This has made the industry to witness a rapid transformation in recent times with the digitalization of vessels, and AHTS vessels are no exception. The digitalization of offshore operational vessels is expected to play an important role in the future and support the analysis of the automation and instrumentation market. The AHTS vessel is a specialized offshore support vessel used in the oil and gas industry, which serves multiple functions and roles that provide support for offshore drilling and production operations. The multi-functional purpose of AHTS vessels includes anchor handling, towing, supply and cargo transportation, oil spill clean-up response, and cable and pipe laying, among others. This requires the integration of multiple functional digitalized systems to optimize vessel operations, especially in harsh arctic environments. The current study shows a review of the importance and potential of the AHTS vessels' digitalization and discusses the benefits, opportunities, and challenges of digitalization. A systematic approach is adopted to explore the potential development and the dynamics of digitalization in the maritime industry. This study finds that the extent of knowledge is evolving and requires an integrated approach to maritime digitalization to enhance operational efficiency, safety, and resilience in critical offshore operations.

Operational wind forecast over the offshore Campos basin and adjacent coastal region in Brazil: support for the oil and gas industry toward renewable energy transition

Operational wind forecast over the offshore Campos basin and adjacent coastal region in Brazil: support for the oil and gas industry toward renewable energy transition

METHODS OF DRILLING MULTILATERAL WELLS FOR THE PURPOSE OF EXPLOITING MULTILAYER FIELDS

The exploitation of multi-layer fields is an urgent task for the oil and gas industry, requiring effective well drilling technologies to optimize hydrocarbon production processes. This article discusses methods for drilling multilateral wells with special emphasis on their application to the exploitation of multilayer fields. The first method discussed in the article is based on multilateral wells. This method involves drilling several shafts simultaneously from one site. It allows you to effectively develop various layers of the field, saving time and resources. An important aspect of this method is the optimal placement of the shafts, considering the geological and hydrodynamic characteristics of the field. The second method discussed in the article is the horizontal drilling method, which is actively used for the exploitation of multi-layer fields. Horizontal drilling allows the extraction of hydrocarbons from various formations, minimizing the negative impact on the environment and increasing the overall productivity of the field. The third method discussed in the article is associated with the use of modern technologies, such as multiphase drilling and the use of composite materials for casing. These innovations help improve the efficiency of drilling and production processes, increasing formation permeability and reducing well maintenance costs. In addition, the advantages and limitations of each method are discussed, as well as their applicability in different geological settings. Developing and improving multilateral well drilling techniques to exploit multilayer reservoirs is critical to effectively managing and optimizing oil and gas production, contributing to the sustainable development of the energy industry. Keywords: multi-layer fields, exploitation, multilateral wells, technology, method.

High Stability and Corrosion-Resistant Gas of Recyclable and Versatile Manganese-Doped Lead-Free Double Perovskite Crystals toward Novel Functional Fabric and Photoelectric Device.

Lead-free halide perovskites possess excellent photoelectric properties, making them widely used in the photoelectric fields. Herein, lead-free double perovskite crystals (PCs) doped with manganese (Cs2NaInCl6:Mn2+) are successfully prepared by the more energy-efficient crystallization method. The crystals emit bright orange-red light under the ultraviolet (UV) lamp, showing unique optical properties. They have the highest photoluminescence quantum yield of 42.91%. The white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are fabricated using these perovskite crystals, which show a color rendering index of 92 and external quantum efficiency (EQE) as high as 16.3%. Furtherly, perovskite-modified fiber paper made of aramid chopped fibers (ACFs) and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) exhibited fluorescent properties under different conditions. This paper combines fiber composite technology with PPS fiber filter bags, which are widely used in environmental protection, for the first time and demonstrates functional fiber filter bags with fluorescent characteristics. This filter bag provides an idea for the automatic detection of industrial filtration. Meanwhile, after being exposed to industrial waste gas for 60h, the filter bag can maintain superior fluorescence performance. In this study, lead-free double perovskites are synthesized using an efficient method for preparing high-performance LEDs and high-stability fluorescent fibers. Concurrently, the application of perovskites in environmental protection is expanded.

Effect of extreme environments on aging of fluoroelastomers

Fluoroelastomer compositions are used in extreme environments, such as high pressure and high temperature (HPHT), in a wide range of applications in the oil and gas industry. As hydrocarbon production is expanded to deeper formations, and operating temperature and pressure become higher, the material performance of these elastomers becomes more important. Hence, fluoroelastomers face new challenges and require further understanding when these undergo aging. In this study, a practical fluoroelastomer (FKM) composition was aged in deionized water and an alkaline hydraulic fluid up to 31 MPa, 225 °C and 168 hrs. High pressure, high temperature and aging time have deleterious effects on the physical and mechanical properties of FKMs in both the fluids. Spectroscopically, under these conditions, two hydrocarbon-related bands at 2917 and 2850 cm−1 and three fluorocarbon bands at 886, 1158 and 1396 cm−1 in the Fourier Transform Infrared spectra decreased in intensity after aging. The temperature, at which the rate of degradation was maximum, measured through thermogravimetry also decreased under HPHT conditions. It was further observed that the filler particles bound to the rubber leached out during the aging experiment to cause a color change of the fluid. The tensile sheet was delaminated with cracks on the surface under extreme conditions due to rapid changes in the properties of the surface compared to the bulk. Based on the characterization of the aged rubber vulcanizate and the particles leached out into the aging fluid, a mechanism of HPHT aging of FKM vulcanizate is proposed, which would be helpful in designing fluorocarbon compositions in extreme environments.

Quantitative analysis of flame luminance and explosion pressure in liquefied petroleum gas explosion and inerting: Grey relation analysis and kinetic mechanisms

To evaluate the explosion intensity by flame luminance, a series of explosive and inerting tests on LPG in a 20-L spherical chamber were taken. A quantitative assessment of flame luminance was performed using the grey level theory, and the association between explosion pressure parameters and flame luminance parameters was examined through grey relation analysis. Furthermore, the intrinsic relationship and mechanism between these two variables were explored based on heat-chain reaction kinetics and energy conversion. The findings revealed a synchronous trend between flame luminance and explosion pressure during the LPG explosion process. Notably, a significant positive correlation between explosion pressure and flame luminance was established. Flame luminance emerged as a valuable indicator of explosion intensity, akin to explosion pressure. The grey relational grade between flame luminance and explosion pressure remained remarkably consistent under varying volume fractions of both LPG and CO2. The addition of CO2 exerted a comprehensive influence on factors such as reaction rate, heat release rate, and the concentration of key radicals. This collective impact resulted in reduced explosion pressure and flame luminance. This study offers a theoretical foundation for assessing explosion risks and enhancing energy safety management within the domains of chemical, petroleum, and natural gas industries.

Cryogenic Process Optimization for Natural Gas Purification: Predictive Modeling of Methane–CO2 Solid–Vapor Phase Equilibrium Using Response Surface Methodology

Cryogenic Process Optimization for Natural Gas Purification: Predictive Modeling of Methane–CO₂ Solid–Vapor Phase Equilibrium Using Response Surface Methodology

Effect of the Number of Methyl Groups in DMOF on N2O Adsorption and N2O/N2 Separation.

Nitrous oxide (N2O), as the third largest greenhouse gas in the world, also has great applications in industry, so the purification of N2O from N2 in industrial tail gas is a crucial process for achieving environmental protection and giving full play to its economic value. Based on the polarity difference of N2O and N2, N2O adsorption was researched on DMOF series materials with different polarities and methyl numbers of the ligand. N2O adsorption at 0.1 bar is enhanced, attributed to an increase of the methyl group densities at the benzenedicarboxylate linker. Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the key role of methyl groups within the pore surface in the preferential N2O affinity. Methyl groups preferentially bind to N2O and thus enhanced low (partial) pressure N2O adsorption and N2O/N2 separation. The result shows that DMOF-TM has the highest N2O adsorption capacity (19.6 cm3/g) and N2O/N2 selectivity (23.2) at 0.1 bar. Breakthrough experiments show that, with an increase of the methyl number, the coadsorption time and retention time also increase, and DMOF-TM has the best N2O/N2 separation performance.

Synthesis and evaluation of phosphoric ester pyrogallic acid hexaglycidyl ether as a green corrosion protective agent in the gas and oil industries

Synthesis and evaluation of phosphoric ester pyrogallic acid hexaglycidyl ether as a green corrosion protective agent in the gas and oil industries

Bilayer Porous Electrocatalysts for Stable and Selective Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Formate in the Presence of Flue Gas Containing NO and SO2.

The development of stable and selective electrocatalysts for converting CO2 to value-added chemicals or fuels has gained much interest in terms of their potential to mitigate anthropogenic carbon emissions. Most of the electrocatalysts are tested under pure CO2; however, industrial outlet flue gas contains numerous impurities, such as NO and SO2, which poison the electrocatalysts and alter the product selectivity. Developing electrocatalysts that are resistant to such impurities is essential for commercial implementation. Herein, we prepared bilayer porous electrocatalysts, namely, Sn, Bi, and In, on porous Cu foam mesh (Sn/Cu-f, Bi/Cu-f, and In/Cu-f) by a two-step electrodeposition process and employed these electrodes for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formate. It was observed that the bilayer porous electrocatalysts exhibited high CO2 reduction activity compared to catalysts coated on a Cu mesh. Among bilayer porous electrocatalysts, Sn/Cu-f and Bi/Cu-f electrocatalysts showed more than 80% faradaic efficiency (FE) toward formate production, with a formate partial current density of around -16 and -10.4 mA cm-2, respectively, at -1.02 V vs RHE. In/Cu-f electrocatalyst showed nearly 40% formate FE with formate partial current density of -15 mA cm-2 at -1.22 V vs RHE. We investigated the effect of NO and SO2 impurities (500 ppm of NO, 800 ppm of SO2, and 500 ppm of NO + 800 ppm of SO2) on these electrocatalysts' selectivity and stability toward formate. It was observed that the Bi/Cu-f electrocatalyst showed 50 h stability with 80 ± 5% formate FE, and Sn/Cu-f showed 18 h stability with above 80 ± 5% efficiency in the presence of NO and SO2 mixed with CO2. Furthermore, we studied the effect of CO2 concentration with Sn/Cu-f and Bi/Cu-f catalysts in the range of 15-100% CO2, for which formate FEs of 45-80% were observed.

Distinguishing methane from other hydrocarbons using machine learning and atmospheric pressure plasma optical emission spectroscopy

The ability to detect gas molecule and assign a concentration offers an inventive solution in the field of plasma integrated with machine learning. The most important finding of this work is firstly, to develop an algorithm for gas-molecule identification using three different hydrocarbons (CH4, C2H2, C2H6) and secondly, organize a model for detecting gas concentration (classification). For this reason, initially eight different gases evaluated. The study confirms the present of the unique emission lines as a gas indicator, i.e., a wavelength peak related to hydrocarbons identified via increasing in C x H y concentration. By means of unique variable important in projection, hydrocarbons can be distinguished. Our proposed Chemometric analysis strategy examined on >1000 samples and results development of suitable techniques that are sufficiently rapid, accurate and innovative. This demonstrates the potential for real-time, portable, and continuous monitoring of trace gases with potential applications in medical, environmental, and industrial gas sensing.

Menganalisis Potret Industri Indonesia Berdasarkan Industri Pengolahan Migas dan Non-Migas

This research aims to analyze industrial conditions in Indonesia with a focus on the oil and gas processing industry (oil and gas) and non-oil and gas industries. This study uses a descriptive approach by collecting secondary data from various official sources such as the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), the Ministry of Industry, and the annual reports of related companies. The analysis results show that the oil and gas and non-oil and gas processing industries have a significant contribution to the Indonesian economy, but face different challenges. The oil and gas industry, although it plays a large role in state revenues and exports, experiences fluctuations in world oil prices which affect its stability. On the other hand, the non-oil and gas industry shows more stable and diversified growth, with sectors such as manufacturing, textiles and electronics being the main pillars. This research also identifies various factors that influence the development of these two types of industry, including government policy, foreign investment, and infrastructure. It is hoped that these findings can provide insight for policy makers and stakeholders in formulating strategies to advance industry in Indonesia.

Unlocking Mixed-Metal Oxides Active Centers via Acidity Regulation for K&SO2 Poisoning Resistance: Self-Detoxification Mechanism of Zeolite-Confined deNOx Catalysts.

Selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) with ammonia (NH3-SCR) is an efficient NOx reduction strategy, while the denitrification (deNOx) catalysts suffer from serious deactivation due to the coexistence of multiple poisoning substances, such as alkali metal (e.g., K), SO2, etc., in industrial flue gases. It is essential to understand the interaction among various poisons and their effects on the deNOx process. Herein, the ZSM-5 zeolite-confined MnSmOx mixed (MnSmOx@ZSM-5) catalyst exhibited better deNOx performance after the poisoning of K, SO2, and/or K&SO2 than the MnSmOx and MnSmOx/ZSM-5 catalysts, the deNOx activity of which at high temperature (H-T) increased significantly (>90% NOx conversion in the range of 220-480 °C). It has been demonstrated that K would occupy both redox and acidic sites, which severely reduced the reactivity of MnSmOx/ZSM-5 catalysts. The most important, K element is preferentially deposited at -OH on the surface of ZSM-5 carrier due to the electrostatic attraction (-O-K). As for the K&SO2 poisoning catalyst, SO2 preferred to be combined with the surface-deposited K (-O-K-SO2ads) according to XPS and density functional theory (DFT) results, the poisoned active sites by K would be released. The K migration behavior was induced by SO2 over K-poisoned MnSmOx@ZSM-5 catalysts, and the balance of surface redox and acidic site was regulated, like a synergistic promoter, which led to K-poisoning buffering and activity recovery. This work contributes to the understanding of the self-detoxification interaction between alkali metals (e.g., K) and SO2 on deNOx catalysts and provides a novel strategy for the adaptive use of one poisoning substance to counter another for practical NOx reduction.

Enhancing Economic Equity: Unionization's Role in Nigeria's Oil and Gas Workforce

The Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act 2010, aims to promote the patronage of Nigerian products and services by industry operators. The NUPENG and PENGASSAN oil unions in Nigeria have an impact on labour regimes and union power. Local employees in the oil and gas sector are heavily supported by unions. This study investigates the impact of unionization on economic equity within Nigeria's oil and gas workforce. Qualitative research design was adopted. The result of the findings show that Higher Wages and Better Benefits and Improved Working Conditions are among the leading benefits of unionization with mean values of 4.9 and 4.8 respectively. A positive correlation relationship exists between union and wages of labourers/staff, with result of coefficient of determination (R2) given as 0.622983 which implies that 62.37% of the stability of labourers’ wages is explained as a result of union strength. An authoritarian work environment and “Right-to-work” laws are among the barriers of joining unions by staff members of organizations. The research recommends strengthening union capacity, promoting collaboration, policy reforms, and local content in Nigeria's oil and gas industry, improving legislation, supporting SMEs, and promoting transparency and accountability. Keywords: Gas Industry, Industry operators, Oil and Gas workforce, Nigeria Oil, Unionization

Воздействие криогенных сред и струйного горения на эпоксидные интумесцентные композиции, предназначенные для защиты оборудования и строительных конструкций нефтегазового комплекса

The article discusses the studies of epoxy intumescent fire-protective coating of steel structures impacted by cryogenic media and jet fire, in accordance with the requirements of the methodology developed at the Orenburg branch of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia, and harmonized with the international standards ISO 22899-1:2021, ISO 20088-1:2016, and ISO 20088-3. The tests have been conducted with the epoxy fire- and cryogenic-protective intumescent composition «Plamkor-5» (produced by JSC Scientific and Production Holding «VMP», Yekaterinburg, Russia). According to the results of the test for resistance of a square-shaped sample with internal dimensions 1500×1500×500 mm and a central shelf made of 10 mm thick carbon steel coated with the fire-retardant composition «Plamkor-5» to cryogenic fluid spill, it has been established that the sample does not reach the critical temperature of minus 49 °C with an actual 22.37 mm dry layer thickness. The average sample temperature at the 60th minute of the test was minus 32.09 °C. The results of the test of a similar sample in order to determine the resistance of the fire-protective composition «Plamkor-5» to a jet fire with an actual 10,89 mm thickness of the protective dry layer have shown that the sample does not reach the critical temperature of 500 °С during 60-minute fire exposure, whereas the average temperature of the sample was only 37 % (184.84 ºС) of the temperature limit value. According to the results of the test for resistance of a steel column shape sample of I-section 25K2 coated with the fire-retardant composition «Plamkor-5» to spill under the pressure of the cryogenic liquid, it has been established that the sample does not reach the critical temperature of minus –49 °С with an actual 23.78 mm dry layer thickness, whereas the average temperature of the sample at the 60th minute of test was minus 48.38 °С. The obtained results are comparable with the effect of the best import analogs; therefore, «Plamkor-5»-based fire-protective coatings can be used for the design and development of fire protection of building structures, at the facilities of the oil and gas industry, in tunnel structures, and civil engineering.

Evaluation of carbon capture technologies in the oil and gas industry using a socio-technical systems perspective-based decision support system under interval type-2 trapezoidal fuzzy set

Concerns in relation to consequences of global warming and climate change have activated worldwide attempts for mitigating the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by the industrial sector. Decarbonizing the oil and gas refining (OGR) industries is a challenging problem for policy-makers owing to its potential to prevent economic, environmental, and health risks. In this regard, CO2 capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies are the most encouraging options to decarbonize. The technologies related to the part of CO2 capture can play a vital role in solving the mentioned problem. Various technologies have been employed for CO2 capture, and choosing the appropriate technology is a complex multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) issue. This work develops a novel and robust decision support system (DSS). The DSS integrates MCDM techniques of the Delphi and Entropy integration method (DAEIM) and complex proportional assessment of alternatives (COPRAS) method with the interval type-2 trapezoidal fuzzy (IT2TF) environment. The proposed DSS is used to evaluate, prioritize, and choose technologies for CO2 capture. A hybrid criteria system, which involves elements of socio-technical systems perspective has been used for evaluating the candidate technologies. For implementing the DSS of this work, five capture technologies of post-combustion (A_cc1), pre-combustion (A_cc2), oxy-fuel combustion (A_cc3), direct air capture (A_cc4), and indirect air capture (A_cc5) have been chosen for evaluation. The final value of each technology is A_cc1 (0. 2907), A_cc2 (0.2602), A_cc3 (0.1005), A_cc4 (0.2304), and A_cc5 (0.1181) and the preferences of the technologies are A_cc1> A_cc2> A_cc4> A_cc5> A_cc3. The evaluation findings reveal that post-combustion technology with the value of 0.2907 is the most suitable scenario for the capture of CO2 emissions from Iran's OGR systems. The computation results demonstrate that the suggested DSS is feasible and applicable and give reliable and robust findings for acquiring the optimal CO2 capture technology.

Introduction to this special section: Subsurface uncertainty

Handling the nonuniqueness and ambiguity of geophysical inversion results is a major challenge in characterizing the subsurface. Geophysical inversion is the process of estimating the physical properties of the subsurface from the measured geophysical data, such as seismic, electromagnetic, gravity, or magnetic signals. However, there are often many different subsurface models that can fit the same data adequately well. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the uncertainty and reliability of the inverted models and integrate other sources of information, such as geologic, petrophysical, or geochemical data, to reduce uncertainty. Despite the industry's advances in recent decades, the number of subsurface outcomes that fall outside predicted ranges is disproportionate to the supposed certainty of those ranges. This leads to inefficient allocation of investment budgets, which is particularly painful due to the capital-intensive nature of the oil and gas industry.

Measuring Operational Efficiency: A Functional Analysis of Core and Non-Core Activities in a Leading Romanian Oil and Gas Retail Company

Abstract This paper employs a qualitative approach to conduct functional analysis within one of the main players in the Romanian market in the retail oil and gas industry, utilizing the company's internal intranet platform to gather data. The study unfolds in distinct stages, beginning with department selection, followed by task breakdown, activity categorization, data collection, analysis, and insight sharing. The analysis reveals a comprehensive view of the company's operational landscape, guiding strategic decisions and resource optimization. Key conclusions highlight the significance of core activities for revenue and growth, the value of diverse employee typologies, and opportunities for efficiency enhancement. The study's insights offer practical directions for managing core competencies, fostering informed collaboration, and adapting to industry changes. Future recommendations include leveraging this analysis for future strategy, investment, and innovation.