Gas Chromatography And Mass Spectroscopy Analysis Research Articles

Phytochemical Analysis of Maerua oblongifolia, and Assessment of the Genetic Stability of M. oblongifolia under In Vitro Nanoparticles Exposure

Maerua oblongifolia (Forssk.) is a rare medicinal plant in Saudi Arabia that is threatened with extinction owing to overexploitation, climate change, and poor seed germination. This study aimed to identify, for the first time, the phytochemical compounds existing in M. oblongifolia leaves’ extract using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). In addition, it aimed to determine the plant growth and genetic uniformity of the plant under the exposure of in vitro biogenic silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles. The GC-MS analysis detected 28 phytochemical compounds. The main compounds obtained from the leaf extracts were triphenylphosphine oxide and 4,5-Dihydrooxazole-5-one, 2-methyl-4-[2,3,4-methozxybenzylidnen]-. The supplementation of AgNPs and ZnO NPs to the culture media significantly enhanced the plant biomass, shoot length, and shoot regeneration of M. oblongifolia. The genetic stability of the plant material was evaluated using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. The application of Ag and ZnO NPs showed genetic stability among treated plants. However, the higher concentration of both nanoparticles induced minor genetic variations recorded as 4.4 and 2.2% in Ag and ZnO NPs, respectively. This work focused on the detection of phytochemical active constituents from M. oblongifolia shoot cultures, and it will be useful for the large-scale manufacturing of these compounds for pharmaceutical and commercial purposes. In addition, it confirmed that the exposure of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles to the in vitro culture media of plant tissues might be a secure technique with which to produce true-to-type plants.

Gas Chromatographic analysis of potentially bioactive compounds in leaf and root extracts of <i>Muntingia calabura</i> and their expected antibacterial activities

The study aimed to identify bioactive compounds in <i>Muntingia calabura</i> leaf and root methanolic extracts. The Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) technique were used to identify bioactive compounds. GC-MS analysis revealed 38 compounds in the leaf and 15 compounds in the root methanolic extracts of <i>M. calabura</i>. The prime potent compound found in leaf extract is 2-{3-[(E)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethenyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl}phenol with 5.78% peak area and cholest-4-en-6-on-3-ol is found in root extracts, has the highest 63.7% peak area and another potent compound Lupeol has 7.3% peak area. The bioactive compounds identified in <i>M. calabura</i> have antibacterial activity against various bacterial strains such as gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, which showed the efficacy of <i>in vivo</i> plant extracts. These findings validate the therapeutic potentiality of <i>M. calabura</i> leaf and root samples. Furthermore, these screened potential bioactive compounds can be used effectively for biomedical and therapeutic applications.

GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Hellenia speciosa (J.Koenig) S.R. Dutta.

Hellenia speciosa (J.Koenig) S.R. Dutta is a plant species belonging to the family Costaceae. It is widely distributed in China, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, tropical, and subtropical Asia. In Ayurveda, the rhizome of this plant has been extensively used to treat fever, rash, asthma, bronchitis, and intestinal worms. The objective of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents of the leaf of Hellenia speciosa using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy analysis (GC-MS). The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 17 phytochemical components in the ethanolic leaf extract of Hellenia speciosa. The prevailing bioactive compounds present in Hellenia speciosa were thymol (RT-10.019; 3.59%), caryophyllene (RT-11.854; 0.62%), caryophyllene oxide (RT-13.919; 1.34%), artumerone (RT-14.795; 1.35%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (RT-17.536; 2.77%), 9,12-octadecanoic acid methyl ester (RT-19.163; 1.35%), squalene (RT-24.980; 1.19%), piperine (RT-25.745; 3.11%), beta tocopherol (RT-26.681; 2.88%), vitamin E (RT-27.290; 2.64%), progesterone (RT-29.608; 3.18%), caparratriene (RT-29.861; 9.72%), and testosterone (RT-30.73; 5.81%). The compounds were identified by comparing their retention time and peak area with that of the literature and by interpretation of mass spectra. The results and findings of the present study suggest that the plant leaf can be used as a valuable source in the field of herbal drug discovery. The presence of bioactive compounds justifies the use of plant leaves for treating various diseases with fewer side effects and recommended the plant of pharmaceutical importance. However, further studies are needed to undertake its bioactivity and toxicity profile.

GC-MS analysis, pH and antioxidant effect of Ruzu herbal bitters on alloxan-induced diabetic rats

The study investigated the antioxidant effect of Ruzu herbal bitters (RHB) on alloxan-induced diabetic rats, the pH and the bioactive components of RHB using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Fifty-four adult albino rats were divided into nine groups of six rats each. Group 1 was the normal control. Groups 2–6 were diabetic. Group 2 was untreated positive control, while groups 3–6 were respectively treated with 5 mg/kg b. w of glibenclamide, 0.14, 0.29 and 0.57 ml/kg b. w of RHB for 21 days. Groups 7–9 were not diabetic but treated as in groups 4–6 respectively. The results showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in the blood glucose level and significant (p < 0.05) decrease in weight in diabetic untreated group compared to the normal control. The oxidative stress parameters showed significant (p < 0.05) increases in the serum activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), with significant (p < 0.05) decrease in glutathione peroxidase (GPx); while there were significant (p < 0.05) increases in the levels of vitamin C (VIT C), vitamin E (VIT E), C-reactive protein (CRP) and malondialdehyde (MDA), with significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the level of glutathione (GSH) in the diabetic untreated group compared to the normal control group. However, treatment of the diabetic groups with different doses of RHB resulted in the reversal of the effects to near-normal levels in a dose-dependent manner. The pH of RHB was found to be 3.45. The GC-MS result of RHB revealed the presence of 10 bioactive compounds, out of which four are pharmacologically important antioxidants: 11-Octadecenioc acid -Methyl esther, 2,7-Dioxatricyclodeca-4, 9-diene, Cis-Z-α- Bisabolene epoxide, and Tetradecanoic acid (lauric acid). Thus, the study revealed that Ruzu herbal bitters possesses antidiabetic and antioxidant activities due to the bioactive antioxidant compounds it contains.

Thin Layer Chromatography and GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Molecules of the Acacia ferruginea DC. Thorn Extract

The aim of the current study is to investigate thethin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy analysis (GC-MS) of methanolic extract of Acacia ferruginea thorns. The bioactive molecules were determined by qualitative TLC and GC-MS method. In TLC exhibited maximum 0.6 retention factor (RF) value of the plant extract in F254 wavelength in dark blue colour, F366 wave length and in visible light not shown any peaks and RF values. In the GC-MS analysis, 37 bioactive molecules were exhibited and in that 10 are in higher concentration by the retention time and their % of peak and area covered in the analysis compared to other chromatograms of the fractions. Important compounds identified as Methyl mannose (57.14), Phenol, 2-methoxy-3-(2-propenyl)- (4.85), stigmasterol (4.65), 1-Hexacosanol (3.83), Lupeol (3.60), gamma Sitosterol (3.52), Phenol, 4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-(3.17), Ergost-5-en- 3-ol, (3.beta.)- (2.53), Oleic acid (2.44), Oleoyl chloride (1.53), Sucrose (1.82). The presence of these bioactive molecules in the plant extract may provide the scientific evidences for the cytotoxic effect, insecticidal and other biological properties.

ANTIMICROBIAL SCREENING, VITAMIN ASSAY AND GCMS ANALYSIS OF CHLOROFORM EXTRACT OF Azadirachta Indica (NEEM) LEAVE.

Azadirachta Indica (Neem) plays a pivotal role in various problems associated with human health. Azadirachta indica is a member of maliaceae family and every part of the Neem tree has some medicinal potential which makes it of great demand in our world today. The plant parts such as leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits, roots and bark have been used traditionally for the treatment of inflammation, fever, infection, dental disorder and skin diseases. The present study aims at identifying and characterizing the different bioactive compound from chloroform neem extract by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) in addition to the study of the antimicrobial potency as well as the vitamin content of neem leaves. Antimicrobial result revealed that chloroform extract of Azadirachta indica has a strong antimicrobial activity against all tested bacteria strain (Salmonella spp, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogene). Result of vitamin content showed that the vitamin contents are in this order C > B1 > B2 > E. GC-MS analysis revealed presence of 32 compounds. Among the 32 compounds, the most predominate compounds are fatty acids, esters, oleic acid, hydrocarbons, alcohols, aromatics, alkamides, cyanides, steroids, halo compounds, pyrazine, isothiocyanate, thiocyanate, urea and unsaturated alkenamides, alkyne, indol and N-hydroxyimine.

GC-MS Analysis of Phytochemical Constituents from Ethyl Acetate and Methanol Extract of Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg from Endau Rompin, Johor, Malaysia

In the present days, medicinal plants receive great attention to the researchers in the field of pharmacology, due to the fact that most of the drug industries rely on natural products more especially medicinal plants for the production of new drugs. Some traditional medicines and their derived products were often made from crude plant extracts, which include a mixture of complex different phytochemical constituents. The chemical features of these constituents vary substantially among different species. Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) method used for the analysis of the obtained extracts can be a remarkable tool for screening the quantity of some active principles in herbs used in pharmaceutical industries. The identification of secondary metabolites is based on the peak area, retention time-molecular weight, molecular formula, MS Fragment- ions and Pharmacological Actions. The aim of this study was to carry out for identification of bioactive compounds from the leaf ethyl acetate and methanolic extract of Artocarpus altilis by (GC-MS). Fifty and fifteen bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts respectively. GC/MS analysis revealed the existence of Acetic acid, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1-acetate (Acetin), Hexadecanoate , 7-Tetradecenal, in the methanol extract while the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of 3, 7-dimethyl-2, 6-octadienal (Geranial-pseudo phytol), 3,7,11,15Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (Phytol), Piperonal and Heliotropin. Further studies are needed to isolate active principle of the extract as well as to elucidate their exact mechanism of action in various disorders.

Anti tubercular minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and chemical characterization of ethnobotanical mixture used in the treatment of tuberculosis

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a national health priority and with failing current treatment regimens, uses of ethnobotanical therapies are being more vigorously explored. Treatment of TB using oral and inhalational administration (hawan) of a mixture of herbs (hawan samagri, HS) has been practiced in India since ages. In vitro antitubercular effect of extract of HS against H37Ra strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) was recently reported in an ICMR funded research project.1 Hence this study aims to document scientific data on antitubercular effect of this HS extract against clinical MTB strains. Materials and Methods: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against clinical MTB strains of two different ethnobotanical mixtures (HS1 and HS2) used traditionally in India for the indigenous treatment of TB was compared. Extraction of essential oil (EO) from the mixture was done by hydro distillation and chemical characterization was done by Gas Chromatography and mass Spectroscopy (GCMS). Resazurin Microtiter Assay (REMA) was done to study antitubercular MIC. Result and Discussion: Crude essential oil (EO) extract of HS showed significant antitubercular effect in MIC range 50 - 400 µg/ml. HS1 showed lower MIC values compared to HS2. GCMS analysis of EO showed an array of bioactive compounds known to have antitubercular and other beneficial effects. Conclusion: Scientific validation of ethnobotanical use of HS extract for antitubercular activity was obtained in this work. HS crude EO seems to be a promising natural product with potential for new drug development in the treatment of TB. Keywords: Ethnobotanical, Antitubercular activity, Essential oil, Multi drug resistant (MDR), Resazurin microtiter assay (REMA), Gas Chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GCMS), Phytochemical, Terpenoids, Phenolics, Hawan samagri (HS).

Phytoconstituents of Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight & Arn. Leaves Extracts Using GC-MS Spectroscopy

The genus Ziziphus (Rhamnaceae) species are examples of multipurpose plants with great potential for ethnomedicinal use. The analysis and extraction of plant material play an important role in the development, modernization and quality control of herbal formulations. Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) techniques have become a sophisticated means for analysis of various compounds . The phytoconstituents from n-hexane and 70% ethanol leaves extracts of Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight & Arn. family Rhamnaceae was studied. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of total 105 and 56 phytoconstituents in n-hexane and 70% ethanol extract, respectively. Some of these compounds which were present in major amount were palmitic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, squalene, stigmasterol, campesterol, vitamin E, geranyl linalool isomer, trans-geranylgeran oil, 1-eicosanol, gamma sitosterol, betulin, lupeol and phytol in n-hexane extract while beside palmitic acid, linoleic acid, gamma sitosterol, stigmasterol, phytol, and squalene, oleic acid, tricosane, tetradecane, 2 methoxy-4-vinylphenol, ethyl alpha-d-glucopyranoside, and behenyl behenate were present in 70% ethanol extract of Ziziphus nummularia leaves. Many of the compounds present in both the extracts are used for medicinal purposes such as squalene consists of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor activity; phytol have antimicrobial activities, anti-tumorous, anti-teratogenicity, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic activity; stigmasterol have anti-stiffness and anti-hypercholestrolemic activity. From best of our knowledge this is the first time published study on Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight & Arn. leaves in n-hexane and 70% ethanol extract using GC-MS spectroscopy. Keywords : Ziziphus nummularia, rhamnaceae, phytoconstituents, Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS spectroscopy) Cite this Article Sonia, Singh S, Singh SK. Phytoconstituents of Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. f.) Wight & Arn. Leaves Extracts Using GC-MS Spectroscopy. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Life Sciences . 2019; 9(1): 109–118p.

GC-MS analysis of anti-mark ointment formulation for skin burns

Wounds generated from burns are fatal and cause marks that last for a long period of time. The formulation of anti marks cream especially for burns would provide hope for a better way of treating scars. The aim of this study is to prepare an ointment using hair ash and oil along with aloevera followed by the characterization of compounds by using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS).The natural compounds used could possibly reduce any side effects on the skin. The GC-MS analysis of the ointment revealed the presence of 30 bioactive compounds. The predominant bioactive compounds were especially fatty acids such as hexadecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid. The antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal properties of these bioactive compounds could be effectively used in the treatment of scars.

GC-MS analysis of bio-active compounds in the methanolic extract of Ghee Residue

Ghee residue is a disuse by-product of ghee manufacturing industry and it is arich potential source of natural antioxidants. It is used as the ingredient for the preparation of chocolates, cakes and cookies in many industries because of the presence of high protein content in it. The aim of this study is to identify and characterize the vital bioactive compounds from the methanolic extract of ghee residue by Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract revealed the presence of 30 bioactive compounds. Among the 30 compounds, the most predominant compounds are fatty acids like hexadecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid and an amino acid N-glycyl L-threonine. This study forms a basis for the biological characterization and importance of the compounds which could be exploited for future development of drugs.

Chemical composition and antifungal effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Allium tripedale (Tvautv.) against Candida species

Background and Purpose:Treatment of life-threatening fungal infections caused by Candida species has become a major problem. Candida spp. are the most important causative agents of candidiasis. Allium tripedale is a medicinal plant that has been traditionally used to treat infections. In the present study, we aimed to determine the chemical compounds and antimicrobial activity of hydroalcoholic extract of A. tripedale against different species of Candida.Materials and Methods:Phytochemical analysis was performed to identify the possible bioactive components of this extract by using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The hydroalcoholic extract of A. tripedale were collected. Different concentrations of A. tripedale (50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 mg/ml) were used to evaluate its antifungal activity against Candida species (C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei) using disk diffusion assay.Results: The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 40 different phytoconstituents with peak area; the major compounds were tetracosane, hexadecanoic acid, 1-eicosanol, 1,2-dihydro-pyrido[3,2,1-kl]phenothiazin-3-one, 2-hexadecen-1-ol, and 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl. Hydroalcoholic extract showed strong antimicrobial activity (inhibition zone ⩾ 20 mm), moderate antimicrobial activity (inhibition zone < 12-20 mm), and no inhibition (zone < 12 mm). In addition, the hydroalcoholic extract exhibited the highest antimicrobial properties against C. albicans strains. Conclusion: A. tripedale extract had a considerable inhibitory effect against various Candida species, but its highest inhibitory effect was against Candid albicans. Further investigations are required to detect the performance of this plant in the treatment of Candida infection.

Chemical composition and antifungal effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Allium tripedale (Tvautv.) against Candida species.

Treatment of life-threatening fungal infections caused by Candida species has become a major problem. Candida spp. are the most important causative agents of candidiasis. Allium tripedale is a medicinal plant that has been traditionally used to treat infections. In the present study, we aimed to determine the chemical compounds and antimicrobial activity of hydroalcoholic extract of A. tripedale against different species of Candida. Phytochemical analysis was performed to identify the possible bioactive components of this extract by using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The hydroalcoholic extract of A. tripedale were collected. Different concentrations of A. tripedale (50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 mg/ml) were used to evaluate its antifungal activity against Candida species (C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei) using disk diffusion assay. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 40 different phytoconstituents with peak area; the major compounds were tetracosane, hexadecanoic acid, 1-eicosanol, 1,2-dihydro-pyrido[3,2,1-kl]phenothiazin-3-one, 2-hexadecen-1-ol, and 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl. Hydroalcoholic extract showed strong antimicrobial activity (inhibition zone ⩾ 20 mm), moderate antimicrobial activity (inhibition zone < 12-20 mm), and no inhibition (zone < 12 mm). In addition, the hydroalcoholic extract exhibited the highest antimicrobial properties against C. albicans strains. A. tripedale extract had a considerable inhibitory effect against various Candida species, but its highest inhibitory effect was against Candid albicans. Further investigations are required to detect the performance of this plant in the treatment of Candida infection.

GC-MS analysis of methanol extract of Acacia nilotica (L.)Leaves.

The aim of this study was to carry out for identification of various bioactive compounds from the methanol extract of Acacia nilotica L. leaves by Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). A total of 77 compounds were observed that has been shown in the table below. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of various compounds like Calycanthidine, D Galactose, Linoleic acid, Catechine, Pepperdine carboxylic acid (Pipecolic acid), Erythritol, Malic acid and Octadeconic acid (Stearic acid) in the methanol extract of A. nilotica leaves. Further studies are needed to isolate active compounds of the extract as well as to explicate their exact mechanism of action in various disorders.

Investigating the degradation process of kraft lignin by β-proteobacterium, Pandoraea sp. ISTKB.

The present study investigates the kraft lignin (KL) degrading potential of novel alkalotolerant Pandoraea sp. ISTKB utilizing KL as sole carbon source. The results displayed 50.2 % reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 41.1 % decolorization after bacterial treatment. The maximum lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity detected was 2.73 and 4.33 U ml(-1), respectively, on day 3. The maximum extracellular and intracellular laccase activities observed were 1.32 U ml(-1) on day 5 and 4.53 U ml(-1) on day 4, respectively. The decolorization and degradation was maximum on day 2. Further, it registered an increase with the production of extracellular laccase. This unusual trend of decolorization and degradation was studied using various aromatic compounds and dyes. SEM and FTIR results indicated significant change in surface morphology and functional group composition during the course of degradation. Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis confirmed KL degradation by emergence of new peaks and the identification of low molecular weight aromatic intermediates in treated sample. The degradation of KL progressed through the generation of phenolic intermediates. The identified intermediates implied the degradation of hydroxyphenyl, ferulic acid, guaiacyl, syringyl, phenylcoumarane, and pinoresinol components commonly found in lignin. The degradation, decolorization, and GC-MS analysis indicated potential application of the isolate Pandoraea sp. ISTKB in treatment of lignin-containing pollutants and KL valorization.

Evaluating the suitability of &lt;i&gt;Adansonia digitata&lt;/i&gt; fruit pulp for the production of yoghurt

The potentials of neglected and under-utilized plant species (NUS) to enhance food security and safety has been highlighted in recent years. NUS have the potential to fight malnutrition and improve human health particularly in Africa. Despite their potentials, there is still a huge knowledge gap as to their potential effect when used to fortify foods. This research was conducted to evaluate the suitability of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp for yoghurt production using different mixtures of milk and A. digitata fruit pulp powder in ratios of 4:1, 3:2, 2:3, 1:4 and 5:0. Proximate and mineral content analysis was conducted using the AOAC method. Sensorial analysis was done and the outcome informed the choice of samples analysed for volatile compounds profile by GC-MS analysis of the chloroform extract. The proximate composition of the yoghurt samples increased with the addition of A. digitata pulp powder and the results showed that the ratio of 2:3 had highest lipid content (5.5%) and fiber, 1:4 had highest protein content (5.65%) while commercial yoghurt had trace ash and no fiber. Calcium content was highest in the mixture; 2:3 and 4:1 (0.5 mg/kg), 2:3 had highest magnesium content (0.8 mg/kg) and potassium content was highest in 4:1 (1250 mg/kg) respectively. Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis revealed that 2:3 mixture had eleven (11) volatile metabolites, 1:4 had (9) while plain powder also had (9) volatile metabolites. This study shows that incorporation of A. digitata fruit pulp increased the bioavailability of nutrients, minerals and a volatile metabolite with medicinal properties. The fortification of yoghurt in the ratio of 2:3 A. digitatato milk is suitable and could lead to reduction in yoghurt price and create job.Keywords: Adansonia, GC-MS, volatile metabolites, yoghurt.

Antibacterial, Synergistic and β-lactamase Inhibitory Activity of Oroxylem indicum: An In vitro and Molecular Interaction Study

Aims: The study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial, synergistic and β-lactamase inhibitory potential of O. indicum against ampicillin resistant and Extended Spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacterial strains. Methods: Bacterial strains were screened for ampicillin resistance and ESBL production by disk diffusion method and modified double disc synergy test respectively. Antibacterial and synergistic activities of O. indicum methanol extract and ethyl acetate sub fraction of methanol extract were explored by agar well diffusion method and Checkerboard method respectively. Extracts were subjected to Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis to identify the bioactive compounds. Molecular docking studies were carried out to verify the β-lactamase inhibitory potential of the bioactive compounds. Results: All bacterial strains were found to be resistant to ampicillin and only one strain was detected as ESBL positive. Ethyl acetate sub fraction exhibited strong antibacterial and synergistic activity than the methanol extract. Zone of inhibition and Minimum inhibitory concentration for ethyl acetate sub fraction was 16 mm and 15mg/ml respectively. In vitro interactions between plant extracts and ampicillin evaluated in terms of fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices revealed synergistic effects of plant extracts. The molecular docking studies of major bioactive compounds depicted by GC-MS analysis revealed that Wogonin, a flavonoid (GLIDE Score-5.77) possessed the best inhibitory profile against β–lactamase. Conclusion: Synergistic activity of O. indicum may be attributed to the β–lactamase inhibitory potential of the bioactive compounds present in the extract. The findings provide substantial basis for the future use of O. indicum crude extracts as potential antibacterial and antibiotic modulating agent.

GC-MS Analysis of Chemical Composition of in vivo Plant, in vitro and Elicited Roots of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell

In vitro plant was developed by tissue culture utilizing nodal explants and adventitious roots were obtained from nodal explants of Bacopa monnieri in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l-1 NAA. In vitro roots of Bacopa monnieri were subjected to chemical elicitation using 69 mg/l-1 of salicylic acid by hairy root culture. In vivo whole plant, in vitro and elicited roots were subjected to solvent extraction using ethanol and their chemical compounds analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The major composition of in vivo plant were 9,12-octadecadienonic acid (36.96 %), 9,17-octadecadienal (26.65 %,), 9-octadecenoic acid (7.79 %) and in vitro roots yielded 9,12-octadecadienonic acid (25.62 %), 9-octadecenoic acid (23 %), 9,17-octadecadienal (16.08 %). In vitro roots subjected to salicylic elicitation comprised of 1,3-dihydroxyacetone dimmer (15.69 %), 1-hexadecena (7.74 %), 1-tetradecene (6.78 %), eicosane (6.57%), 1-octadecene (5.29 %), 1-decene (4.60 %), E-15-heptadecenal (4.45 %) and heptacosane (3.45 %). In vitro elicited roots showed thirty six compounds and increased higher percentage of sesquiterpenoids and higher alkens.

GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds from the whole plant ethanolic extract of Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.

Medicinal plants are at great interest to the researcher in the field of biotechnology, as most of the drug industries depend in medicinal plants for the production of pharmaceutical compounds. Plants are the traditional sources for many chemicals used as pharmaceutical biochemicals, fragrances, food colours and flavours in different countries especially in India. Most herbal medicines and their derivative products were often prepared from crude plant extracts, which comprise a complex mixture of different phytochemical constituents (plant secondary metabolites). The chemical features of these constituents differ considerably among different species. GC-MS method used for the analysis of the obtained extracts can be an interesting tool for testing the amount of some active principles in herbs used in cosmetic, drugs, pharmaceutical or food industry. The aim of this study was to carry out for identification of bioactive compounds from the whole plant ethanolic extract of Evolvulus alsinoides by Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). GCMS analysis of ethanolic extract was done by standard protocol using the equipment Thermo GC-Trace Ultra Version: 5.0, Thermo MS DSQ II. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of various compounds like piperine, octodeconoic acids, hexadecanoic acid and squalene in the ethanolic extract of Evolvulus alsinoides. Hence, the Evolvulus alsinoides may have chemopreventive, anticancer, anti-microbial activity, antioxidant and antidiabetic activity due to the presence of secondary metabolites in the ethanolic extract. Due to the presence of esters which can be used as a flavoring agent in food industries. These findings support the traditional use of Evolvulus alsinoides in various disorders. Further studies are needed to isolate active principle of the extract as well as to elucidate their exact mechanism of action in various disorders.