Garlic Supplementation Research Articles

Effect of a Garlic and Citrus Extract Supplement on the Lactation Performance and Carbon Footprint of Dairy Cows under Grazing Conditions in Chile.

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of a garlic and citrus extract supplement (GCE) on the milk production performance and carbon footprint of grazing dairy cows in a Chilean commercial farm. A total of 36 early- to mid-lactation and 54 late-lactation Irish Holstein-Friesian cows were used in Trial 1 and Trial 2, respectively. In both trials, the cows were reared under grazing conditions and offered a supplementary concentrate without or with GCE (33 g/cow/d) for 12 weeks. The concentrate was fed in the afternoon when the cows visited the milking parlour. Consequently, the results of milk production performance in these trials were used to determine the effect of feeding with GCE on the carbon footprint (CFP) of milk using a life cycle assessment (LCA) model. In Trial 1 and Trial 2, feeding with GCE increased estimated dry matter intake (DMI, kg/d) by 8.15% (18.4 vs. 19.9) and 15.3% (15.0 vs. 17.3), energy-corrected milk (ECM, kg/d) by 11.4% (24.5 vs. 27.3) and 33.5% (15.5 vs. 20.7), and feed efficiency (ECM/DMI) by 3.03% (1.32 vs. 1.36) and 17.8% (1.01 vs. 1.19), respectively. The LCA revealed that feeding with GCE reduced the emission intensity of milk by 8.39% (1.55 vs. 1.42 kg CO2-eq/kg ECM). Overall, these results indicate that feeding with GCE improved the production performance and CFP of grazing cows under the conditions of the current trials.

Evidential support for garlic supplements against diabetic kidney disease: a preclinical meta-analysis and systematic review.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a popular spice that is widely used for food and medicinal purposes and has shown potential effects on diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Nevertheless, systematic preclinical studies are still lacking. In this meta-analysis and systematic review, we evaluated the role and potential mechanisms of action of garlic and its derived components in animal models of DKD. We searched eight databases for relevant studies from the establishment of the databases to December 2022 and updated in April 2023 before the completion of this review. A total of 24 trials were included in the meta-analysis. It provided preliminary evidence that supplementing with garlic could improve the indicators of renal function (BUN, Scr, 24 h urine volume, proteinuria, and KI) and metabolic disorders (BG, insulin, and body weight). Meanwhile, the beneficial effects of garlic and its components in DKD could be related to alleviating oxidative stress, suppressing inflammatory reactions, delaying renal fibrosis, and improving glucose metabolism. Furthermore, time-dose interval analysis exhibited relatively greater effectiveness when garlic products were supplied at doses of 500 mg kg-1 with interventions lasting 8-10 weeks, and garlic components were administered at doses of 45-150 mg kg-1 with interventions lasting 4-10 weeks. This meta-analysis and systematic review highlights for the first time the therapeutic potential of garlic supplementation in animal models of DKD and offers a more thorough evaluation of its effects and mechanisms to establish an evidence-based basis for designing future clinical trials.

Consumer Knowledge of Garlic for Nutrition Education Programming

Garlic intake has been the subject of research for its many potential health benefits. Consumers have continuing interest in food-related topics, food preparation, and growing their own food in small gardens. Garlic has specific agronomic protocols because it is not grown simply from seed. As a culinary aromatic, garlic use may be somewhat mystifying for some. This research study used an online consumer survey with 558 participants to determine basic garlic consumption habits, knowledge of the research related to health benefits of garlic, experience with and interest in growing garlic, and some basic demographic information. The top reason for using garlic, at 64% of responses, was ‘cardiovascular’ benefits, followed by ‘anti-bacterial’ at 45% and ‘blood pressure support’ at 37%. Only 3% of respondents reported that they were currently taking garlic supplements. The top two preferred garlic forms used at home were ‘dried garlic powder’ and ‘fresh, raw garlic,’ at 86% and 83% respectively. We noted a budding interest in growing garlic for home harvest and in educational information, especially when available in online print and video formats. The survey results showed that more programming is needed to emphasize the health benefits of the natural phytochemicals (plant chemicals) contained in garlic as part of an overall balanced diet.

Impact of aerobic exercise training and garlic consumption on fatigue and cardiovascular risk factors in women with rheumatoid arthritis

This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and garlic supplementation on fatigue and cardiovascular risk factors in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Twenty-eight patients who fulfilled the European League Against Rheumatism- American College of Rheumatology (EULAR-ACR) criteria for RA were assigned to three groups, exercise + placebo (E+P) (n = 6), exercise + garlic supplement 500 mg twice/day (E+G), (n = 11) and garlic supplement 500 mg twice/day (G), (n = 11) for 8 weeks. The training program consisted of working on an ergometer 3 sessions/week with a heart rate equal to 60% of VO2max and gradual overload. The outcomes of this study were a comparison of changes in the mean value of the fatigue assessment questionnaire score (FSI), cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. For data analysis, paired t-tests and ANCOVA were used using SPSS software (P ≤ 0.05). The results of the paired t-test showed that after the intervention, the levels of fatigue decreased in the E+G (P = 0.025) as well as in the G (P = 0.002), while it did not change in the E+P (P = 0.151). Additionally, the amount of cholesterol did not change in any of the study groups, and the amount of LDL decreased only in E+G (p=0.028). Furthermore, ANCOVA analysis showed that, there is no significant difference between the study groups in the levels of fatigue (P = 0.962), cholesterol (P = 0.922) and LDL (P = 0.626) after the intervention. According to the results, aerobic exercise and the consumption of garlic can be effective in reducing fatigue and the risk factors of cardiovascular.

Impact of ginger and garlic powder supplementation on carcass yield and cut up parts performance of broiler chickens

Impact of ginger and garlic powder supplementation on carcass yield and cut up parts performance of broiler chickens

Effect of garlic flour (Allium sativum) addition on immunity and histopathology of Broilers with Newcastle disease virus

Broiler chickens are reared for a short period (35 days) of time for their flesh. When producing broilers, several issues develop, including low productivity, immunological state, feed prices, and antibiotic restrictions. Antibiotics ought to be avoided as growth promoters to avoid antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This policy stimulates broiler livestock productivity by utilizing plant elements known as photobiotic. The use of plant materials is intended to lower the risk of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics that fail to meet regulations might cause residue buildup. Aside from it, there are several infectious disorders, such as Newcastle disease (ND). ND is a disease that frequently affects poultry, resulting in decreased production value, significant morbidity, and high mortality. ND can be prevented with vaccination and treatment to boost immunity. One type of vaccine utilizes immunomodulatory supplements, such as garlic (Allium sativum), which has anti-inflammatory and immune-boosting properties. During the ND infection, garlic flour supplementation resulted in alterations in pathological lesions in the hearts of chicken embryos. These modifications include a reduction in the severity of the infection, which is characterized by edema, congestion, necrosis, and neutrophil infiltration. After ND infection, 1% garlic flour can improve livestock immune health, as evidenced by an increase in protective antibody titers, a drop in the number of leukocytes, and a decrease in the number of lymphocytes. In the 1% garlic flour therapy group, histopathology of the spleen organ revealed differences in the severity of pathological lesions caused by ND infection.

Protective Effect of Garlic Oil Supplementation on Serum Sodium and Potassium Ions against Formaldehyde Induced Toxicity in Wistar Rats

The present experimental study was designed to investigate the protective effect of garlic oil against formaldehyde vapor induced toxicity on serum electrolytes namely sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+). Twenty four male rats were randomly divided into three groups (control set 1, experimental set 2 and experimental set 3). The control set 1 was fed with standard food without any exposure and garlic oil supplementation while experimental set 2 was exposed to 6 ppm formaldehyde vapors for one hour daily for 30 days and experimental set 3 was given garlic oil supplementation (1 ml/100 g b. wt.) after exposure to 6 ppm formaldehyde vapors for one hour daily for 30 days. A highly significant increase in serum sodium ion level and a highly significant decrease in serum potassium ion level was observed respectively after exposure to formaldehyde vapors (P<0.01), while a significant decrease in serum sodium ion level (P<0.05) and a highly significant increase in serum potassium ion level has been noticed respectively after supplementation of garlic oil in comparison to formaldehyde vapor exposed rats (P<0.01). Therefore, it is concluded that garlic oil has shown positive potential to detoxify the toxic effect of formaldehyde inhalation on serum electrolytes sodium Na+ and potassium K+.

Efficacy of Garlic (Allium Sativum) Supplement on Productive Performances and Egg Qualities of Layers: A Review

Efficacy of Garlic (Allium Sativum) Supplement on Productive Performances and Egg Qualities of Layers: A Review

314 Dehydrated Garlic Powder Did Not Influence Enteric Gas Fluxes in Feedlot Steers

Abstract This 2-yr study was conducted to evaluate the biochemical profiles of commercial dehydrated garlic powder (DGP) and its associated influence on enteric gas fluxes, mineral intake, and body performance at a 5% inclusion level. The DGP was assessed for the stability of the bioactive compounds, especially those responsible for garlic flavor. Each year, resealed (NE) and exposed-to-air (E) DGPs were sampled serially in storage at months 0, 1, 2, and 3. Crossbred steers (n = 40 in year 1; n = 80 in year 2) were assigned to either 5%DGP or 0%DGP treatment group in a randomized complete block design, balancing for initial body weight and breed composition. Feed and supplement intakes for individual animals were monitored using an automatic feeding system. Each year, steers were fed high-grain rations in feed bunks separate from mineral supplement bunks on a free-choice basis over 72 and 82 days, respectively. Methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen (H2) fluxes were also measured using an automatic head-chamber emission monitoring system. Data were analyzed using a linear model in R software with year and treatment as fixed effects. Organosulfur compounds were quantified using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed for allicin, allyl methyl sulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, allyl propyl disulfide, diallyl disulfide, and diallyl trisulfide concentrations in NE-DGP. In E-DGP, the greatest (P < 0.05) concentrations of allicin, diallyl sulfide, and 2-vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiin were recorded at month 1, while other compounds remained stable (P > 0.05) throughout storage months. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in dry matter intake, average daily gain, and the gain-to-feed ratio between 5%DGP and 0%DGP groups. Garlic supplementation did not also influence (P > 0.05) body composition (ribeye area, intramuscular fat, rump fat thickness, and rib fat thickness) of steers, but supplement intake was higher (P < 0.0001) in 5%DGP (204.31 gd-1) compared with 0%DGP (148.04 gd-1) group. There were no differences in the enteric fluxes from 0%DGP and 5%DGP groups for CO2 (8854.04 g·d-1, 9322.69 g·d-1; P = 0.12), CH4 (139.75 g·d-1, 154.12 g·d-1; P = 0.29), O2 (6327.84 g·d-1, 9107.30 g·d-1; P = 0.27) and H2 (0.87 g·d-1, 0. g·d-1; P = 0.17). Results suggest that organosulfur compounds in dehydrated garlic powder can be stable and contributed to enhanced mineral supplement intake of feedlot cattle but did not affect enteric gas fluxes and body performance.

Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Garlic (Allium Sativum) on Feed Intake, Growth Performance and Feed Conversion Efficiency in Goat Kids

Background: With the ban on the use of antibiotics as feed additives and growth promoters in animal nutrition, livestock scientists are now shifting their attention towards natural and safe products like organic acids, probiotics, prebiotics and herbal growth promoters. Plants containing essential compounds can be a cost-effective means of improving efficiency of nutrient utilization and growth performance of animals. The medicinal properties of garlic may have beneficial effects on nutrient utilization and health of animals. However, very few studies have been reported whereby garlic has been fed to ruminants. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of dietary inclusion of garlic (Allium sativum) on feed intake, growth performance and feed conversion efficiency in goat kids. Methods: Twelve kids of similar age were randomly allotted to two equal groups (n=6) on basis of body weight. All animals were maintained on common feeding regime consisting of required concentrate mixture and roughage as per requirement given by ICAR (2013). Kids in experimental group were supplemented with garlic @ 250 mg per kg body weight whereas; the control group was remaining unsupplemented. The study was conducted for 90 days. Animals were weighed fortnightly in the morning before offering feed and water. The data on growth rate in terms of body weight, average daily gain, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency were analysed as per standard procedures. Result: The results indicated that overall mean body weight and average dry matter intake were statistically (P greater than 0.05) similar in both the groups. No significant difference was observed in feed conversion efficiency between the treatment groups. The average daily gain was statistically similar in both the groups, but numerically 5.31 per cent increased ADG was observed in garlic fed group. From the results it can be deduced that the garlic supplementation improves average daily gain by 5.31%. However, it has no effect on feed intake and feed conversion efficiency of goat kids.

Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Several Garlic Forms.

It is hypothesized that garlic, Allium sativum, might protect against oxidative stress that causes damage to cells and tissues leading to the development of various health conditions including cancer. However, it is not known whether garlic's potential anticancer benefits differ by form of garlic consumed. This study aimed to quantify and compare the in vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of several garlic forms in water and alcohol extracts including fresh garlic, fresh garlic set aside, heated garlic, heated garlic set aside, garlic powder, black garlic, two commercially available garlic supplements. Antioxidant activity of different garlic forms were measured using three assays: DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) assay, superoxide assay, and hydroxyl assay. In vitro effects of garlic extracts were investigated against the most common lung cancer subtypes: H520, H1975, and A549 cell lines using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Among free radical scavenging assays, Garlicin®, a commercially available supplement, displayed high antioxidant activity in water and alcohol extracts (DPPH assay: 2.02 mg AAE (mg ascorbic acid equivalent)/g garlic and 3.53 mg AAE/g garlic, respectively; superoxide assay: 6.73 mg AAE/g garlic and 7.13 mg AAE/g garlic, respectively). In the hydroxyl assay, water extract of fresh garlic crushed and set aside for 10 min showed the highest antioxidant activity. Garlicin® alcohol extract and fresh garlic water extracts strongly inhibited the proliferation of H1975, A549 and H520 cells. Other forms of garlic including garlic powder and black garlic exhibited low antioxidant and antiproliferative activity. Our results demonstrate that the preparation and processing methods of garlic may lead to different antioxidant benefits.

Promotion of Possible Protective Methods for Farmers During Exposure to Pesticides (Diazinon): A Policy Summary

According to the estimates of the World Health Organization (WHO), more than three million poisonings with organophosphorus derivatives occur every year, and in the meantime, more than 250000 deaths will occur in the future. Globally, 30% of suicide cases occur with the use of organophosphorus derivatives. Organophosphorus toxins are widely used due to their stability and low cumulative effects on the ecosystem. Diazinon, as one of the organophosphates, is widely utilized in agriculture and veterinary medicine. This poison is highly toxic to humans and animals. As stated by various studies, stores of unauthorized supply of poisons and lack of proper monitoring of the permissible limit of poisons, as well as the sale of poisons without a prescription, farmers’ ignorance, and indiscriminate planting of crops that are not based on traditional agriculture, can be caused by various factors related to improper use. In addition, the excessive use of pesticides and agricultural poisons can cause short- and long-term effects on health. Enhancing the antioxidant capacity is an effective solution to weaken the toxic effects of diazinon. Garlic and garlic supplements are used in many countries for their blood lipid-lowering, anti-platelet effects, and beneficial blood circulation. Some garlic products seem to have liver-protective, immune-system-enhancing, and anticancer, chemical-preventive, and antioxidant activities. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of garlic oil have been shown in different tissues. In today’s world, an effective solution/ decision-making for such problems based on evidence is recommended by compiling a policy brief. Therefore, to demonstrate evidence-based policy options, taking into account the existing obstacles and opportunities, it seems necessary to use intervention strategies and planning to reduce the consumption of pesticides and increase the level of protection for farmers.

Garlic essential oil supplementation modulates colonic microbiota compositions and regulates immune response in weaned piglets

The objective of this study was to investigate the colonic microbiome compositions and immune response and reveal their correlations in weaned piglets fed with garlic essential oil (GEO). Twelve 21-day-old crossbred piglets with the same parity and similar weight (BW = 7.07 ± 0.37 Kg) were randomly divided into control and experimental groups based on BW and sex, which fed either a basal diet (CON group), or a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg GEO (GEO group). UHPLC-QE-MS showed the main component of GEO were belonged to carbohydrates, organic acid, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids and terpenoids. GEO decreased serum IL-1β, IL-8 content and the down-regulated mRNA expression of IFN-γ, TLR2 in jejunal mucosa but increased serum IgG, IL-4 content and up-regulated the mRNA expression of IL-4, IL-1β, TNF-α in ileal mucosa. What's more, the metagenomic analysis demonstrated that GEO increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Euryarchaeota and Spirochaetes, while decreased the abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria at Phylum level and Selenomonas_boris, Selenomonadaceae_bacterium_DSM_108025, Clostridiales_bacterium and Phascolarctobacterium_succinatutens at species level. Notably, the main function pathway of virulence factor (VFDB) enriched in GEO group were Fibronection-binding protein, Zn++ metallophrotease and Capsular polysaccharide, while the main function pathway of VFDB enriched in CON group were heme biosynthesis, Lap and FeoAB. Spearman correlation analysis indicated the Spirochaetes had a positive association with IL-6 and IL-4. Acinobacteria was positively correlated with IL-1β, while negative with the IL-6; In addition, Euryarchaeota had a positive correlation with IL-4, but a negative correlation with IL-1β; Tenericutes was negative with IL-8; Phascolarcolarctobacterium_succinatutens and was negative with IL-6; Ruminococcaceae_bacterium was negative with TNF-α. While Selenomonadaceae_bacterium_DSM_108025 had a positive correlation with IL-8. In conclusion, our results uncovered that immune regulation effects of GEO may be associated with the microbiome compositions in response to GEO.

Effects of garlic supplementation on components of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials

BackgroundGarlic (Allium sativum), the underground bulb of the Allium genus, has been consumed on Earth for thousands of years. Many clinical trials of garlic supplementation on components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) have emerged in recent years, but there is no consensus on the effect. This meta-analysis aimed at systematically evaluating the effect of garlic supplementation on components of MetS.MethodsIn this meta-analysis, we searched Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane, Medline, Web of Science databases, and clinical trials online sites from inception to November 1, 2022, with language restrictions to English. We engaged participants > 18 years and eligible for the clinical diagnosis of MetS or those with metabolic disorders and garlic was the only intervention. Outcomes included waist circumference, and body mass index, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose. Meta-regression and subgroup analyses were conducted based on six covariates (total sample size, the mean age, the mean dose, the duration of intervention, the oral form of garlic, and the dietary intervention).ResultsResults from 19 RCTs were included engaging 999 participants. Compared to placebo, garlic significantly reduced TG [SMD (95%CI) = -0.66 (-1.23, -0.09)], TC [SMD (95%CI) = -0.43 (-0.86, -0.01)], LDL [SMD (95%CI) = -0.44(-0.88, -0.01)], DBP [SMD (95%CI) = -1.33 (-2.14, -0.53)], BMI [SMD (95%CI) = -1.10(-1.90, -0.20)], and WC [SMD (95%CI) = -0.78(-1.09, -0.47)]. Meta-regression showed age and sample size are potential effect modifiers.ConclusionAccording to the results of meta-analysis, the modulatory effect of garlic on some MetS components is evident. More high-quality, large-scale RCTs are needed to confirm iat based on the high heterogeneity and potential publication bias of the current data.Trial registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=373228, ID: CRD42022373228.

Garlic supplementation for the treatment of chronic liver disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

The efficacy of garlic supplementation for chronic liver disease remains controversial. We conduct a meta-analysis to explore the influence of garlic supplementation versus placebo on the treatment of chronic liver disease. We have searched PubMed, EMbase, Web of science, EBSCO, and Cochrane library databases through September 2021 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy of garlic supplementation versus placebo for chronic liver disease. This meta-analysis is performed using the random-effect model. Four RCTs and 212 patients are included in the meta-analysis. Overall, compared with control group for chronic liver disease, garlic supplementation is associated with significantly reduced alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and weight, but demonstrates no substantial impact on the incidence of adverse events. Garlic supplementation is effective to treat chronic liver disease.

Effects of Aerobic Exercise Along with Garlic Supplementation on Oxidative Stress and Sex Hormones in the Ovarian Tissue of Rats Under Wi-Fi Electromagnetic Radiation

Background: Electromagnetic radiation has different effects on body organs, including gonads and fertility. Information about the harmful impacts of Wi-Fi radiation on the oxidant-antioxidant system of ovarian tissue is limited. Objectives: Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of eight weeks of aerobic exercise along with garlic supplements on the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and sex hormones in the ovarian tissue of rats under Wi-Fi electromagnetic radiation. Methods: This experimental study was performed on 40 Sprague Dawley female rats aged about 8 weeks. The animals were randomly divided into 5 groups: control, Wi-Fi radiation, aerobic exercise + Wi-Fi radiation, garlic supplement + Wi-Fi radiation, and aerobic exercise + garlic supplement + Wi-Fi radiation. Wi-Fi radiation was induced 1 h/day at a frequency of 2.45 GHz from a Wi-Fi modem. Endurance exercise was performed as three 60-minute sessions per week for 8 weeks with 50%-60% maximum running speed. Garlic supplement was given to rats for 8 weeks in drinking water at the dose of 800 mg/kg daily. Results: The results of this study showed that Wi-Fi radiation led to a decrease in the SOD and GPx levels, as well as an increase in the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and MDA levels in rats (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, garlic supplements diminished the FSH and MDA concentrations, as well as elevated the SOD levels in rats under Wi-Fi radiation. It was observed that aerobic exercise caused a decline in the FSH and MDA levels and a rise in the luteinizing hormone and SOD of the rats under Wi-Fi radiation. Furthermore, aerobic exercise along with garlic supplements reduced the FSH levels and augmented the SOD and GPx concentrations in rats under Wi-Fi radiation (P ≥ 0.05). Conclusions: According to the findings of the present study, aerobic exercise and garlic supplements both have lowering effects on oxidative stress and synergistically increase antioxidants. In addition, aerobic exercise and garlic supplements alone improve the sex hormones of rats exposed to Wi-Fi radiation.

THE USE OF GARLIC (Allium sativum) AS AN IMMUNOSTIMULANT IN AQUACULTURE

The improvement of fish immunity is a critical factor in successful aquaculture. In recent years, the use of garlic (Allium sativum) as an immunostimulant has attracted researchers and farmers' interest in enhancing fish's health and disease resistance. This abstract discusses an overview of the use of garlic as an immunostimulant in aquaculture. Garlic is widely known for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunostimulant properties. Several studies have evaluated the effects of garlic supplementation on various species of cultured fish. The results have shown that the administration of garlic in fish feed can enhance immune responses, such as increased immune enzyme activity and antibody production. Furthermore, active components in garlic, such as allicin and diallyl sulfide, have been proven effective against fish pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. However, garlic as an immunostimulant in aquaculture still requires further research. Factors such as the appropriate dosage, interactions with farming conditions, and a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms must be considered. To optimise the use of garlic, further research is required to explore optimal dosages, interactions with environmental factors, and a better understanding of its effects on fish immune responses. In conclusion, garlic as an immunostimulant in aquaculture shows promising potential. The oral administration of garlic extract through the fish feed is capable of preventing infections by Aeromonas sp. and Aeromonas hydrophila in fish species such as Tawes, Catfish, Dumbo catfish, and Nile tilapia, while also enhancing non-specific immunity, such as increased total hematocrit, total haemoglobin, total erythrocytes, and phagocytic activity.

Application method of check all that apply on sensory evaluation of black garlic supplemented yogurt

The sensory analysis can assess and describe the sensory attributes of food products. The aim of this study was to describe all the sensory attributes present in black garlic incubation 21 days at humidity 70-90 and temperature 70°C supplemented yogurt using the Check All That Apply (CATA) method, one of the methods that are simple and rapid. The test used 75 selected panellists with the criteria of liking yogurt and frequently consuming yogurt. Black garlic supplementation on yogurt causes attributes of granular mouthfeel, granular texture, garlic flavor, pungency, licorice aftertaste, and salty on yogurt. The attributes are different from standard yogurt according to the selected panellist’s perceptions. Plain flavor, milk flavor, and milk aroma are the high liking attributes of the product.

Effect of a garlic and citrus extract supplement on performance, rumen fermentation, methane production, and rumen microbiome of dairy cows

The aim of this trial was to determine the effect of a garlic and citrus extract supplement (GCE) on the performance, rumen fermentation, methane emissions, and rumen microbiome of dairy cows. Fourteen multiparous Nordic Red cows in mid-lactation from the research herd of Luke (Jokioinen, Finland) were allocated to 7 blocks in a complete randomized block design based on body weight, days in milk, dry matter intake (DMI), and milk yield. Animals within each block were randomly allocated to a diet with or without GCE. The experimental period for each block of cows (one for each of the control and GCE groups) consisted of 14 d of adaptation followed by 4 d of methane measurements inside the open circuit respiration chambers, with the first day being considered as acclimatization. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc.). Methane production (g/d) and methane intensity (g/kg of energy-corrected milk) were lower by 10.3 and 11.7%, respectively, and methane yield (g/kg of DMI) tended to be lower by 9.7% in cows fed GCE compared with the control. Dry matter intake, milk production, and milk composition were similar between treatments. Rumen pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations in rumen fluid were similar, whereas GCE tended to increase molar propionate concentration and decrease the molar ratio of acetate to propionate. Supplementation with GCE resulted in greater abundance of Succinivibrionaceae, which was associated with reduced methane. The relative abundance of the strict anaerobic Methanobrevibacter genus was reduced by GCE. The change in microbial community and rumen propionate proportion may explain the decrease in enteric methane emissions. In conclusion, feeding GCE to dairy cows for 18 d modified rumen fermentation and microbiota, leading to reduced methane production and intensity without compromising DMI or milk production in dairy cows. This could be an effective strategy for enteric methane mitigation of dairy cows.

Effects of Processing Methods and Inclusion Levels of Dried Garlic on In Vitro Fermentation and Methane Production in a Corn Silage-Based Substrate.

Garlic (Allium sativum) contains secondary compounds that are known to modify rumen fermentation parameters and decrease methane (CH4) emissions. The objective was to evaluate the effects of increasing the inclusion levels and processing methods of garlic on in vitro fermentation and CH4 production. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 3 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement, where the main factors were the initial condition of garlic (intact or smashed), drying process (freeze-dried, oven-dried, or autoclaved), and garlic proportion in the diet (2.5 and 5%) and one control (without garlic supplementation). Incubations were conducted using corn silage and cotton-gin trash (80:20, respectively) as basal substrates on three different days. Final pH, the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), total gas production, and CH4 concentration were determined after 24 h. Initial garlic condition or drying processing neither modify (p > 0.05) the in vitro fermentation nor the CH4 production. However, increasing garlic inclusion linearly increased (p < 0.05) IVOMD, the concentration of the total VFA, and the proportion of propionate. Also, the concentration of NH3-N and the proportion of acetate increased quadratically (p < 0.05) with greater garlic inclusions. Finally, garlic inclusion did not affect (p > 0.05) gas and CH4 production. In conclusion, increasing garlic levels, but not the processing methods, improved in vitro fermentation but did not modify CH4 emissions under in vitro conditions.