Garden Trees Research Articles

Scientific approaches for sustainable agriculture through integrated farming system

The present study was conducted at PAU, Krishi Vigyan Kendra Bathinda, Punjab for the evaluation of the performance of ‘Integrated Farming System’ (IFS). This IFS system includes the field crops (Grains, oilseed, pulses and fodders), livestock (Dairy animals and poultry birds), kitchen garden, orchard, biogas plant, vermi-compost unit, mushroom unit, beekeeping unit and boundary plantation of forest trees that makes the system: economically viable, socially supportive and ecologically sound. These components were interlinked with each other and provide the benefits to one or more components and vice-versa. These links and benefits enhanced the farm productivity and ensure sustainability, profitability and balanced food availability. After adoption of advanced practices in each component net profit of four IFS systems increased by 8.6%, 8.8% , 8.2% and 6.3 % respectively in 2019-20 as compared to 2018-19. This eco-friendly model also reduces the environmental degradation by minimizing the use of Agro-chemicals. Due to the flexibility of this model, farmers can opt any combination of components as per their requirement and purpose rather than mono-culture practices. This Ifs system improves the economic condition of farmers as well as soil health condition of farmer’s field.

САД І ПЛОДОВІ ДЕРЕВА У СВІТОГЛЯДІ БАЛТІВ

The aim of the article is to explore the expression of garden and fruit trees growing therein in the Baltic worldview on the basis of the data from the 16th–17th centuries. written sources, such as folklore texts of various genres, calendar customs and family holiday traditions, as well as through the customs, folklore and beliefs of the neighbouring Slavic peoples. The first reliable data on individual fruit trees or gardens were recorded in written monuments only in early 16th century. By the end of the 16th century, gardens had been already present not only in monasteries, but also in manors and parsonages. The time of cultivation of gardens more or less coincides with the mention of deities patronizing gardens (Kirnis, Mother of Gardens, Bibcziu Bobelis) in written monuments. Even though fruit trees were still very rare in the homesteads of the poor in the middle of the 19th century, many different beliefs, magical acts, prohibitions, which aimed to ensure that the planted fruit trees grow well and have a harvest, were recorded late 19th – early 20th centuries. Gardens and individual fruit trees became important symbols of calendar and family holidays as well as folklore texts that were used to express the ideas of fertility, marriage, birth, and death. Some of the beliefs and magical acts related to garden trees were probably borrowed, from other countries (Greeks, Romans, Slavs) at various times, while part of the symbolic meanings comes from the archetypal tree concept common to all Baltic peoples.

Effect of Microwave on Seed Germination and Growth Rate in Some Genera Fabaceae Trees in Antoniades Garden (A) Sophora secundiflora and Bauhinia purpurea

Effect of Microwave on Seed Germination and Growth Rate in Some Genera Fabaceae Trees in Antoniades Garden (A) Sophora secundiflora and Bauhinia purpurea

Hydrological services of fruit trees in gardens and urban horticulture

Hydrological services of fruit trees in gardens and urban horticulture

Phytophthora cactorum causing bleeding canker of Acer x freemanii in southern Idaho.

Since 2018, bleeding cankers have been observed on maple trees in multiple home gardens in southwest Idaho. The cankers ooze a dark sap and and are approximately 10 cm to 35 cm in diameter. Cankers typically occur on the main trunk but are also present on scaffold branches in severe infecrions. Symptoms of foliar chlorois, branch dieback, and premature autumn senescence were also associated with the disease. Phytophthora DNA was detected in symptomatic material from five trees using real-time PCR (Miles et al., 2017). In July 2019 recovery of a causal agent from a symptomatic Acer x freemanii tree was attempted. Excisions were made from the interface of healthy and diseased tissue around the cankers using a chisel. The tissue was then placed in sealed plastic ziplock bags at 4°C for 7 days. Hyphae were then removed with forceps and placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with penicillin G (0.2 g/liter) and streptomycin sulfate (0.8 g/liter). Colonies resembling Phytophthora cactorum were consistently observed after 5 days at 21°C. Tentative P. cactorum identification was based on the presence of abundant papillate and caducous sporangia on a short pedicel; sporangia were approximately 30 μm long and 26 μm wide (Bush et al., 2006; Hudler, 2013). Individual hyphal tips were transferred to fresh PDA plates and sequencing of both the rDNA ITS region and Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) was completed for a representative isolate (D19-130). DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing were as previously described (Woodhall et al. 2013; Robideau et al., 2011). The resulting DNA sequences for rDNA ITS (MW315449) and COI (MW881040) were both 100% identical (723/723 bp and 728/728 bp) with sequences from cultures previously identified as P. cactorum (MH171627 and MH136858). To determine pathogenicity, 14 month-old maple (A. x freemanii) trees in individual containers with potting mix were wounded 15 mm above the soil line with a single 10 mm incision using a sterile razor blade and inoculated by placing a 10 mm2 fully colonized PDA plug of isolate D19-130 on the wound. The inoculum and wound were then covered with a damp cotton ball that was secured loosely with parafilm. Control plants consisted of uninoculated plants and wounded plants inoculated with a PDA agar plug. Each treatment was replicated five times and placed in a controlled environment chamber set at 24ºC and 90% relative humidity. All treatments were sprayed with water daily to ensure the cotton balls remained damp. After 8 weeks, black lesions, up to approximately 25 mm above the soil line, were observed on the stem base of all P. cactorum-inoculated plants. No black lesions were observed on non-inoculated plants or plants inoculated with a PDA agar plug. P. cactorum was isolated from lesions, as described above, except polystyrene foam boxes containing moist paper towels were used instead of bags. This report confirms P. cactorum as a causal agent of bleeding canker of maple in Idaho for the first time. It has been shown that several Phytophthora species can infect maple (Jung and Burgess, 2009; Huddler, 2013). P. cactorum has a wide host range but certain strains have been associated with lethal bleeding stem cankers in maple and other deciduous trees worldwide (Huddler, 2013). Knowledge of the causal agent of bleeding canker on maple will help determine appropriate disease management practices.

SERAPAN KARBON PADA SISTEM AGROFORESTRY BERBASIS GAHARU (Gyrinops versteegii) DI SRAGEN DAN KARANGANYAR, JAWA TENGAH

Agroforestry, the practice of growing trees and crops in interacting combinations, has a pivotal role to reduce the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, and it subsequently sequesters the carbon in part of stems, branches, roots, and crowns of the trees composing their vegetation communities. The objective of the research is to know the carbon sequestration in the three agroforestry practices; those are multilayer tree garden, taungya, and home garden. The research was carried out from April 2017 to March 2018 at Sragen and Karanganyar regency central Java Province. Plot method, with the plot size of 20m x20m for trees, 10m x10 m for pole, and 5m x5m for sapling, was used in the sampling. The carbon sequestration was measured by Chave's allometric equation. The carbon sequestration of above ground the trees planted at taungya was 265.18 kg C ha-1 y-1, in home garden was 236.29 kg C ha-1 y-1, and in multi layer tree garden was 290.14 kg C ha-1 y-1. Seasonal fluctuation of the higest carbon sequestration in home garden occurs on October-December; in multilayer tree garden occurs on January-March; and in taungya occurs on July-September. 
 Key words: Agroforestry practices, G.versteegii, seasonal fluctuation, Carbon sequestration

The efficiency of systemic insecticides and complete fertilizer by trunk injection method against leopard moth in infested walnut trees

BackgroundLeopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina L., is a key pest of walnut trees in arid and dry areas. It severely damages walnut tree gardens with limitations on irrigation water in the growing season. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of trunk injections of three systemic insecticides: imidacloprid, oxydemeton-methyl, thiamethoxam and a complete fertilizer, Nutreeno® against the leopard moth. Trunk injection was done by drilling. The walnut annual shoots of 60 cm in length were sampled from four directions of the treated and control trees in 4 months after treatments.ResultsThe results showed that all treatments including the insecticides and the complete fertilizer at higher concentrations had acceptable efficacy on the leopard moth, and thiamethoxam was the best treatment.ConclusionsTrunk injections by neonicotinoid insecticides and Nutreeno can be a safer control method against leopard moth larvae in old walnut trees around residential areas.

Pemanfaatan Lahan Pekarangan di Sekolah Sungai Ciliwung Jakarta untuk Tanaman Buah-Buahan

Ciliwung River School Yard Jakarta management is still natural and dominated by similar ornamental plants. Lack of knowledge and skills of partners regarding using their yards for planting fruit trees can increase economic value and reforestation. This program aims to improve knowledge and skills in cultivating fruit trees on the grounds of the Ciliwung river school in Jakarta. The method used in implementing this community service is through the stages of program socialization, counseling and demonstrations, planting fruit trees in the pilot garden of the Ciliwung River School. The results obtained with this counseling can help partners increase their knowledge and information about using yards for productive and economical fruit tree plants.

Malformation Disease in Tabebuia rosea (Rosy Trumpet) Caused by Fusarium pseudocircinatum in Mexico.

Tabebuia rosea (rosy trumpet) is an economically important neotropical tree in Mexico that is highly valued for the quality of its wood, which is used for furniture, crafts, and packing, and for its use as an ornamental and shade tree in parks and gardens. During surveys conducted in the lower Balsas River Basin region in the states of Guerrero and Michoacán, symptoms of floral malformation were detected in T. rosea trees. The main objectives of this study were to describe this new disease, to determine its causal agent, and to identify it using DNA sequence data. A second set of objectives was to analyze the phylogenetic relationship of the causal agent to Fusarium spp. associated with Swietenia macrophylla trees with malformation surveyed in the same region and to compare mycotoxin production and the mating type idiomorphs of fusaria recovered from T. rosea and S. macrophylla. Tabebuia rosea showed malformed inflorescences with multiple tightly curled shoots and shortened internodes. A total of 31 Fusarium isolates recovered from symptomatic T. rosea (n = 20) and S. macrophylla (n = 11) trees were identified by molecular analysis as Fusarium pseudocircinatum. Pathogenicity tests showed that isolates of F. pseudocircinatum recovered from T. rosea induced malformation in inoculated T. rosea seedlings. Eighteen F. pseudocircinatum isolates were tested for their ability to produce mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites. Moniliformin, fusaric acid, bikaverin, beauvericin, aurofusarin. and 8-O-methylbostrycoidin were produced by at least one strain of the 18 isolates tested. A multiplex PCR assay for mating type idiomorph revealed that 22 F. pseudocircinatum isolates were MAT1-1 and that 9 were MAT1-2. Here, we report a new disease of T. rosea in Mexico caused by F. pseudocircinatum.

RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW OF OPHIDIOMYCOSIS (OPHIDIOMYCES OPHIODIICOLA) AT THE SMITHSONIAN'S NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK (1983-2017).

A retrospective review of systemic or localized mycotic infections in captive snakes confirmed via biopsy or necropsy from 1983 to 2017 was performed at the Smithsonian's National Zoological Park. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) confirmed infection with Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola (Oo) in 36.8% (n = 14) of the 38 mycotic infections. Infections with Oo were evenly distributed over the 35-y period and lacked a sex predilection. There was a period prevalence of 4.5% of completed snake necropsy or biopsy cases that were Oo positive. Species affected included green anaconda (Eunectes murinus, n = 4), garden tree boa (Corallus hortulanus, n = 1), false water cobra (Hydrodynastes gigas, n = 5), yellow anaconda (Eunectes notaeus, n = 1), eastern milksnake (Lampropeltis triangulum, n = 1), Brazilian rainbow boa (Epicrates cenchria cenchria, n = 1), and eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus, n = 1). Histopathology demonstrated one or more of the following: heterophilic to necrotizing epidermitis with or without granulomatous dermatitis (n = 12), granulomatous pneumonia (n = 5), granulomatous endophthalmitis (n = 1), and subcutaneous-intramuscular fungal granuloma (n = 1). This study documents the presence of ophidiomycosis in a captive collection for almost 40 years, despite current literature designating it a recently emerging pathogen.

First record of the bay sucker, Lauritrioza alacris (Flor) (Hemiptera: Triozidae), in Jordan

AbstractThe bay sucker, Lauritrioza alacris (Flor), is recorded for the first time in Jordan. It was found on bay trees (Laurus nobilis) in home gardens in several localities in the capital Amman. Slide mounts were prepared and voucher specimens were preserved at the University of Jordan Insects Museum. Original images for an adult male and female, their genitalia, head, wings and infestation symptoms on the host are provided. Further investigations are needed to evaluate the number of generations per year, the distribution of the pest, the degree of infestation, the damage caused and to study natural enemies of the pest.

Design of Visual Landscape Garden Environment of Plant Landscape Based on CAD Software

Irregular scenes in nature are objects that often appear in the scene being drawn, and the simulation of plants and other objects has always been a research hotspot in computer graphics. To explore the holographic model technology of virtual garden trees, taking bird plum as an example, CAD software is used to edit the overall skeleton, branches, leaves and post-model effects with the CAD software taken the editing of the basic parameters of the tree as the principle. The results of the study show that the CAD software is used to create a tree model. its high authenticity causes a dynamic effect, a fast rendering speed, and easy operation. In garden landscape design, it can effectively guide the expression of garden plant configuration effects, and provide a practical basis for garden plant species selection.

Tree species composition, growing space and management in Hong Kong’s commercial sky gardens

Sky gardens, a type of above-ground urban green space, have been increasingly welcomed and installed in cities. However, few studies have assessed tree planting, management and health in high-rise greenery. This study investigated tree species composition, planting space design and management, and their relationships with tree health in sky gardens in 15 commercial sky gardens with 480 trees in Hong Kong. We assessed the differences between old and new sites regarding tree species, height, crown diameter, and health. We also evaluated selected planting and management factors, including planter type, distance to neighbor trees, root-growth obstacles, canopy barriers, canopy overlap and topping history. Tree species selection in commercial sky gardens was substantially different from public and private residential green spaces. Older sky gardens had more palm trees by species and tree counts. Newer gardens had increased adoption of broadleaf and conifer species with high ornamental value and compact form but fewer native tree species and lower species diversity. The widely planted Ficus spp. had created long-term management issues. Trees were often densely planted, particularly in newer sky gardens. The common practice of topping indicates poor species selection and mismanagement. Planter types with insufficient growing space had dampened tree health. Our findings reveal the trend of tree species adoption, narrower planting spaces and wider adoption of the sunken planter. Improvements in species selection, growing space design and management practices could promote healthy, stable and safe trees in sky gardens with contributions to biodiversity and other ecosystem services.

Pollution Prevention and Soil Activation of Garden Plants in Urban Environmental Ecosystem

Cities are currently facing more and more serious environmental pollution problems. Garden plants are alleviating due to their ecological functions such as carbon and oxygen balance, transpiration and heat absorption, pollution and dust retention, bacteria reduction and noise reduction, water conservation, soil activation and nutrient cycling, maintenance of biodiversity, landscape functions, disaster prevention and mitigation, pollution and vice versa. Urban environmental pressure plays a vital role. Aiming at the diversity of urban garden plants, starting from its ecological function on the environment, the thesis focuses on the application of colourful leaf plants, ground cover plants, climbing plants, aquatic plants, bamboo plants and other garden plants in urban greening and pollution prevention. This article provides theoretical basis and practical guidance for the selection and application of urban garden tree species.

ҐРУНТОВІ УМОВИ ТА ВРОЖАЙНІСТЬ ПОВТОРНО ВИРОЩУВАНОГО ЯБЛУНЕВОГО САДУ ЗА ДОВГОТРИВАЛОГО УДОБРЕННЯ

The issue of scientifically sound fertilizer application in fruit plantations, which are long-term and re-grown in one place remains insufficiently studied. To solve this problem is possible only in long-term stationary studies, as the impact of different fertilizer systems on changes in soil properties and tree productivity for a long period of their use. The results of researches of long-term fertilizer influence on the main fertility indices of dark gray podzolic heavy loam soil and productivity of repeatedly grown apple trees of Idared varieties on seed and vegetative (M4) rootstocks and Calville snow on seedling rootstock are considered. During the 85-year period of growing the first and second generation of apple trees in the experimental garden, the organic fertilizer (40 t/ha of cattle manure), mineral fertilizer (N120P120K120) and their combination (20 t/ha of manure + N60P60K60) were applied in the old plantation every two years in autumn in plowing in rows at 18–20 cm, and in the new repetition: manure, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers as well, and nitrogen fertilizer in half doses annually in spring for cultivation or disk plowing to a depth of 12–15 cm. As a result of research it was found that organic fertilizer better than mineral fertilizers provided the formation of soil fertility (humus and mobile compounds and forms of nutrients, soil reaction) and yield capacity of experimental apple trees, which for all years of fruiting exceeded the total yield of Calville snow and Idared on seedling and vegetative rootstocks, respectively, by 34.8, 27.7 and 23.4 % compared with the yield of the control non-fertilized areas and 16.0, 15.8 and 13.2 % – on those fertilized with N120Р120К120. Similar parameters of soil fertility indicators are formed by the organo-mineral fertilizer system with systematic long-term application of half the norms of organic and mineral fertilizers of manure 20 t/ha together with N60P60K60. However, the mineral system (N120P120K120) significantly less increases the humus content and content of macronutrients available for plant nutrition and does not enrich the soil with trace elements, acidifies the reaction of the soil environment

Is the double-spined bark beetle Ips duplicatus a new threat to Picea omorika in urban habitats?

The double-spined bark beetle Ips duplicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) is an invasive forest pest having a broad range of coniferous hosts within Europe. We found this species to be also developing in the Serbian spruce Picea omorika. Ips duplicatus infested 14 (52%) of 27 P. omorika mature trees in an arboretum garden in northern Slovakia in Central Europe during the summer of 2019. Logs from the upper part of stems of P. omorika trees placed in eclectors in the laboratory, yielded a total of 179 individuals of three scolytine species, with prevalence of I. duplicatus. Our results show that I. duplicatus also colonized less likely host such as the Serbian spruce, causing threat to this ornamental tree and contributing to its mortality in urban habitats during hot and dry summer weather.

980. EUONYMUS CORNUTUS

Euonymus cornutus is illustrated: its ecology and cultivation are discussed and illustrated. Recent collections are described, and its value as a garden tree is assessed.

979. ACER STACHYOPHYLLUM

SummaryAcer stachyophyllum Hiern. is illustrated. Recent collections are described, and its value as a garden tree is assessed.

Physiological response and transcriptome analysis of Prunus mume to early salt stress

AbstractSoil salinisation is an important factor limiting the cultivation and distribution of Prunus mume. Therefore, identifying the regulation mechanism of salt tolerance of P. mume will promote its cultivation and molecular breeding. In this study, the garden tree species P. mume ‘Meiren’ was investigated, with a soil NaCl content (w/w) of 0.3%. Photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, relative electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde, osmoregulation substances, and antioxidant enzyme activity were measured in the early (3d), middle (10d), and late (30d) stages of stress. Salt treatment was applied for 0 h, 6 h, 24 h, and 72 h; following this, the gene library was constructed from the leaves. The results showed that the CBL-CIPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase, calcium-dependent protein kinase, and abscisic acid signalling pathways were involved in salt stress signal transduction of P. mume. Furthermore, bHLH, WRPK, ERF, and MYB were identified as potential key transcription factor families of salt tolerance in P. mume. Combined with determined physiological responses, the results showed that early salt stress inhibited the activities of RuBisCO, chlorophyll synthase, glutamyl tRNA reductase, divinyl reductase, and magnesium chelatase; resultantly, this led to a reduction in the photosynthetic rate. Also, it was found that P5CS, SS, LEA, and dehydrin regulated the synthesis of proline, soluble sugar, and macromolecular protein to alleviate osmotic stress. POD gene plays an important role in scavenging reactive oxygen species due to its regulation of POD activity. The findings of this research reveal the internal mechanism of the physiological response and provide a foundation for the construction of a genetic regulatory network in response to salt stress in P. mume.

Promoting climate-driven forest migration through large-scale urban afforestation

Anthropogenic climate warming is expected to shift the geographical distribution of forest trees worldwide. Urbanization-induced landscape fragmentation represents a considerable impediment to species’ range shifts. Large-scale afforestation is often suggested to be an effective measure to mitigate the negative impacts of landscape fragmentation. However, the effectiveness of afforestation on climate-driven forest migration has rarely been evaluated in urban environments. Here, we tested the effectiveness of two common afforestation strategies in promoting the migration of bird-dispersed tree species in Greater Manchester, UK: (A) planting trees in private gardens and roadsides and (B) establishing large woodlands in public lands. A modelling approach combining graph and circuit theory was used to assess the improvement in landscape connectivity after urban afforestation and to analyze how the two strategies promote the process of forest migration under climate change. Our results suggested that planting trees in gardens and streets could improve the spatial patterns of forest migration by forming stepping stones for the movement of birds across the urban matrix; establishing large woodlands in public areas could enhance the probability of forest migration between urban woodlands by providing population hubs. We found that the effectiveness of urban afforestation was strongly influenced by the spatial arrangement of trees and the physical characteristics of local bird species. The study offers new insight into the biodiversity benefits of urban landscapes, encourages tree-planting programs in urban environments, and calls for close cooperation between urban foresters, designers, and managers to cope with the changing climate.