Gaps In Legislation Research Articles

Legislações em defesa dos animais: Avanços e desafios

The purpose of this work is to present a detailed analysis of the evolution of legislation on animal rights, highlighting its evolution over time and the importance of animal welfare. We explore the importance of philosophers such as Tom Regan and Peter Singer in promoting moral equality between humans and animals, as well as relevant legal frameworks in Brazil, such as the 1988 Federal Constitution and the 1998 Environmental Crimes Law. Furthermore, we address recent legislative advances and the need for public awareness regarding animal protection and combating animal abuse. Gaps in legislation are highlighted, such as a lack of adequate penalties and deficiencies in supervision; issues such as illegal animal trade and cultural and economic conflicts are also addressed. The crucial role of the media in promoting animal rights and welfare is highlighted, underlining the importance of continuous review of the legislation and improvements in supervision to ensure adequate protection of animals and promote a culture of respect and welfare in relation to human and nonhuman animals.

Electric transport as one of the ways to achieve climate neutrality in Europe: Problems of development and legal regulation in Ukraine

The study of ways to improve the regulatory framework for the use of green technologies is becoming increasingly important due to the exacerbating climate crisis, which is prompting a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the gaps in the current legislation on the development of electric transport, as well as to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed changes in this area, which are intended to reduce the adverse impact of transport on the environment. The methodology of the study included formal logical, formal legal, comparative legal, as well as other general scientific and special scientific methods of cognition, a review of the current laws of Ukraine and draft laws submitted to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine aimed at improving the current legislation on electric transport, including the regulation of the use of personal light electric transport. An analysis of current legislation and draft laws submitted for consideration revealed that some laws contain provisions that hinder the development of electric transport, and the adoption of a series of draft laws could negatively affect the economic viability and ease of use of such transport. The study provided recommendations, based on the approaches of EU countries, to promote and motivate drivers to change their internal combustion engine vehicles to electric ones. The study resulted in a series of proposals to address the identified problems and shortcomings of the current legislation. Specifically, the study suggested ways to encourage drivers to change their internal combustion engine vehicle to an electric one, analysed the ways of developing and popularising personal electric vehicles, examined the current state of development of green infrastructure and availability of electric vehicle charging points, and proposed approaches to solving the issue of recycling electric vehicle batteries. The practical value of this study lies in the possibility of further use of the research findings and conclusions drawn therein to address the gaps in current legislation by submitting a draft law with the proposed relevant amendments

Foreign experience of legal regulation of criminal liability for violation of the procedure for transplantation of human anatomical materials established by law

The article examines the experience of individual countries in matters of legal regulation of criminal liability for violation of the procedure for transplantation of human anatomical materials in order to determine important legal assets of foreign legislation, which could be discussed for the purpose of further implementation in Ukrainian legislation. Within the framework of the article, we will analyze national and international legislation, namely, we will compare the content of Articles 143 and 144 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine with the content of the corresponding articles and provisions in the legislation of several countries from the perspective of the used terminology, interpretation of concepts, descriptions of crimes, measures of criminal liability, etc. The Constitution of Ukraine guarantees every person the right to life. However, experts increasingly raise questions about various violations of this right from the perspective of transplantation of human anatomical materials. Today, criminal offenses in relation to both donors and recipients become difficult to detect due to high self-interest and profitability, disguised nature, network systematicity, extensive illegal infrastructure and fast mechanisms for its recovery, group organization and strong connections with other criminal groups, use of deception, coercion, intimidation and other methods of forced donation, corruption in the field of donation, large-scale latent level of crimes related to transplantation. Detection of illegal transplantation is also burdened by their contradictory geography, when potential donors are recruited in the so-called "depressed" countries around the world, and anatomical materials are seized in countries that are highly developed in the field of transplantology, having loyal legislation to carry out such operations. In Ukraine, the detection of such crimes is also aggravated by the fact that people who are ready to illegally donate their organs for payment, travel to remove the organ outside the country and carry out their plans in other countries ("transplant tourism"). Due to the low level of information and enlightenment of the society in matters of transplantation, the detection of crimes in this area is also complicated by the so-called "victimhood" of people (both donors and recipients) – a set of personal traits that cause a high probability of becoming the object of a criminal attack (a tendency to become a victim of crime). These grounds contribute to a dynamic increase in the number of violations of the law-enforced procedure for the transplantation of human anatomical materials, which constitutes a high public danger. At the same time, the legal regulation of criminal liability for such violations still has certain differences. Therefore, the study of foreign experience in matters of transplantation, the comparison of the norms of articles in the Criminal Codes of different countries, and the analysis of concepts used in normative legal documents and their interpretations help to identify gaps in Ukrainian legislation, clarify the wording, expand the range of crimes and facilitate the qualification of their composition, adaptation of the Ukrainian legal system according to European standards.

Актуальные проблемы внутрисистемного взаимодействия федеральных органов исполнительной власти

One of the directions of improving the activities of executive bodies is associated with the construction of an effective organizational and legal model of their intra-system interaction. At the federal level, this task is special significance because of the national importance of the management decisions taken. The dichotomous legal nature of the interdepartmental interaction system of federal executive bodies is due to the subordinate regulatory regulations of its organization. Legislative gaps and uncertainties in the legal status of the unified management center of this system, the Government of the Russian Federation, devalues the preparation and implementation of strategic planning measures by federal executive bodies. An equally significant problem is the absence of a unified digital platform for interdepartmental interaction, which makes it possible to speed up and streamline direct and feedback communications between bodies and officials.

The right to health care in the system of social human rights

In the current academic literature, the right to health is considered in the context of a wide range of disciplines, including medical law, international law and social sciences. An important step in the formation of the legal framework for the right to health was the adoption of the WHO Constitution in 1946, which proclaimed that «the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is a fundamental right of every human being». This declaration became the basis for the further development of international health standards, including the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which in Article 12 recognises the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.
 Research and scholarship on the right to health covers various aspects of this issue, including analyses of national health systems, examination of international standards and their impact on national legislation, and development of recommendations to ensure equal access to health services. Despite the significant achievements in the development of international norms and standards, there are challenges related to their implementation at the national level, including the need to adapt national legislative and institutional frameworks to international obligations.
 Ukraine, like many other countries, is striving to meet international standards in the field of the right to health, while facing a number of challenges that require a comprehensive approach to reforming the national healthcare system. Scientific research plays an important role in this process, helping to identify gaps in legislation and practice, as well as to develop sound recommendations for their elimination.
 Given these aspects, this article aims not only to analyse the theoretical foundations of the right to healthcare, but also to highlight the practical steps and challenges that Ukraine faces on the way to its full implementation.

Blurring the Lines Between Victimhood and Responsibilization? Sex as Behavioral Problems in Court Decisions on Compulsory Care of Young People

Formal social control of girls has historically focused on disciplining their sexual behavior, and studies show this is still present. This article analyses how authorities describe and give meaning to young people’s sexual behavior when assessing their need of compulsory care. The results show that in the few cases when boys’ sexual behavior is highlighted, it concerns sexual delinquency. The assessments of girls’ sexual behavior largely regards situations where they are exposed to others’ sexual transgressions, risking to victim-blame girls. This is discussed in relation to gendered understandings of sexual behavior and supposed gaps in legislation.

Establishment of a Unified Register of Donor Sexual Gametes in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The purpose of this narrative review paper was to review the state and development of the field of donor gametes in Kazakhstan, compare its legislative and technical capabilities with other countries and identify key steps towards the establishment of a unified register of donor gametes in the Republic. The narrative review paper conducted an analysis of scientific publications and legal documents to examine the implementation of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART), focusing on Donor Sexual Gametes (DSG), globally. It utilized medical publications from 2019 to 2023, legal acts, and recommendations from global health organizations to analyze eligibility criteria, legal regulations, and the social aspects of ART across different regions. In Kazakhstan, ART is regulated by legislation, with DSG procedures governed by age limits, medical screening, and restrictions on the number of children born from donated gametes. Worldwide, practices vary, but there is growing interest in establishing a unified register of reproductive donor material to enhance transparency and accountability. However, legal gaps and ethical considerations must be addressed. The study identifies gaps in Kazakhstan's legislation compared to Western countries, emphasizing the necessity for enhanced legal rights for donors and recipients, including options for anonymity. Ethical concerns highlight the importance of confidentiality and data security in accessing the donor registry. Overall, implementing such a register promises to enhance transparency, safety, and accountability in reproductive medicine.

PROBLEMS AND PECULIARITIES OF CREATING A MODERN BARRIER-FREE ARCHITECTURAL ENVIRONMENT IN CHINA

Creating an accessible environment is not just a matter of convenience; it is a fundamental indicator of a nation’s level of civilisation and social development. China has significantly improved its barrier-free architecture construction system since the early 1980s. This progress commenced with the enactment of legislation focused on constructing accessible environments, particularly in major urban centres where accessibility standards are generally higher. However, despite these advancements, several challenges persist. One notable issue is the limited public awareness regarding the critical role of creating spaces that accommodate diverse needs. In addition, there is insufficient oversight over the implementation of accessibility measures, leading to inconsistencies in design and execution. These issues underscore the necessity for systemic solutions. Addressing them requires a comprehensive approach encompassing legislative reforms, enhanced enforcement mechanisms, and proactive awareness campaigns. By focusing on these challenges and developing effective strategies to overcome them, China can elevate the construction of barrier-free environments to new heights. The article delves into the intricacies of creating barrier-free architectural environments in China, shedding light on the systemic issues hindering progress. Among these challenges are legislative gaps, inadequate control mechanisms, and a lack of widespread understanding of accessibility needs. As a solution, the article offers recommendations for bolstering the legislative framework, improving enforcement mechanisms, and increasing public awareness through targeted propaganda efforts. Emphasising collaboration between governmental bodies and civil society organisations is crucial to successfully implementing these recommendations. In conclusion, the pursuit of accessible environments in China represents a practical endeavour as much as a symbolic gesture towards inclusivity and social progress. Through concerted efforts and strategic interventions, the nation can pave the way for a future where accessibility is not just a privilege but a fundamental right for all citizens. Keywords: barrier-free architectural environment, barrier-free design, accessible spaces, inclusive architecture.

Addressing Gaps in Water Protection Law for River Conservation

Water law aims to establish a legislative framework to meet water governance objectives. However, discrepancies may exist between the current legal provisions and the requirements for effective water quality protection and management. This research aims to investigate these discrepancies by analyzing the gap between actual law coverage and current water legislation, and to identify the necessary legal provisions for effective water management. The study employs an empirical literature review with an exploratory approach, utilizing a gap analysis framework that includes water institution mapping and water legislation mapping to evaluate the extent and efficacy of existing legislation. The gap analysis identified several deficiencies in the current water legislation, highlighting discrepancies and gaps in the legal framework for water quality protection and management. The research concludes that significant gaps in the current water legislation impede effective water quality protection and management. Addressing these gaps through comprehensive legislative reforms is essential to enhance water governance and ensure sustainable water management practices.

Some Reflections on the Regulatory Constraints to Labour Malpractices in Cameroon

The rapid drop in the standard of Fair Labour Practices in the private sector of Cameroon is so disturbing. Generally, the recognition of the basic right of each citizen such as the right to work and the security of employment is of paramount importance to a worker because work brings wages by which workers and their families depend on, works gives dignity and meaning to the life of a worker and make the world economy run accordingly. That is why the Cameroonian labour legislator has made much effort in addressing the situation of workers who have been unlawfully dismissed from work by malicious employers or workers whose basic rights to work and security of employment may be threatened. The aim of this study therefore, is to ascertain the regulatory Constraints to labour malpractices in Cameroon. These Labour malpractices mostly committed by profit conscious employers of Labour in Cameroon are characterized amongst others by; the imposition of standard form contracts on their workers, discrimination in the private sector employment, subjecting workers under unsafe working environment and deplorable conditions of work, wrongful discharge of employment, the practice of divide and conquer style of management, gross violations of workers fundamental human rights, arbitrary variation of substantial terms of employment contracts, the questionable practices of labour inspectors, unreasonable restraint clauses in the private sector employment contracts, non-respect of government-mandated minimum guarantee wage, non-conformity of internal rules and regulations to national standard, wrongful suspension of contract of employment etc. These deviant dispositions of employers of Labour, although contrary to deontology, are so embedded in the Cameroonian Labour market causing private sector workers to remain at the same level from January to December every year of their life. In a bid to attain the overall purpose of this study, this research adopts the qualitative research methodology which involve an in-depth content analysis of both primary and secondary data. Findings, therefore, reveal that despite the regulatory, institutional and policy framework put in place to protect private sector employees against any form of labour malpractices, private sector employees are not adequately protected because of gaps in the labour legislation, conflicting interests, economic impact, low Scholarisation of workers, political impact, ineffective implementation of prevailing regulations, the introduction of powerless staff representatives, laxity on the part of some Labour Inspectors to ensure the respect of labour legislation etc constitutes the basis for the multiplication of gross violation of employment rights in the private sector within the country. This research conclude theoretically that the Cameroon Labour Legislation to an extent, guarantees the protection of private sector employees but practically it effective implementation and enforcement leaves much to be desired. This has necessitated the suggestion of some policy recommendations for the way forward. In this regard, in order to attain an effective regulatory, institutional and policy framework which guarantees the protection of workers against any form of labour malpractices in the private sector, we recommends a review of the 1992 Labour Code to better handle any form of labour malpractices affecting private sector employment in today’s era and the Labour Inspectorate being the central state institution charged with the enforcement of employment rights should not only be found seating at the regional and divisional headquarters, they should equally be established in each sub-division in other to take justice nearer to workers who are mostly employed by employers of unskilled labour in the country.

Подходы к налогообложению операций с цифровыми финансовыми активами в иностранных юрисдикциях

The article analyses current approaches and mechanisms for taxation of transactions with crypto-assets in foreign jurisdictions, which are advanced in terms of the prevalence of crypto-assets among the population. The choice of the research object is due to the increasing role of such assets in Russia and around the world, as well as the need to develop current regulation in this area in Russia and analyse the possibility of adapting the most advanced and successful experience in Russian realities. The article presents an analysis of the current regulation in the field of taxation of transactions with crypto assets in foreign jurisdictions, reflects legislative gaps and problems faced by individuals and legal entities, and also sets out proposals as to the possibility of adapting foreign approaches in Russia. It was revealed that currently none of the analysed jurisdictions has an effective mechanism for taxation of transactions with crypto-assets, however, each of these jurisdictions has a unified approach formulated at the state level to determine the status of crypto-assets as an object of civil turnover and taxation, which allows market participants to develop this sector of the economy in the jurisdiction.

Peculiarities of the disposal of property owned by the Juvenile

The continuous improvement of the legislation, especially when the issue concerns the disposal of the property owned by the juvenile, should be evaluated as an expression of public and private interests. After all, the well-being of each participant in the civil turnover, including juveniles, significantly depends on the perfection of the legal framework, the correct formation, and the implementation of which guarantees the stability and satisfaction of their interests. In modern legal systems, each subject of law should have the opportunity to analyze the norms and, as necessary, use the means of protection of the rights. Despite this, the substantive regulation of the issue in Georgia, as well as the provision of fast and accessible forms of solution to the issue in the relevant direction from the procedural point of view, remains a challenge. Therefore, it is considered essential to improve the norms of the Civil Code of Georgia, which increases the risks of non-uniform interpretation of the norms related to the disposal of property owned by the juvenile. This significantly leads to eliminating both legislative gaps and indistinctness in practice. In addition, procedural legal regulation harmonized with international development trends about issues related to the disposal of juvenile property will significantly determine the proper functioning of the court system, contributing to the perfection of the system of the means of dispute resolution existing throughout the state.

Assessing the Legal Framework for Marine Protected Areas in High Seas: Challenges and Prospects under the UN BBNJ Agreement

Oceans, integral to a healthy global ecosystem, are protected partly through marine protected areas (MPAs). Despite numerous MPAs within national jurisdictions, the Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ) remain significantly neglected. Currently, most MPAs in ABNJ are governed by the OSPAR or CAMLR frameworks, which exhibit substantial deficiencies due to the fragmented state of international laws. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), for instance, offers limited provisions for ABNJ. To address these legislative gaps, negotiations for the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) were initiated, leading to the successful adoption of the BBNJ Agreement in March 2023. This paper critically examines the existing regional treaties overseeing high-seas MPAs and explores the innovative approaches introduced by the BBNJ Agreement for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in ABNJ. The analysis concludes that the BBNJ Agreement provides a more comprehensive and sustainable management framework for high-seas MPAs, thus effectively overcoming the limitations inherent in regional treaties.

Strengthening the Nexus: Policy and Legislative Reforms for University-Industry Collaboration in Kazakhstan

The aim of this study is to examine the synergistic benefits that arise from collaborations between universities and industrial companies, examining the mutual advantages that both entities have. This research evaluates the government's efforts to cultivate such partnerships through a comprehensive documentary analysis of current policy documents and legislation. The findings indicate that a recently established ministry in Kazakhstan is actively developing proposals for legislative amendments to enhance the framework for collaboration between universities and industry. It is noteworthy that the government is providing tax preferences and incentives to industrial entities that collaborate with academic institutions, with the expectation that these measures will lead to beneficial outcomes. Despite these positive measures, the study revealed significant obstacles that prevent effective collaboration, such as legislative gaps and a general apprehension among industrial companies to set partnerships, due to the ineffectiveness of certain laws. The state's limited capacity to motivate participation from these corporations is what makes this reluctance a bigger challenge. This analysis highlights the necessity of strengthening political and legal frameworks to support more effective and productive collaborations between the university and industrial sectors. To bridge these gaps and improve the innovation ecosystem and drive socio-economic progress, this paper calls for a renewed approach to policymaking and legal reforms.

Предвыборная агитация в Telegram-каналах: проблемы правового регулирования

The legal regulation of election campaigning has been a long-standing research topic for both theorists and practitioners of electoral law. This topic becomes especially relevant during the pre-election period. The active growth of information technologies and significant gaps in domestic legislation often cause violations of existing legal norms due to the impossibility of their actual implementation. The rapid development of messengers as a means of communication and the expansion of their functionality significantly expand users' access to information. The article analyzes the legal status of Telegram channels as services for the dissemination of information on the Internet, used, among other things, for conducting election campaigning and the problems of their legal status during the pre-election period. A comparative analysis of the functionality of Telegram channels and a review of law enforcement practice is carried out. Proposals have been developed and formulated to improve the current electoral legislation of the Russian Federation.

Влияние криптовалюты на развитие российской экономики: угрозы и экономические возможности

Current trends in economic development determine the course towards digitalization, which implies the development of entrepreneurship in the format of an electronic environment, marketed digital goods and services. Payments for services and goods in the digital economy are often made in digital currency. However, a number of features of the cryptocurrency, such as full virtuality, the absence of a single repository, control center and emission center; the absolute anonymity of all transactions and others create a number of threats to the stability of the national and global economy. The author states that gaps in Russian legislation in relation to cryptocurrency call into question a number of its advantages, forming them as risks and threats. For example, the existence of an alternative payment system violates the integrity of the national system, in particular, the Central Bank loses the monopoly right to issue money, and the supervisory authorities lose the right and ability to control the money turnover in the country.

On Improving the Procedure for Transferring Securities to Trust Management: An Analysis of Russian and Foreign Anti-Corruption Legislation

Introduction: the paper analyzes the regulation of the procedure for transferring to trust management of securities, as well as participation interests, shares in the authorized (pooled) capitals of organizations in accordance with the anti-corruption legislation in the Russian Federation and abroad. Purpose: to resolve the issue of improving the mechanism for transferring financial instruments of a civil servant to trust management. Methods: the methodological framework was formed by the methods of scientific cognition, including such main ones as the methods of consistency, analysis and comparative law. Results: the author identifies the legal gaps in the Russian legislation and suggests using positive foreign experience in the application of the anti-corruption legislation in the legal relations for the transfer of securities to trust management in such countries as the USA, Canada, Albania and Chile, as they have comprehensively developed the legal regulation of the institution of trust management of property of civil servants. Conclusions: the paper contains specific proposals for the implementation of foreign legislation into the current legislation of Russia, namely the establishment of a special state trust (trustee), the consolidation of his legal status, the possibility of prohibiting officials from owning and using their assets in a separate regulatory legal act of the federal level.

The Principle of Freedom and the Right to Respect the Private Life from the Perspective of the Civil Identity of Transgender People

This study aims at analyzing how fundamental rights and individual freedom interfere with privacy issues for transgender people. The main purpose is to identify the legal and social challenges faced by this community in the process of legal recognition of gender identity. To achieve these objectives, the research uses a mixed methodology, which combines comparative legal analysis of legislation from different jurisdictions with relevant jurisprudence and public policy, highlighting exemplary practices and legislative gaps. The results of the study indicate the existence of a gap between the principles of human rights agreed at the international level and their implementation at the national level. Despite significant progress in some countries, many transgender individuals still face bureaucratic obstacles and discrimination when claiming their rights. Therefore, is obvious the need for legislative reform to facilitate the recognition of gender identity in a way that respects personal autonomy and privacy. The study recommends the development of policies and practices that promote social integration and respect for human rights for transgender people, emphasizing the crucial role of a rights-based approach in achieving equality and non-discrimination.

Роль екологічного аудиту в концепції розвитку збалансованого природокористування: правові аспекти

The article is devoted to the study of the legal aspects of the implementation and effectiveness of the environmental audit in the concept of the development of sustainable nature management as an important mechanism of environmental security. Rapid technological development has led to the globalization of all social processes without exception. It was this factor that influenced the ecological crisis, because the dominant way of using nature turned out to be incompatible with the biosphere, the cyclic cycle of resources, energy and information that ensure the stability of the global ecosystem. This provoked ecological regression and real global omnicide. Solving the environmental problem, in our opinion, boils down to the introduction of effective legal, institutional and specialized mechanisms for ensuring environmental safety, which, in their entirety, will have a positive effect on all components of the ecosystem and help to effectively implement the concept of the development of balanced nature management. And it is the environmental audit that is the effective mechanism that is designed to solve a significant part of the problems on the way to the restoration of the natural environment, by implementing the idea of balanced nature management. The relevance of this issue is that the effectiveness of an environmental audit directly depends on the legal aspects of its implementation, because dynamic changes in social development, the instability of economic factors, the emergence of new social factors, especially in the conditions of martial law, require a quick response and the introduction of the necessary regulators at the legislative level. Having analyzed the composition of environmental legal relations and national legislation, we found gaps in national legislation that require attention from the legislator and, accordingly, harmonization with EU law. Legal approaches to the interpretation of environmental audits in the context of stimulating the rational implementation of balanced environmental management by local self-government bodies were studied.

Legal grounds for notarisation of a vehicle hire (lease) agreement involving individual entrepreneurs

The article is devoted to the problematic issues of requirement of notarisation of a vehicle hire (lease) agreement involving individual entrepreneurs. The author emphasises the importance of compliance with the form of the contract.
 Article 799 of the Civil Code of Ukraine generally regulates the form of a vehicle hire (lease) agreement. This article provides for two necessary conditions that must be met when entering into a vehicle hire (lease) agreement involving an individual. Failure to comply with the prescribed form entails the nullity of the agreement.
 At the current stage, the current legislation does not regulate the issue of the requirement of notarising a vehicle hire (lease) agreement involving individual entrepreneurs. Given the lack of regulation of this issue at the legislative level, there is a variety of court practice.
 The unclear judicial interpretation, including at the level of the Supreme Court, and certain gaps in the legislation prompted the Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court to issue its legal opinion on the conditions and circumstances that must be met by individual entrepreneurs when entering into a vehicle hire (lease) agreement only in writing without notarisation. It is necessary to be guided not only by the nature of legal relations. It is also important to consider the content of the legal relationship itself, as well as whether it is an economic relationship
 The article examines the case law of the Supreme Court of Ukraine, the Higher Commercial Court of Ukraine, the Civil Cassation Court, the Commercial Cassation Court, and the Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court. It is noted that the Grand Chamber's legal opinion on the interpretation of Article 799(2) of the Civil Code of Ukraine is significant in terms of legal application, but it does not address a certain gap in the current legislation.
 The author proposes to supplement Article 799 of the Civil Code of Ukraine with part 3 of the following content: «A vehicle hire agreement involving an individual entrepreneur, the parties to which are business entities, concluded for the purpose of using the vehicle by the lessee in his/ her business activity, is not subject to mandatory notarisation.»