Ganoderma Lucidum Extract Research Articles

Regulatory Effects of Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, and American ginseng Extract Formulation on Gut Microbiota and Fecal Metabolomics in Mice.

The bioactivities of Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, and American ginseng have been extensively studied and documented. However, the effects of their complexes on the structural properties of intestinal microbiota and fecal metabolism remain unclear. Therefore, this paper aims to present a preliminary study to shed light on this aspect. In this study, an immunocompromised mouse model was induced using cyclophosphamide, and Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa, and American ginseng extract formulation (referred to as JGGA) were administered via gavage to investigate their modulatory effects on gut microbiota and fecal metabolism in mice. The effects of JGGA on immune enhancement were explored using serum test kits, hematoxylin-eosin staining, 16SrDNA high-throughput sequencing, and UHPLC-QE-MS metabolomics. The findings revealed potential mechanisms underlying the immune-enhancing effects of JGGA. Specifically, JGGA administration resulted in an improved body weight, thymic index, splenic index, carbon scavenging ability, hypersensitivity, and cellular inflammatory factor expression levels in mice. Further analysis demonstrated that JGGA reduced the abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, while increasing the abundance of Bacteroidetes. Additionally, JGGA modulated the levels of 30 fecal metabolites. These results suggest that the immune enhancement observed with JGGA may be attributed to the targeted modulation of gut microbiota and fecal metabolism, thus promoting increased immunity in the body.

SERS-substrates based on ZnO nanoflowers prepared by green synthesis

ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) with a flower-like morphology, synthesized by an affordable colloidal route using an aqueous fungi extract of Ganoderma lucidum as a reducing agent and stabilizer, are investigated as SERS-substrate. Each “flower” has large effective surface that is preserved at packing particles into a dense film and thus exhibits an advantageous property for SERS and similar sensing applications. The mycoextract used in our low-cost and green synthesis as surface stabilizer allows subsequent deposition of metal NPs or layers. One type of SERS substrates studied here was ZnO NPs decorated in situ in the solution by Ag NPs, another type was prepared by thermally evaporating Ag layer on the ZnO NP film on a substrate. A huge difference in the enhancement of the same analyte in the solution and in the dried form is found and discussed. Detection down to 10−7 M of standard dye analytes such as rhodamine 6G and methylene blue was achieved without additional optimization of the SERS substrates. The observed SERS-activity demonstrate the potential of both the free-standing flower-like ZnO NPs and thereof made dense films also for other applications where large surface area accessible for the external agent is crucial, such as catalysis or sensing.

Assessment of redox homeostasis via genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, apoptosis and NRF-2 in colorectal cancer cell lines after treatment with Ganoderma lucidum extract

This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, and Inonotus hispidus fungal extracts on HT-29 and HCT-116 colorectal cancer cell lines and to search the DNA damage and oxidative stress caused by these extracts. Accordingly, mushroom extracts were applied to colorectal cancer cell lines in vitro, and the IC50 result was obtained with the MTT test. According to the IC50 result, Ganoderma lucidum extract had the most effective cytotoxicity value among all used mushroom extracts. TAS, TOS, and NRF-2 tests were used to investigate the molecular effect of Ganoderma lucidum extract on oxidative stress; the DNA ladder test was performed to assess DNA damage, the Scratch assay method was applied for cell migration analysis, and the colony assay was used to determine the colony formation potential of the cells. The results showed that Ganoderma lucidum mushroom extract reduces cell proliferation, colony formation, and NRF-2, induces DNA damage, slows cell migration, and increases oxidative stress. This study shows that Ganoderma lucidum mushroom extract reduces cell proliferation through damaging cellular DNA and has a cytotoxic effect in colorectal cancer cell lines.

Functional properties of Ganoderma lucidum extract: antimicrobial and antioxidant activities

This research was conducted to investigate the functional properties of Ganoderma lucidum extract. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated on some bacteria causing food spoilage like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Antioxidant activity was investigated by examining the effect of the extract on DPPH and ABTS free radicals, determining the amount of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Based on the results, the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the extract were increased by increasing the concentration. Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest sensitivity to Ganoderma extract with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 50 and 100 μg/mL, respectively. The total phenols amount was equal to 383.727 milligrams of gallic acid equivalent per gram (mg GAE/g) of the extract and the total flavonoid was equal to 28.047 milligrams of quercetin equivalents per gram (mg QE/g) of extract. The results of antioxidant activity tests showed that the concentration of 400 μg/mL had the highest scavenging activity of 85.9 and 90.12% for DPPH and ABTS free radicals, respectively. Therefore, considering the potential antioxidant activity and the rich amounts of phenolic compounds in Ganoderma extract, it can be used in the pharmaceutical and food industries instead of synthetic antioxidants and other chemical preservatives to delay lipid peroxidation and prevent the growth of food pathogens.

LB1680 Effects of ganoderma lucidum extract and its active component, ganoderic acid A on hair loss prevention

LB1680 Effects of ganoderma lucidum extract and its active component, ganoderic acid A on hair loss prevention

Ganoderma lucidum extract reverses hepatocellular carcinoma multidrug resistance via inhibiting the function of P-glycoprotein in vitro and in vivo

Cancer is a leading cause of death globally. Chemotherapy still plays an indispensable role in the clinical treatment of cancer. However, the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) has greatly obstructed the further application of chemotherapy agents. Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is a traditional Chinese medicine as well as an edible mushroom. In this study, we first explored the effect of six extract samples derived from G. lucidum on the cell viability of adriamycin-resistant human hepatocellular carcinoma multidrug-resistant cell subline (HepG-2/ADM). All these samples showed no obvious toxicity to cells; however, only G. lucidum ethanol extract could reverse resistance to doxorubicin and paclitaxel. Then the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function in hepatocellular carcinoma G2 (HepG-2) and HepG-2/ADM cells was determined after incubated with these samples, and we found that G. lucidum ethanol extract could inhibit P-gp function in vitro. Furthermore, G. lucidum ethanol extract could reverse resistance to paclitaxel in HepG-2/ADM tumor-bearing mice in vivo, while the protein expression level of P-gp was unchanged. Taken together, these results indicated the potential role of G. lucidum ethanol extract in reversing MDR in the clinical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Effect of pH of Ganoderma lucidum aqueous extract on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles

Perspective applications of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) stimulate intense research on their affordable synthesis, including green routes. The use of fungi extracts has advantages over other organisms, because of their relatively easy isolation and higher efficiency in a reduction of metal ions and NP formation. Here we report mycosynthesis of AgNPs based on Ganoderma lucidum fruit body extract with different pH values as the bioreducing and stabilising agent. Stable NPs colloids with distinct plasmonic resonance peaking at 408–418 nm are obtained by using photoreduction in a broad pH range (5 to 11). Synthesis efficiency drops only at very acidic conditions, pH = 2.5. The NP size and morphology are studied by dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. An analysis of FTIR spectra of pure analyte and NP sample indicates that stabilisation of the AgNPs by the components of Ganoderma lucidum extract may take place via forming chemical bonds with the NP surface. These bio-friendly AgNPs are both optically and chemically active, as inferred from surface-enhanced Raman scattering of a standard dye analytes and charge transfer-induced quenching of the photoluminescence of both dye and inorganic NPs, and can be studied for various applications which require direct access to the AgNP surface.

Electrospun polycaprolactone nanofiber containing Ganoderma lucidum extract to improve chemical and microbial stability of rainbow trout fillets during storage at 4°C

Electrospun polycaprolactone nanofiber containing Ganoderma lucidum extract to improve chemical and microbial stability of rainbow trout fillets during storage at 4°C

Evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer activities of Ganoderma lucidum extracts

G. lucidum is an oriental fungus loaded with antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer properties. G. lucidum extracts obtained by using soxhlet and Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE). The antioxidant properties determined by DPPH assay resulting in IC50 value of extract for soxhlet water 372.21 μg/mL followed by soxhlet ethanol 431.00 μg/mL, UAE ethanol 541 μg/mL and UAE water 560.90 μg/mL shown weak antioxidant properties. Well plate diffusion used for antimicrobial activity test against S. aureus and E. coli. UAE water extract shows highest antibacterial properties against S. aureus (20–23) mm followed by soxhlet water extract (6–13) mm. The ethanol extract for both soxhlet and UAE are (5–13) mm and (4–14) mm respectively. G. lucidum extract exhibited zero inhibition zone against E. coli due to presence of barrier membrane. CCK-8 used to test anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells. The IC50 values of soxhlet ethanolic extract is 4.797 μg/mL followed by UAE ethanolic extract 5.291 μg/mL, soxhlet water extract 7.196 μg/mL and UAE water extracts 9.455 μg/mL. The lower IC50 value indicated that the extracts inhibited cell viability of MCF-7.

Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma Lucidum, Improves Painful Symptoms in Patients with Restless Legs Syndrome

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a prevalent sensorimotor sleep disorder that worsens quality of life. All the currently available drug treatments for RLS have limitations. Extracts of the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (GL) have shown several beneficial biological effects in neurodegenerative diseases. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a 2-month course of GL extract on the intensity of painful RLS symptoms.

Ganoderma lucidum-Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Antimicrobial Activity.

"Green chemistry" is a simple and easily reproductible method that provides nanoparticles characterized by better stability and good dispersion in an aqueous solution. Nanoparticles can be synthesized by algae, bacteria, fungi, and plant extracts. Ganoderma lucidum is a commonly used medicinal mushroom with distinctive biological properties, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, etc. In this study, aqueous mycelial extracts of Ganoderma lucidum were used to reduce AgNO3 to form silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The biosynthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The maximum UV absorption was obtained at 420 nm, which represents the specific surface plasmon resonance band for biosynthesized silver nanoparticles. SEM images showed particles as predominantly spherical, while FTIR spectroscopic studies illustrated the presence of functional groups that can support the reducing of ion Ag+ to Ag(0). XRD peaks ratified the presence of AgNPs. The antimicrobial effectiveness of synthesized nanoparticles was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial and yeasts strains. The silver nanoparticles were effective against pathogens, inhibiting their proliferation, and thus reducing the risk to the environment and to public health.

A Review on Management of Varius Disease by Traditional Chinese Medicine Ganoderma lucidum

Traditional Chinese medicine has used also known as "Lingzhi or Reishi," for more than 2000 years for its superior therapeutic activity, including its antitumor, antiallergenic, antiviral, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, immunomodulator, hypotensive, hypoglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antibacterial, and many other health benefits. G. lucidum has recently been under scientific study to see how many bioactive components it has that have an impact on human physiology. It has also been used to make powerful components for the pharmacology, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics sectors. For instance, mounting data suggests that this particular species of mushroom may be an effective antiviral drug for the treatment of a variety of viral infections, including enterovirus 71, dengue virus, and most recently coronavirus disease of 2019. (COVID-19). One of the oldest herbal remedies, Ganoderma lucidum grows in a wide range of places on deciduous trees (dead/dying trees). Adenosine, phenols, steroids, amino acids, lignin, vitamins, nucleotides, and nucleosides are among the 400 primary bioactive chemical components that it also includes. Polysaccharides, triterpenoids, polysaccharide-peptide complex, -glucans, lectins, and natural germanium (Ge) are all included. derived from Ganoderma fruiting bodies, mycelia, which also provide a wide range of useful medicinal qualities. However, we reviewed and described in this paper about pharmacological mechanisms for treating numerous disorders in relation to Ganoderma lucidum extract (polysaccharide and triterpenoid).

In vitro anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity of Ganoderma lucidum extracts

ObjectiveGanoderma extracts have the potential to be used as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulator, and antimicrobial agents, as evaluated in numerous studies. This study was aimed to determine the lethal and inhibitory effects of aqueous, hydroalcoholic, and alcoholic extracts of Ganoderma lucidum on Toxoplasma gondii RH strain tachyzoites, in vitro.ResultsAll three types of extracts showed toxoplasmacidal effects. The highest percentage of mortality was related to hydroalcoholic extract. The EC50 of Ganoderma extracts for tachyzoites were 76.32, 3.274, and 40.18 for aqueous, hydroalcoholic and alcoholic extracts, respectively. The selectivity index obtained for hydroalcoholic extract was 71.22, showing the highest activity compared to other extracts. According to our findings, the hydroalcoholic part was the most effective substance among the extracts. This basic study showed obvious anti-toxoplasma effect of Ganoderma lucidum extracts. These extracts can be used as candidates for further in-depth and comprehensive studies especially In vivo experiments to prevent toxoplasmosis.

Use of Ganoderma lucidum extract to elevate the resistance in chickpea against the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris

Biological based formulation for inducing systematic resistance in the crop is a sustainable measure to control plant disease by utilizing the natural defence system of the host plant and meet the strategic needs of pesticide application for agricultural products worldwide. The crude extract of Ganoderma lucidum was used to induce systematic resistant in the chickpeas against the Fusarium wilt caused by soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Schletend: Fr) f. sp. ciceri (Padwick) (FOC). The formulation was made using a crude extract of Ganoderma lucidum and an emulsion (water in oil: W/O); different dilutions of the formulation were made and applied to the chickpea and then challenged with the FOC. After the incubation with FOC, the chickpea was assayed for the enzyme involved in Phenylpropanoid pathways, i.e. Peroxidase (PO), Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). The activity levels of these enzymes were changed in chickpea treated with the formulations as compared to the control (water treated chickpea). The GC-MS analysis confirmed bioactive compounds responsible for the enhanced level of enzyme in chickpea. The findings of the study would lead to the development of a bio-formulation based inducer of resistance molecules in the chickpea against the Fusarium wilt.

1380 Ganoderma lucidum extract attenuates Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF)-induced cellular senescence in human hair follicular cells

1380 Ganoderma lucidum extract attenuates Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF)-induced cellular senescence in human hair follicular cells

Combination of peak-picking and binning for NMR-based untargeted metabonomics study

In NMR-based untargeted metabolomic studies, 1H NMR spectra are usually divided into equal bins/buckets to diminish the effects of peak shift caused by sample status or instrument instability, and to reduce the number of variables used as input for the multivariate statistical analysis. It was noticed that the peaks near bin boundaries may cause significant changes in integral values of adjacent bins, and the weaker peak may be obscured if it is allocated in the same bin with intense peaks. Several efforts have been taken to improve the performance of binning. Here we propose an alternative method, named P-Bin, based on the combination of the classic peak-picking and binning procedures. The location of each peak defined by peak-picking is used as the center of the individual bin. P-Bin is expected to keep all spectral information associated with the peaks and significantly reduce the data size as the spectral regions without peaks are not considered. In addition, both peak-picking and binning are routine procedures, making P-Bin easy to be implemented. To verify the performance, two sets of experimental data from human plasma and Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) extracts were processed using the conventional binning method and the proposed method, before the principal component analysis (PCA) and the orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The results indicate that the proposed method has improved both the clustering performance of PCA score plots and the interpretability of OPLS-DA loading plots, and P-Bin could be an improved version of data preparation for metabonomic study.

Effects of Mexican Ganoderma lucidum extracts on liver, kidney, and the gut microbiota of Wistar rats: A repeated dose oral toxicity study.

Well-characterized and standardized extracts of a Mexican genotype of Ganoderma lucidum (Gl), a medicinal mushroom, cultivated on oak sawdust (Gl-1) or oak sawdust plus acetylsalicylic acid (Gl-2, ASA), have been shown to exert antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, prebiotic, and anticancer properties. However, toxicity analyses still need to be carried out. Different doses of these Gl-1 or Gl-2 extracts were administered to Wistar rats for 14 days in a repeated dose oral toxicity study. We assessed the external clinical signs, biochemical parameters, liver and kidney tissues, injury and inflammation biomarkers, gene expression, inflammatory responses, proinflammatory mediators, and gut microbiota. Gl extracts had no significant adverse, toxic or harmful effects on male and female rats compared to the control groups. No injury or dysfunction were recorded in the kidney or liver, as there were no significant abnormal variations in organ weight, tissue histopathology, serum biochemical parameters (C-reactive protein, creatinine, urea, glucose, ALT and AST transaminases, TC, LDL-c, TG, HDL-c), urinary parameters (creatinine, urea nitrogen, albumin, the albumin-to-creatinine ratio, glucose), injury and inflammatory biomarkers (KIM-1/TIM-1, TLR4, and NF-кB protein expression; IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 gene expression), or the expression of genes linked to cholesterol metabolism (HMG-CoA, Srebp2, Ldlr). Gl-1 and Gl-2 extracts showed prebiotic effects on the gut microbiota of male and female Wistar rats. Bacterial diversity and relative bacterial abundance (BRA) increased, positively modulating the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. The ASA (10 mM) added to the substrate used for mushroom cultivation changed properties and effects of the Gl-2 extract on Wistar rats. The no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) was 1000 mg/kg body weight/day of Gl-1 or Gl-2 extracts. Clinical trials are recommended for further exploring the potential therapeutic applications of studied extracts.

Ganoderma lucidum extract promotes tumor cell pyroptosis and inhibits metastasis in breast cancer.

Regulation of tumor cell death is a fundamental mechanism for tumor treatment. However, most tumors are resistant to cell death. Triggering inflammatory cell death, pyroptosis, may provide a new view of enhancing tumor cell death. Here we report a new role of Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE) in pyroptotic cell death. Treatment with GLE (50-200μg/mL) significantly elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and caused pyroptotic cell death in breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, GLE activates caspase 3 and further cleaves the gasdermin E (GSDME) protein to form pores on the cell membrane, releasing massive amounts of inflammatory factors in breast cancer cells. We also showed that GLE enhanced antitumor immune responses by substantially increasing the subsets of natural killer (NK) and CD8+T cells in the peripheral immune system and tumor microenvironment. In addition, GLE destroys multiple steps of tumor metastasis, including adhesion, migration, invasion, colonization, and angiogenesis. Collectively, these results suggest that GLE provides a potential approach for breast cancer treatment, which may complement chemotherapy or immunotherapy for cancer metastasis.

Therapeutical Properties of Bioactive Compounds Extracted from Ganoderma lucidum Species on Acute and Chronic Diseases

Abstract Ganoderma lucidum or Reishi is a medicinal mushroom of significant importance that is being used for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, due to its numerous pharmacological and therapeutic properties. The Ganodermataceae family is diverse, but the focus is on the lucidum species because of its specific biologically active macromolecules such as polysaccharides, triterpenoids, steroids, phenolic compounds, lactones, and fatty acids that were isolated from the mycelia and fruiting bodies. Ganoderma lucidum species have many benefits over the immune system (promoting health) and properties such as: anti-tumoral, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-viral, anti-bacterial and antioxidant. Based on the literature, triterpenoids and polysaccharides are the most abundant active compounds that possess anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, cytotoxic and anti-hypertensive effects. A review of the literature showed that there are very few papers that studied semisolid dosage forms preparations based of Ganoderma lucidum extract to have been used on damaged skin and skin diseases, neither have there been enough studies on its anti-aging properties.

Synergistic apoptotic effects of ethanolic extracts of ginger and Ganoderma lucidum in a colorectal cancer cell line

ABSTRACT Current conventional therapy for colorectal cancer includes surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, all of which produce side effects. Herbal medicine can control the side effects of conventional treatments. We investigated the synergistic effect of a mixture of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Ginger) and Ganoderma lucidum extracts on colorectal cancer cell apoptosis in vitro. We prepared ethanolic extracts of ginger (GEE) and G. lucidum (GLEE). Cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of each extract was calculated. The effect of these extracts on apoptosis in cancer cells was assessed using flow cytometry; Bax, Bcl2 and caspase-3 gene expression was evaluated using real-time PCR. GEE and GLEE decreased CT-26 cell viability significantly in a dose-dependent manner; however, the combined application of GEE + GLEE was most effective. Bax:Bcl-2 gene expression ratio, caspase-3 gene expression and the number of apoptotic cells were increased significantly in CT-26 cells treated at the IC50 level of each compound, especially in the GEE + GLEE treatment group. Combined ginger and Ganoderma lucidum extracts exhibited synergistic antiproliferative and apoptotic effects on colorectal cancer cells.