Gallons Of Water Research Articles

Treatment of Organophosphate Toxicosis in Columba Livia

Amale (916 gm) and female (713 gm) Show King Pigeon (Columba livid) were admitted to the University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital for evaluation of acute anorexia, incoordination, and weakness. The animals had been normal the night before the presentation. The male was ataxic and had mild muscle tremors and diarrhea. The female was recumbent and had severe muscle tremors, mild ptyalism, diarrhea, and moist rales on ausculta tion. A pungent chemical odor was noted on both birds. The night before clinical signs were noted, the client had sprayed the aviary with a malathion solution. These two pigeons were seen ingesting a solution containing two tablespoons of 56% mala thion in two cups of water. (The recommended spraying dilution was two tablespoons of stock solution per gallon of water. Quantity of ingested solution was not determined.)

Mango Shoot Caterpillar Control on Mango Flowers, 1985

Abstract The experiment was conducted in Agat, Guam in a mango orchard of seed-planted trees of varying ages. Individual trees were induced to flower by spraying a mixture of KN03 and NaN03 at the rate of lOOg of each chemical per 100 gallons of water. Trees were treated on 16 and 23 Jan. The pesticide treatments were started as soon as flower buds were observed, and repeated weekly until harvest. Pesticides were applied with a 50 gallon truck mounted power sprayer, and sprayed to the drip point. Each treatment was applied to half a tree, and replicated 6 times in a randomized block design. On 15 Feb, 10 flowers per treatment were chosen randomly, and rated. If the flower was undamaged, it was rated 0, if it was partly consumed it was rated 1, and if it was completely consumed it was rated 2. Fruit was harvested as it was beginning to ripen, sorted into damaged and undamaged groups, and counted. Fruit was harvested on 23 and 30 May.

Fire‐Hydrant Tester Saves Water and Energy

This article describes a fire‐hydrant tester that reduces water waste, eliminates water hammer, avoids erosion damage and flooding to nearby property, and reduces sedimentation. The device requires less than one gallon of water for operation. Details of construction and use of this device are provided.

Parabolic Solar Collector With Glass Pipe and Black Fluid

A glass pipe and an absorbing black fluid were combined with a parabolic solar reflector into a solar collector. Thermal efficiencies for three different types of receivers with a parabolic trough solar reflector were compared: (1) single glass pipe with black fluid, (2) concentric annulus glass pipes with black fluid, and (3) black-painted copper tubing. The single glass pipe with a black working fluid performed best experimentally. The single glass pipe with a black fluid was better than the black painted copper tube by an average value of 5 percent absolute system efficiency or 14 percent on a total energy absorbed basis. Mass flow rate and wind speed were analytically found to be significant. The black fluid solar collector was found to have an optimum system efficiency for a blackening agent concentration of 15 ml per gallon of water. A numerical lumped heat capacity model was used to compare with the experimental data.

The Relationships between the Pollutants in the Sediments and in the Water of the Delaware and Raritan Canal

The 60-mile-long Delaware and Raritan Canal in New Jersey, USA, serves a major interbasin water source receiving water from the Delaware River and runoff from some S3 sq. miles of land in New Jersey discharging to the Raritan River Basin. Approximately 78 million gallons of water per day are withdrawn for treatment and distribution to soine 600,000 people. The water and the sediments contain some halogenated organic compounds. The study was that of the significance of these compounds in the water supplies. The sediments in the Canal are to be removed, in part, and disposal of the dredge spoils depends on the chemical pollutants.

Control of Colorado Potato Beetles on Tomatoes, 1983

Abstract ‘UC-134-1-2’ tomatoes were direct seeded in single row plots 45 ft in length, on 27 May. Plots consisted of a treatment row buffered on one side by an untreated guard row. The distance between rows was 72 inches. When plants were 2 to 3 inches tall they were thinned so as to provide clumps of three tomato plants spaced 12 inches apart. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gallons of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 lb/in2 . Treatments were applied 3 Jun. and 29 Jul. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae per 10 ft of row and the percentage of defoliation were recorded. Yields were taken 12 Sep.

Future developments in desalination distillation processes

Desalination is the fastest growing sector of the water industry — worldwide capacity has doubled in the last four years. There are slightly more than 2200 land-based desalting plants of 25,000 gpd capacity or larger in operation or under construction throughout the world as of June 30, 1980. These plants are capable of producing close to two billion gallons of water daily. This compares to the worldwide capacity of a little less than one bgd produced by 1500 plants that were in operation or under construction as of January 1, 1977. This presentation is based on recent visits to major desalting centers around the world, discussions with manufacturers of desalting equipment actively involved in new developments, and summarizes developments presented at recent international desalting conferences. The future goals of development work going on today were found to be directed toward reduction of energy costs and capital costs of desalting equipment. The presentation briefly describes developments in multistage flash (MSF), vertical tube evaporator (VTE), combination systems (VTE/RIF), rising film-falling film evaporator (RF-FF), horizontal tube evaporator multiple effect (HTME), multistage flash fluidized bed evaporator (MSF/FBE), and low temperature waste heat desalination.

Innovations cut costs of a power plant's water system : Narang, R P; Funston, J Civ Engng, N Y, V53, N7, July 1983, P46–49

A two-unit (660 MW each) coal-fired power plant in St. Clair, MI, requires 660,000 gallons of water for condenser cooling. A once through cooling system from the St. Clair River (one mile away) was selected, using four 9 ft 6 in. diameter prestressed concrete pipes (one intake and one discharge line per unit) in a common trench with a 14 in. diameter carbon steel common discharge diffuser in the river. Because of excavation depths of up to 30 ft and poor soil conditons, a full-scale test excavation was made to optimize the excavation side slopes from a flatter than 2:1 to a 1.5:1 slope. The trench excavation was made using a four cubic yard dragline and four cubic backhoe. A forklift was used to pick up the 20 ft lengths of pipe placed on wood cribbing in the bottom of the trench by a crane. Pre-construction field testing enabled a 12 in. thick unreinforced concrete bedding/work mat to be used instead of the usual 30 in., allowing for the weight of the construction equipment. Cement fly ash backfill instead of soil was placed around the pipe to 2 ft above the top of the pipe to save time, money, and manpower. The remainder of the trench was backfilled with previously excavated material. A major highway crossing was made by means of an open trench, with traffic detoured around the excavation. Existing underground utility lines in the vicinity of the highway were carried on a steel frame supported by steel pipes. Construction started in 1981 and the plant will go into operation in 1984 and 1985.

The Use of the Submerged Demineralizer System at Three Mile Island

Abstract The Submerged Demineralizer System (SDS) has been used at Three Mile Island-Unit 2 (TMI-2) to process more than 1.5 million gallons of water contaminated as a result of the March, 1979 accident. The SDS has processed approximately 315,000 gallons of water accumulated in tanks in the Auxiliary Building, approximately 650,000 gallons of water that existed in the Reactor Containment Building basement, approximately 90,000 gallons of primary reactor coolant (processed in a bleed and feed mode) and approximately 169,000 gallons of water used in the large scale decontamination of the Reactor Building. During its operation, the SDS has immobilized approximately 340,000 curies of the principal fission products 137Cs, 134Cs and 90Sr on inorganic media (zeolite). Processing summaries and performance evaluations are presented.

KUDZU: Where Did It Come From? and How Can We Stop It?

Abstract Kudzu is spreading in the South and control measures are required on large acreages. Control can be accomplished by persistent applications of effective herbicides or by overgrazing for two to three years. Soil-active herbicides containing the active ingredients picloram or dicamba are presently most effective. Herbicide sprays should be applied in a mixture with 60 to 100 gallons of water per acre; complete coverage is best achieved with double application and right-angle spray passes when using ground equipment. Repeated applications are usually required to kill every root crown. The tender nature of kudzu leaves and the large tuber roots make kudzu difficult to control.

Pesticide‐laden wastewater treatment for small waste generators

Abstract A treatment system based on the recirculation of pesticide‐contaminated wastewater through a bed of granular activated carbon was found to be of particular use to the small waste generator. In pilot‐scale tests, a CARBOLATOR 35B®was filled with 45 lb of granular activated carbon and challenged with 400 gallons of water containing a mixture of seven different pesticides at concentrations of 20, 60 and 100 mg/L of each pesticide. The decline in pesticide concentration was exponential with pesticides showing varying affinity for the carbon. Following successful pilot runs, two successful field tests were made with pesticide‐laden wastewater from a pest control facility at Ft. Eustis, VA.

Magnetite-coal separation by continuous HGMS

Magnetite, slurried in water, is used to create an apparent heavy medium in which fine coal (0.1 to 2.4 mm) is cleaned of its mineral impurities. The magnetite is much finer in size (1 to 44 μm) than the coal and is usually recovered from the coal and refuse by magnetic drum separators. Their performance suffers from changes in feed conditions and a number of them are needed for the average coal cleaning plant. We have adapted HGMS for magnetite recovery because of its insensitivity to coal/magnetite ratio and slurry density and its ability to capture fine magnetite at high velocity. An open vertical matrix able to capture 10 μm (avg. size) magnetite without entraining 2 mm coal has been incorporated in a 1.85 m diameter continuous separator. Three-quarter ton samples of magnetite (in 1000 gallons of water) have been recovered with the matrix ring turning at 40 cm/s through a field of 6 kOe. A laminated core demagnetizing coil followed by water sprays removes the recovered magnetite. In preparation for this continuous program, tests of slurry densities from 20 to 35% solids and coal/magnetite ratios'from 3:1 to 1:4 showed almost no variation in recovery or entrainment. A 4.8 m diameter separator, the largest currently available, with multiple heads, should be able to treat 350 tons of magnetite and coal per hour.

Residential water conservation in a noncrisis setting: Results of a New Jersey Experiment

East Brunswick Township, New Jersey, conducted a water conservation program in 1980 by distributing to 564 households free packets of water‐saving devices purchased with municipal funds. The program was not a response to a current water supply crisis, and appeals for cooperation were based on the private economic benefits of water conservation. Statistical procedures were developed to measure the proportions of households installing each of the devices distributed, water savings and program costs. Two‐thirds of the households receiving the packets installed at least one device. Average annual water savings per home receiving a packet were estimated at 5010 gallons (18.96 kl). Amortized over ten years at a 10% discount rate, the program cost was approximately 35 cents per 1000 gallons of water saved (9.2 cents per kl). The East Brunswick results compare well to the results obtained from similar conservation programs in a pair of California communities during the 1976–1977 drought.

Foliar Sprays to Control the Tomato Fruitworm on Tomatoes, 1981

Abstract ‘UC-134’ tomatoes were direct seeded in single row plots, 25 ft in length, on Jun 15. Distance between rows was 6 ft. When plants were 2-3 inches tall they were thinned so as to provide clumps of 3 tomato plants spaced 12 inches apart. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gallons of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/A at 90 psi. Treatments were applied Sep 8, 15 and 25. On Sep 30 the plots were harvested and 100 fruit/treatment/replication were examined for injury. Yield were taken from a 10 ft section of row.

Dairy Comfort Stall Barn, House Fly Control, 1980

Abstract During the spring and summer of 1980, The Ohio State University Dairy Milking Comfort Stall Barn in Franklin County, Columbus, Ohio was divided completely into 2 halves. One half of the milking barn ; was sprayed with permethrin (Atroban) 25% WP using a 2 gal hand compressed pump type sprayer. The other half of the dairy milking] barn was left as the untreated check. House flies were counted twice weekly at 10 different areas in the treated half and 10 different areas in the untreated half of the milking barn. There were 5 areas on the ceiling and 5 areas on the walls (1 sq ft size each area marked with masking tape) for the treatment and the same for the non-treatment area. There were a total of 20 count locations for the entire experiment. Counts were not made until fly populations built up (excessive fly spots and adult flies resting on surface objects). Surfaces were white plaster board for the ceiling and plastic coated insulation board for the walls. Sanitation was good. The first spray was applied on Jun 30 after fly populations built up and the second spray was made on Aug 15 as a maintenance spray. Application rate was 1.33 ounces of Atroban 25% WP per gallon of water representing a 0.2555 concentration for each spray appl ied.

Development of a marine osmotic solar still for sea water desalination

This paper describes the principals of an approach to desalt sea water via exploitation of solar energy and membrane technology. The approach has been under test aimed at commercialization of the process in the near future. The process is a combination of diffusion across a salinity gradient established by evaporation and distillation in the form of a solar still-type arrangement. An osmotic membrane is used to separate the liquids of different solid concentration. In other words, the desalination devise is a hybrid of a solar still and osmosis unit which could operate in an economical and efficient utilization of solar energy. The marine osmotic solar still does not have the complexity of a solar powered reverse osmosis that draws power from an active solar collection system. Solar collectors and associated energy delivery systems, if used with an RO unit, will be rather expensive, and will occupy a large space. Conventional solar stills occupy large space and are rather inefficient in water production. The marine osmotic solar still is a stand alone solar energy system which is capable of providing distilled water of high purity. It can also be constructed offshore or on land near the seashore. The offshore scheme involves floating units in contact with the sea water. Each is capable of producing 150 gallons of water containing less than 50 ppm of dissolved solid. A conceptual design has been developed and described here of a pilot plant that produces 6,000 gpd. Material tests have been conducted in Singapore and Malysia to assure proper selection of structural material that are suitable for the highly corrosive environment. Measurements on flow rate have shown values of 15 to 20 gallones per square foot per day. The measurements have been conducted in Long Island Sound off Southport, Connecticut. In this paper, the actual design of the plant is described and results of material tests and simulation system analysis are reported. A comparison is made with conventional solar stills and solar powered membrane desalination processes. Results of an extensive marketing research are reported for various applications of the process.

Industrial Reuse of Urban Stormwater

Rainfall runoff becomes contaminated as it passes over urban land. Billions of gallons of water can be recovered for beneficial uses if urban stormwater is properly controlled and treated. The Storm and Combined Sewer Program of the United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development has continuously supported the development and demonstration of stormwater control systems and treatment processes. Water quality of the treated storm runoff can meet the required standards for subpotable usage. Current urban stormwater control and treatment technology are discussed, leading to the feasibility of urban stormwater reuse for various purposes in industry, irrigation and recreation. A hypothetical case study illustrating the cost effectiveness of reclaiming urban stormwater for complete industrial supply is presented.

Apple, Rosy Apple Aphid Insecticide Test, 1980

Abstract The Insecticides were applied by 2 methods. The first method utilized a John Bean high pressure sprayer equipped with a 35 gpm pump and the trees were sprayed to run-off with each tree receiving approximately 7 gallons of water. The second method utilized a Friend Airmaster 393 airblast sprayer which was calibrated to deliver 50 gallons/acre (full spray) of water driven at 2mph. Refer to the table for the method and time of applications. Each treatment was applied to a 2-tree plot in a randomized block design with each plot consisting of a Rome Beauty and Stayman tree. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. Effectiveness of the materials on the rosy apple aphid was evaluated by examining the entire tree and determining the number of infested clusters, the number of infested leaves, and the number of Injured apples/tree. A leaf or cluster was considered infested if it contained one or more live aphlds.

Foliar Sprays to Control Corn Earworms and European Corn Borers in Snap Beans, 1980

Abstract ‘Bush blue lake’ snap beans were planted in double row plots, 25 ft in length, on Jul 25 ’80. Each plot was buffered on either side by 2 untreated guard rows. The distance between rows was 3 ft. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Spray treatments were applied on Sep 12 & 17. All spray treat-ments were mixed in 10 gallons of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each of the center 2 rows was covered by 3 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/A at 90 psi. The soil type was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. Plots were rated on Sep 21 by harvesting 1,000 bean pods/treatment/replication and recording the number pods injured by corn earworms and European corn borers. Yields were also taken Sep 21 by harvesting 2-25 ft sections of row in each plot.

Chemical Control of Black Cutworm on Turf in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania,1980

Abstract Four treatments were applied to a bentgrass tee Aug 6. Plots were 5x5 feet and replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied in 1 gallon of water with a hand-held sprinkling can. Air temperature at time of application was 76°F, soil temperature 78°F. Four square foot samples were examined from each plot Aug 13 by applying a mixture of ‘Diagnostic Aid’ and water with a sprinkling can and counting the number of larvae that emerged.