Gallons Of Water Research Articles

Industry and Water Distribution in California: The East Bay Municipal Utility District, 1920–1930

In the American West, water conflicts and their resolutions have been well documented. For many decades, local, state, and federal authorities built new dams to eliminate water wars that pitted cities against irrigators. As the political and fiscal costs of these projects rose, and as fisheries and environmentalists came to question the merits of dam-building itself, water-management agencies have found themselves with fewer means to provide ample water to all. In 1992, this combination of water needs and opposition to new dams prompted California Representative George Miller to introduce to Congress a bill that shifted millions of gallons of water from federally funded irrigation projects to cities and wildlife preservation in his home state. Urban residents, tired of subsidizing irrigation, saw the new water

Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes, 1993

‘Kennebec’ potatoes were planted in 20 foot rows on 8 Apr, ’93. Plots consisted of 5 treatment rows. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “ A ” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 28 psi. Treatments of Admire, Novodor and Vydate were applied 21 May; 2, 9, 16 Jun. Plots receiving Trigard 75WP were treated 21 May at .250 lb Al/acre and 2, 14 Jun at .125 lb Al/acre. Plots receiving Trigard, Novodor, and Vydate were treated with Vydate 2L at 0.75 lb Al/acre on 22 Jun to control Colorado potato beetle adults. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults, larvae and egg mass/ 10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hill 1978). Yields were taken on 28 Jul from 20 feet of row.

Pumpkins: SQUASH VINE BORER CONTROL, 1992:

Abstract SQUASH VINE BORER CONTROL, 1992: ‘Connecticut Field’ pumpkins were direct seeded 27 May 1992, in Storrs, Connecticut. Weed control consisted of the stale-seed-bed technique, using paraquat as a pre-plant spray, supplemented by hand and mechanical cultivation. Plots consisted of 12 plants in a single, 24 ft long row, with two ft between plants. Rows were spaced six ft apart. Six treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments consisted of an unsprayed control and applications of Ambush, Asana, Methoxychlor, Rotenone, and Thiodan on 10, 17, 23 Jul, and 2 Aug. The basal portions of the plants were treated by either spraying rows from the top and sides with a CO, backpack sprayer at 30 psi with 40 gallons of water per acre or using a hand-cranked duster. On 4 Sep, fruits from five plants from each treatment were counted and weighed, the vines were dissected, and the numbers of SVB larvae were recorded.

Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes, 1993

Abstract ‘Kennebec’ potatoes were planted in 20 foot rows on 8 Apr, ’93. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “ A ” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/ acre at 28 psi. Treatments were applied 21, 27 May; 2, 9, 14, 16, and 22 Jun. Trigard treatments were applied 21 May; 2 and 14 Jun. Novodor was applied 21 and 27 May. These same plots were treated with Kryocide thereafter on 2, 9, 14 and 16 Jun. Plots were treated with Vydate 2L 0.75 lb AI/ acre on 22 Jun to control Colorado potato beetle adults. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults, larvae and egg mass/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hill 1978). Yields were taken on 28 Jul from 20 feet of row.

Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes, 1993

Abstract ‘Kennebec’ potatoes were planted in 20 foot rows on 8 Apr, ’93. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. Distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “ A ” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/ acre at 28 psi. Treatments were applied 21 May and 2, 15 and 21 Jun. Plots receiving Stalker were treated 21 May and 2 Jun. On 21 Jun Vydate, Kyrocide, Trigard, M-Trak, Novodor and Foil BFC plots were sprayed with Vydate 2L to control adult Colorado potato beetle. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults, larvae and egg masses/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 2 Jul from 20 feet of row.

Foliar Sprays to Control Ear Invading Insects in Sweet Corn, 1993

Abstract NK-199’ sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 100 ft in length on 4 June ’93. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. Plots consisted of 4 treatment rows with the center 2 rows serving as record rows. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with an International Harvester 770 Hi-Clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. The sprayer was equipped to treat 4 rows. All treatments were mixed in 10 gallons of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/ acre with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at 25% silk 26 Jul, 30 Jul and 3 Aug. At harvest (9 Aug), 30 ears from the center 2 rows of each plot were husked and evaluated for worm damage as fresh-market (cleans ears, no damage evident), processing (evidence of tip feeding but less than 3.6 cm tip damage), and culls (tip damage beyond 3.6 cm to the side and/or bottom). All worms found within the husk or ear were identified. The soil type was Norfolk “A” loamy sand.

Engineering in the Progressive Era: A New Look at Frederick Haynes Newell and the U.S. Reclamation Service

Engineering in the Progressive Era: A New Look at Frederick Haynes Newell and the U.S. Reclamation Service DONALD C. JACKSON The passage of the national irrigation law was one of the great steps not only in the forward progress of the United States but of all mankind. [Theodore Roosevelt, 1903]1 The cumulative effect of the barrage of favorable publicity for reclamation has been the conditioning of the public mind to an unquestioning acceptance . . . that federal reclamation is a great and unmixed good, and that it is the major if not the exclusive factor in irrigated agriculture. [Stanley Davison, 1952]2 The American West constitutes an environment well suited to transformation through the agency of technology. As Walter Prescott Webb illustrated in his classic 1931 book The Great Plains, the expanse of America lying west of the ninety-eighth meridian (a line running through the center of Kansas) is largely defined by the lack of precipitation.3 Water is a key factor in the economic and social development of the arid region, and water control technologies are Dr. Jackson is assistant professor of history at Lafayette College. He gratefully acknowledges comments from Donald J. Pisani, Jack Cell, and several Technology and Culture referees that helped make this a better article. Some of the research underlying the article was completed as part of a contract between FraserDESIGN and the Bureau of Reclamation for documentation of historic resources affected by the Central Arizona Project; however, the opinions expressed are the author’s and do not necessarily reflect the views of FraserDESIGN, the Bureau of Reclamation, or any agency employees. 'Telegram from Theodore Roosevelt to National Irrigation Congress, September 15, 1903, reprinted in F. H. Newell, comp., Proceedings ofthe First Conference of Engineers of the Reclamation Service (Washington, D.C., 1904), p. 121.¿Stanley Davison, The Leadership of the Reclamation Movement, 1875—1902 (New York, 1979), pp. 32-33 (reprint of Ph.D. diss., University of California, 1952). ’Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Plains (Boston, 1931), pp. 3-44.© 1993 by the Society for the History of Technology. All rights reserved. 0040-165X/93/3403-0004$01.00 539 540 Donald C. Jackson especially important because moisture is not evenly distributed over the landscape in either density or seasonality.4 Torrential downpours might dump millions of gallons of water on the desert, but these storms can be spaced years apart during periods of severe drought. Most rivers depend on melting snowpack rather than rainfall to sustain their flow, and westerners have long recognized the impor­ tance of storage dams in capturing both torrential floods and spring “runoff” from snowcapped mountains.0 Without dams, huge quanti­ ties of flood waters can be lost. If stored behind artificial barriers, however, this water can support sustained growth of agriculture, industry (e.g., mining and hydroelectric power), and municipalities.6 Of these, irrigated agriculture (often called reclamation) historically constitutes the most widespread use of water in the West.7 Although irrigation in the West predates the era of European settlement, it started a new phase in 1847 when Mormon pioneers began diverting small creeks onto desert land near Utah’s Great Salt Lake.8 Other Anglo groups followed the Mormons and soon estab- ’Extensive references on western water history are provided in Lawrence B. Lee, Reclaiming the American West: An Historiography and Guide (Santa Barbara, Calif., 1980). Also see Donald J. Pisani, “Deep and Troubled Waters: A New Field of Western History,” New Mexico Historical Review 63 (October 1988): 311-31; and Lawrence B. Lee, “Water Resource History: A New Field of Historiography?” Pacific Historical Review 57 (November 1988): 457—67. Notable recent books in the field include William L. Kahrl, Water and Power: The Conflict over Los Angeles’ Water Supply in the Owens Valley (Berkeley, 1982); Donald J. Pisani, From the Family Farm to Agribusiness: The Irrigation Crusade in California and the West, 1859-1931 (Berkeley, 1984); James Earl Sherow, Watering the Valley: Development along the High Plains ofthe Arkansas River (Topeka, Kans., 1990); Norris Hundley, The Great Thirst: Californians and Water, 1770s-1990s (Berkeley, 1992); and Donald J. Pisani, To Reclaim a Divided West: Water, Law, and Public Policy, 1848-1902 (Albuquerque, N.M...

Research, Engineering, and Science in American Engineering Colleges: 1900–1960

Research, Engineering, and Science in American Engineering Colleges: 1900-1960 BRUCE SEELY In 1872 the catalog for the University of Illinois’s engineering college told students, “This school is designed to make good practical engineers.”1 At the turn of the century, this goal still guided most American engineering educators, including Embury A. Hitchcock, Professor of Experimental Engineering at Ohio State University. After introducing his mechanical engineering students to machinery, design, and practical problem solving, he assigned senior projects such as calculating heat balances for moving locomotives on the Hocking Valley Railroad. Similarly, students at Cornell in 1899 tested street railway motors and generators in Buffalo; textile engineering students at Georgia Tech ran a factory.2 College may have replaced the apprenticeships as the locus of engineering education, but the prac­ tical focus of the “shop culture” had not disappeared. Dr. Seely is in the Department of Social Sciences at Michigan Technological University. He wishes to thank a number of people for advice, comments, suggestions, and assistance that significantly improved the article: Terry Reynolds, Walter Vincenti, Edwin Layton, the Technology and Culture referees, and conference and seminar partic­ ipants who heard earlier versions. He also acknowledges support from a number of agencies over a period of more than six years, including the Texas Engineering Experiment Station, the National Science Foundation Program in the History and Philosophy of Science (awards SES-8711164 and SES-8921936), and the National Endowment for the Humanities Travel to Collections program. 'University of Illinois, Report ofthe Board ofTrustees (1870-71), p. 41, quoted in Ira O. Baker and Everett E. King, History ofthe College ofEngineering ofthe University ofIllinois, 1868-1945 (Urbana, Ill., ca. 1946), p. 242. 2Heat balance calculations required students to measure fuel and boiler water consumed and gallons of water pumped for twenty-four hours. See Embury A. Hitchcock, My Fifty Years in Engineering: The Autobiography of a Human Engineer (Caldwell, Idaho, 1939), pp. 75—78, 91 — 112; Robert C. McMath, Jr., Ronald H. Baylor, James E. Brittain, Lawrence Foster, August W. Giebelhaus, and Germaine M. Reed, Engineering the New South: Georgia Tech, 1885-1985 (Athens, Ga., 1985), pp. 8188 ; and Cornell University, Annual Report of the President (Ithaca, N.Y., 1899-1900), p. 53. On school versus shop culture, see Monte Calvert, The Mechanical Engineer in America, 1830-1910: Professional Cultures in Conflict (Baltimore, 1967).© 1993 by the Society for the History of Technology. All rights reserved. 0040-165X/93/3402-0004$01.00 344 Research, Engineering, and Science in Engineering Colleges 345 By 1960, however, engineering education looked very different. The emphasis on rules of thumb learned through practical experience had given way to an education stressing scientifically derived theory expressed in the language of mathematics. This ideal was not new; it appeared before 1900 in chemical and electrical engineering, and during the early 20th century scientific methodologies appeared in other branches of engineering.3 A 1955 study for the American Society for Engineering Education recommended that 50 percent of undergraduate instruction be in science and engineeringscience, with the other halfdivided equally between engineering technology and general education electives.4 Academic engineering research changed in similar ways during this period. In 1900, little research was conducted in engineering schools because of the heavy teaching demands on faculty. Where research was conducted, it usually grew out of consulting projects and focused on specific, practical problems. After 1900 a few more professors were likely to conduct research, but those studies remained tied to real-world prob­ lems such as sewage treatment, road building, concrete culverts, electrical transmission, and uses of local mineral resources. This pattern prevailed in American engineering colleges through World War II. After 1945, however, academic researchers increasingly attacked, not practical prob­ lems, but theoretical questions related to materials or engineering prin­ ciples. And as theory attracted more attention, many engineering re­ search projects became difficult to distinguish from “pure” scientific studies. Titles do not tell the whole story, but research is obviously chang­ ing when engineers at the University of Illinois are working on “Analysis of Stresses in Rotationally Symmetric Pressure Vessels” (1957—58) and “Design ofAccurate, Consistent, and Stable Finite-DifferenceAlgorithms for the Integration of Time-dependent Systems of Conservation...

Insecticide Evaluation for Control of the Imported Fire Ant in Houston County, Ga, 1991

Abstract Two 1/10 acre subplots were permanently established in each of nine 1 acre plots. Eight products, four granular and four sprays, were broadcast over one acre plot each. The granular products were applied with a ground-driven Quaker Lawn Spreader pulled behind a John Deere 850 Lawn Tractor. Sprays were applied in 55 gallons of water per acre using a pull-behind sprayer with a 20 ft boom. These applications were made on 1 Aug. Approximately 0.2 inches of rain fell on the area within twelve h. Another 0.8 inches of rain fell within 24 h of the treatment. Posttreatment counts were made in the subplots on 7 Aug, 4 Sep, 23 Oct, 26 Nov, and 12 May.

Leaky Faucet

Leaky Faucet You sound like a Vaudevillian playing his cheeks, but this is the turn of the century and I know we're wasting gallons of water a day just by being negligent. Yet you've become a kind of voice that I depend on. You've become the osho, the head monk reminding me that days drip into a drain never to return. I'd like to think you seep back to the source and fill the soil with moisture that makes the grass the trees and flowers grow tall. But what actually happens to you? Where do you 51 end up, or are you gone even before you can arrive? Is there really a purgatory? Do you really resurrect? Can you really become rain that starts all over again filling up the reservoir? Tap dancing in the drain is all anyone can ever do. Is it the clock or you? Ray Ronci University ofNebraska-Lincoln 52 ...

Foliar Sprays to Control Ear Invading Insects in Sweet Corn, 1992

Abstract ‘NK-199’ sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 100 ft. in length on 15 Jun ’92. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. Plots consisted of 4 treatment rows with the center 2 rows serving as record rows. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with an International Harvester 770 Hi-Clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. The sprayer was equipped to treat 4 rows. All treatments were mixed in 10 gallons of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/acre with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at 25% silk on 4, 8, and 11 Aug. At harvest (21 Aug), 50 ears from the center 2 rows of each plot were husked and evaluated for worm damage as fresh-market (clean ears, no damage evident), processing (evidence of tip feeding but less than 3.6 cm tip damage), and culls (tip damage beyond 3.6 cm to the side and/or bottom). All worms found within the husk or ear were identified. The soil type was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand.

Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes, 1992

Abstract ‘Red Norland’ potatoes were planted in 25 ft rows on 13 May ’92. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 72 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 28 psi. Treatments were applied 4, 9, 16, 23, and 30 Jun; 7, 14 and 21 Jul. Plots receiving AC 303630 were treated 4, 16, 23, and 30 Jun. The plots receiving Trigard were treated with Vydate 2 L at 0.75 lb Al/acre on 3 and 7 Jul to control Colorado Potato beetle adults. Trigard treatments were applied biweekly on 4, 16 and 30 Jun; 7 and 21 Jul. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of adults, larvae and egg masses/10 stems and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 29 Jul from 25 feet of row.

NSWCDDWODET underwater acoustic measurements facility

The Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division, White Oak Detachment has an underwater acoustic measurements facility consisting of two sites, the White Oak site and Brighton Dam site. The White Oak site consists of a redwood tank which is 30 ft in diameter and 20 ft deep inclosed in a building. The tank is below grade and mechanically isolated from all structures and machinery. The water is constantly filtered and circulated to provide mixing at constant temperature of 72 °F. The Brighton Dam site is located on Brighton Dam Road, 14 mi north of the NSWC White Oak laboratory. The test barge is anchored and moored 200 ft offshore in approximately 55 ft of water on Triadelphia Reservoir about 1200 ft from Brighton Dam. The reservoir, impounded by Brighton Dam, forms a lake of 800 surface acres containing approximately 7 billion gallons of water. A full range of acoustic measurements are possible at ambient temperature and pressure.

A SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION SYSTEM FOR TOMATOES USING A CONTAINERIZED GRADIENT CONCEPT.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the commerical feasibility of a containerized gradient concept with relevance to water requirement, pollution potential, and production efficiency. Basic components included one-half cu ft of media/plant with 2 plants/rigid plastic container. Phosphorous, liming material and micronutrients were mixed in the media and the N-K was banded on the surface at both ends of the container which was protected by a plastic cover. Intermittent micro-irrigation was used to maintain either a lateral or vertical nutrient/moisture gradient. Variations in the media, the size and shape of the container, and the frequency and time of water applications were included in the evaluations. In the spring of 1991, 65 gallons of water was utilized to produce 22.9 lbs of marketable tomatoes/plant. Leaching was insignificant and the water required on an acre basis was projected as 4.8 acre inches with a 2000 plant population. The results indicate that the containerized gradient concept is potentially feasible as a sustainable production system.

Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Tomatoes with NTN-33893, 1991

Abstract Ohio 7870' tomato transplants were planted in 20 foot rows on 9 May. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 6 feet, and the distance between plants within the row was 24 inches. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All foliar spray treatments were mixed in 1.0 gallon of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 36 psi. Treatments were applied 5 and 22 Jun. Transplant water treatments were applied at planting time (9 May) at the rate of 5 ounces of transplant water per plant. The rate of NTN was 0.01 gm (AI)/meter. Drench treatments were mixed at the rate 0.01 gm (AI)/meter and applied to the seedling transplant flats with a sprinkler can using 1.0 quart of water per flat on 8 May. The NTN-33893 Pro Mix treatments were mixed at the rate of 0.7 gm (AI)/cubic foot of mix. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults and larvae/5 plants and the percent defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Five plants from each plot were harvested 9 Aug. Dry conditions prevailed for much of the growing season.

Foliar Sprays to Control Corn Earworms in Sweet Corn, 1991

Abstract 'NK-199' sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 100 ft in length on 11 Jun '91. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. Plots consisted of 4 treatment rows with the center 2 rows serving as record rows. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with an International Harvester 770 Hi-Clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. The sprayer was equipped to treat 4 rows. All treatments were mixed in 10 gallons of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/acre with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at late whorl-early tassel (30 Jul); 50% silk (3 Aug) and 4 days later (7 Aug). At harvest (15 Aug), 30 ears from the center 2 rows of each plot were evaluated for worm damage as fresh-market (clean ears, no damage evident), processing (evidence of tip feeding but less than 3.6 cm tip damage), and culls (tip damage beyond 3.6 cm to the side and/or bottom). All worms found within the husk or ear were identified. The soil type was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. Dry conditions prevailed during most of the growing season. Insect pressure was moderate.

Numerical simulation of the actuation system for the ALDF's propulsion control valve

A numerical simulation of the actuation system for the propulsion control valve (PCV) of the NASA Langley Aircraft Landing Dynamics Facility was developed during the preliminary design of the PCV and used throughout the entire project. The simulation is based on a predictive model of the PCV which is used to evaluate and design the actuation system. The PCV controls a 1.7 million-pound thrust water jet used in propelling a 108,000-pound test carriage. The PCV can open and close in 0.300 second and deliver over 9,000 gallons of water per sec at pressures up to 3150 psi. The numerical simulation results are used to predict transient performance and valve opening characteristics, specify the hydraulic control system, define transient loadings on components, and evaluate failure modes. The mathematical model used for numerically simulating the mechanical fluid power system is described, and numerical results are demonstrated for a typical opening and closing cycle of the PCV. A summary is then given on how the model is used in the design process.

Taxus, Control of Black Vine Weevil (BVW) Larvae, Wooster, Ohio, 1989

Abstract Taxus plants, growing in 1 pint (0.47 liter) containers obtained from a nursery in NE Ohio, were used to evaluate conventional insecticides and entomogenous nematodes against BVW larvae. Plants were repotted 27 Jun in 1 gal (3.9 liter) containers with a 3:1 (pine barkipeat) medium mix. Dolomitic lime was added to the mix at 6 lb/cuyd. Plants were fertigated with 200 ppm N, P, K (Peter’s 20-20-20) every Mon, Wed, and Fri. Beginning 7 Aug, water alone was applied via over-head irrigation. BVW eggs were collected from adults held at 22°C and 80%+ RH and a 16 h photoperiod. On 7 Aug, all containers received 75 brown eggs, placed 2.54 cm beneath the surface of the potting medium. An additional 58 brown eggs were placed 16 Aug, as before. Hatchability was 89 and 77 percent, respectively. Treatments were applied 8 Nov when larval head-capsule width averaged 1.63 mm. A nematode stock suspension was made by placing 1 unit of Otinem (50,000,000 nemas) in 10 gallons of water. Nemas were applied volumetrically in 473 ml of water to deliver predetermined numbers of nemas per pot. AgSorb flake (2.4 grams) was added to the finished suspension for each pot of selected treatments. All finished suspensions were mixed thoroughly in a pint jar and poured over the potting medium to achieve even distribution. Other insecticide treatments were applied by mixing the predetermined pot rate in 473 ml of water which was poured over the pot medium, as before. All plants were watered prior to and after application. Plants were then hand watered every Mon, Wed, and Fri. Treatment effects were evaluated 28-29 Nov, when larvae were nearing maturity, by removing the plant and medium from each container and counting the number of larvae and recording their condition. Some pupation was occurring when evaluations were made.

INNOVATIVE IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES IN NURSERY PRODUCTION TO REDUCE WATER USAGE

Several production nurseries were surveyed about techniques used to reduce water usage and runoff. The nurseries surveyed used from 400,000 gallons of water per day to 5,000,000 gallons of water per day during peak usage. Water availability and the potential for nitrate runoff from large production nurseries to contaminate the environment have resulted in requirements by regulatory agencies to decrease water usage and runoff. Nurseries have complied by using techniques such as drip irrigation, subirrigation, pulsing, recycling, and computer controlled irrigation systems. The use of techniques such as recycling and “better management practices” have resulted in significant decreases (approximately 30%) in water usage.

Soybean Looper Control, Test 2, 1989

Abstract Insecticides and insecticide mixtures for control of soybean looper were evaluated in Holmes County, MS, in a commercial field of maturity group V soybean planted on 26 May in 40-inch row spacing. The soybean was in the R6 growth stage, with mean height of 38 inches and closed canopy, and had not received prior insecticide applications. Treatments were 4 rows × 50 ft with 4 replications. The insecticides were applied between 5°7 p.m. on 11 Sep using a hand-held compressed-air sprayer and cone spray pattern at 30 psi in a total volume of 10 gallons of water per acre. Temperature at application was 84°F, with overcast skies, and wind speed of 2-3 mph. No rainfall occurred during the observation period. Treatments were evaluated 2 and 5 DAT using one 6 ft of row drop-cloth sample from each plot. Larval size was recorded as small (1st & 2nd instar), medium (3rd & 4th instar), or large (5th & 6th instar). Data were analyzed using the untreated check to estimate percent control in each replication, with the mean separation procedure performed on data subjected to the arcsine transformation.