Gallons Of Water Research Articles

Volcanoes in the Classroom: A Simulation of an Eruption Column

We present instructions for the safe demonstration of an explosive volcanic eruption. In less than a second, the explosion carries up to 20 gallons of water into an eruption column more than 10 meters high. Boiling liquid nitrogen encased in a plastic soda bottle provides the driving force for the explosion. The demonstration is appropriate for levels ranging from elementary to graduate school and dramatically illustrates how the rapid expansion of a liquid-hosted gas can cause explosions. Students can perform quantitative calculations to describe the physical principles of the eruption, in this case, for an event they have actually witnessed.

Water Use and Transfer Scenarios in El Paso County, Texas, USA

In this multidisciplinary study, mathematical and economic tools are used to assess the potential benefits of water transfers between the agricultural and municipal sectors in El Paso County, Texas. The scenarios are based on water consumption and revenue data over the last 20 years. The study demonstrates that pima cotton has historically consumed the greatest quantities of water while generating the least revenue to farmers (average gross revenues over 20 years equals US$300/acre-foot of water); peppers and onions have gross revenues of US$980/acre-foot and US$1,260/acre-foot, respectively. The study also indicates that equal amounts of water generate higher revenues in the municipal sector versus the agricultural sector. In 1999, 90,000 million gallons of water would have generated US$175,000,000 in the municipal sector in comparison to US$90,000,000 in the agricultural sector. Finally, an “El Paso Water Transfer Center” is proposed to create a water market in El Paso County and dictate water prices based on supply/demand interactions. The water transfer center will also insure that farmers receive monetary incentives for the water they conserve and transfer to the municipal sector. An acre-foot (AF) is the volume of water that would cover one acre to a depth of one foot, which is 43,560 cubic feet or 1233.5 cubic meters. This measurement unit is used in this paper since the literature, agreements and negotiations rely on acre-foot measurements in this region. Keeping the units in acre-feet will facilitate negotiations and applications of this study to regional users.

Appropriate preservation of dairy wastewater samples for environmental analysis.

Thousands of gallons of water are used in dairies to wash cows before milking and for cleaning equipment. The wastewater generated contains elevated levels of organic matter and pollutants, including nitrogen that once converted, may contaminate groundwater with nitrate. This study was conducted to determine the amount of sulfuric acid needed to preserve wastewater samples from a New Mexico dairy in the southwestern U.S. Titrations of wastewater from a local dairy using full strength (18 M) sulfuric acid were performed to determine the amount of acid needed to bring the pH of the sample to below two, the recommended pH for sample preservation. An average of 0.33 mL of acid was required for every 100 mL of wastewater. Due to sample variability, we recommend that 0.4 mL sulfuric acid be added for every 100 mL dairy wastewater sample to ensure adequate acidification. This quantity is twice the amount currently recommended in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidelines.

Remediation Following Weekend Sprinkler-Head Activation in a Clinic Setting

ISSUE: A sprinkler-head failed in our newly constructed clinic 1 month before habitation. Sprinkler systems release 16–20 gallons of water per minute. The system was activated for 28 minutes and released 448–560 gallons of water. Water flowed down through stairwells, chases, between walls, and followed the underside of ducts. PROJECT: A team of experts determined the extent of water damage, assessed available resources, and developed a plan with acceptable timeframes. The goal was to dry all affected building materials <72 hours after the incident. The Fire Department squeegeed water down one elevator shaft to a sump pump, and carpeting was extracted that night. The ventilation system was immediately adjusted to increase outside air, temperature, and flow. Most ceiling tiles were left in place to maintain increased airflow through the sub-floor space. The team identified the ceiling tiles, drywall, casework, insulation, and wallpaper that needed to be removed early the next day. RESULTS: Moisture readings were obtained and compared to a control area within the building. There was no difference in moisture readings between the flooded area and control area above. Readings ranged from 0–2 3 4 % for both groups. LESSONS LEARNED: Effective remediation was achieved by channeling water down the elevator shaft, extracting carpets, and opening the infrastructure. Infection Control initially suggested removing the lower 6 inches of drywall but it was easier to cut out 12 inches to facilitate drying and repair. Infection Control needs access to moisture detectors to record levels before closing the infrastructure.

Stable water usage, but some groundwater concerns, USGS report indicates

Water use in the United States has remained fairly stable since 1985, according to an 11 March report by the U.S. Geological Survey. The report, which estimates water use for the year 2000—the most recent available data—indicates that Americans used an estimated 408 billion gallons of water per day an amount the agency said would fill 8 billion bathtubs daily.This also translates into 1,430 gallons per person per day when including electric power generation, irrigation, and personal use.

GAC Verification Procedures Save Time, Water

The city of Riverside, California, has been operating five granular activated carbon (GAC) treatment plants since 2000 to remove volatile organic compounds (VOC) from contaminated groundwater. In evaluating the bacterial quality of virgin GAC, historically the city had used evaluation procedures for disinfecting water mains. With more than 20 GAC changeouts per year, Riverside spent a lot of time and wasted a lot of water to determine if the GAC was safe to use, prompting the city to develop new procedures. These new procedures, approved by the California Department of Health Services in February 2003, save about 720,000 gallons of water per vessel and two days' water supply per each GAC exchange during peak demand season.

73 The use of algae to treat wastewater in the berkeley pit

The Berkeley Pit in Butte, Montana is currently filled with 35 billion gallons of water, with 6 million gallons being added daily. The water in the pit contains a number of dissolved metals and other elements. These elements include: aluminum, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, cadmium, magnesium, nickel, calcium, sulfur, and silicon. Also, over 40 different types of small organisms live in the contaminated water. The purpose of this experiment is to examine the uptake potential of elements from Berkeley pit water by highly concentrated algal samples. The algae used are called Chlamydomonas acidophila. Chlamydomonas acidophila's optimum pH is between 3.5 and 4.5 and it may be capable of metal uptake by two mechanisms: absorption and adsorption. Adsorption and absorption are good alternatives to traditional wastewater treatments because algal cells are a naturally abundant renewable resource that can be cheaply produced. Algal cells are also highly selective in terms of removal and recovery of specific heavy metals, they do not require reagents, which typically cause disposal and space problems, and they require a relatively low initial capital investment with low operating costs. The experimental procedure involved using modified acid medium to grow algae from a stock solution to a concentration of 1.6×108 algae cells/mL. The growth medium was then washed from the algae cells. Three initial samples of sterile filtered pit water (SFPW) were set aside as a control. Then, concentrated algae cells were added to three centrifuge tubes. Next, SFPW was added to 3 tubes with algae and three tubes without algae. After 1 hour, a 5 mL sample was taken from each of the centrifuge tubes. After 24 hours, another 5 mL sample was taken from each of the centrifuge tubes. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) analysis was performed on all the samples. The results from the initial SFPW were compared with those samples containing algae for 1 hour and 24 hours. Total metal uptake in 24 hours was roughly 7.81%.

Avaliação microbiológica de um processo de sanificação de galões de água com a utilização do ozônio

O Brasil é o sétimo maior consumidor mundial de águas engarrafadas. Os recipientes mais utilizados, galões plásticos de 20 litros, devem ser submetidos à inspeção individual e posteriormente a sanificação. Recentemente, enfermidades associadas a microrganismos emergentes têm despertado o interesse por novos sanitizantes. Entre estes, o gás ozônio é um dos mais atraentes em virtude da sua segurança e eficácia superiores aos desinfetantes convencionais, não gerando resíduos tóxicos. Neste trabalho, o ozônio foi avaliado como método alternativo na sanificação de galões de água de 20 litros, na cidade de Alfenas, MG. Trinta galões foram avaliados sem tratamento e trinta após a sanificação com água ozonizada (4mg/L/2minutos) quanto à contagem total de microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos heterotróficos, número mais provável (NMP) de coliformes totais e Escherichia coli, Staphyloccocus aureus e Pseudomonas spp. em 100mL de solução enxaguatória. A contagem média de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) de microrganismos heterotróficos no estágio de pré-lavagem foi de 5,7/cm² enquanto que o tratamento com a água ozonizada reduziu este valor para 0,003/cm², além de promover a negativação das análises para coliformes Pseudomonas ssp. e somente 13,3% das amostras apresentaram-se positivas para Staphylococcus aureus após a sanificação. Concluiu-se que o tratamento com utilização de ozônio foi eficiente, nas condições testadas.

Case Study: Symptoms in a Diabetes Client: Type 1, Type 2, or Type 1.5?

W.G. is a 41-year-old white man who was diagnosed with diabetes 15 months ago. He is now beginning diabetes education and medical nutrition therapy (MNT) to gain weight upon referral from his primary care physician. His most recent hemoglobin A1c (A1C) was 5.0%. His current diabetes medication is metformin (Glucophage), 500 mg with breakfast, and he was started on pioglitazone (Actos) 2 weeks ago. He takes no other medications; denies smoking, alcohol, and drug use; and knows of no health problems other than diabetes. His history revealed a blood glucose level >500 mg/dl at the time of diagnosis, with negative ketones. He checked ketones occasionally in the first year of diabetes, and all tests were negative. His mother had diabetes and was on insulin. He reports that he was on glimepiride (Amaryl) during the first year of diabetes, but that it was discontinued when he was started on metformin. He complains of frequent urination, hunger, and thirst, which leads to drinking more than 1 gallon of water daily. He is very concerned because he is often agitated, anxious, and impatient to the point that it is affecting his family and work life. He was employed as a technician but is on leave until he feels better. His physician prescribed alprazolam (Xanax) for anxiety, but he did not fill the prescription. Physical assessment reveals a height of 74 inches, …

Electric Utilities and Water: Emerging Issues and R&amp;D Needs

Electricity production requires a reliable, abundant, and predictable source of water, a resource that is in limited supply in parts of the United States and much of the world. The process of thermoelectric generation from fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, as well as nuclear power, is water intensive. In fact, each kWh generated requires on average approximately 25 gallons of water to produce. This means that U.S. citizens may indirectly depend upon as much water turning on the lights and running appliances as they may directly use taking showers and watering lawns. The demand for water by the electric-utility sector will compete with demands from other sectors of the economy. As such, the availability of adequate supplies of water to produce electricity and the impact of power plant operations on water quality are receiving increased attention. The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) sponsored a workshop on the interdependency of water and electric energy. The workshop, held on July 23-24, 2002 in Pittsburgh, PA, was cosponsored by two other DOE laboratories, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratory. The purpose of this workshop was to provide a forum for discussion of current and emerging water issues that could impact electricity generation in the United States with the overall goal of identifying opportunities for public-private partnerships to address research and development (R&D) needs. The workshop covered a number of topics 1 United States Geological Survey, Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 1995, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1200, 1998.

New underwater acoustic tank facility at Georgia Tech

A large underwater acoustic tank facility located in the Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at Georgia Tech has recently been completed. The facility includes a rectangular concrete water tank 25 feet deep, 25 feet wide, and 34 feet long containing around 160,000 gallons of water. There are three computer-controlled positioners: an x-y-z-θ positioner and a z-θ positioner mounted on carriages and a bottom mounted rotator. The facility has a large rectangular nearfield array which can be used either as a receiver or a transmitter. A single vertical nearfield line array can be translated by the x-y positioner to synthesize a cylindrical nearfield receiving array. The rectangular nearfield transmitting array and the synthesized cylindrical receiving array were designed to be used with the bottom mounted rotator to measure the true farfield bistatic target strength of any target up to one meter in length as a function of the target aspect angle. Such measurements can be done from 2 kHz to over 10 kHz. The tank is being used for transducer development, materials, and flow noise studies in addition to structural acoustics. Several available multichannel data acquisition systems will be described. [Work supported, in part, by a DURIP grant from ONR.]

Municipal wastewater treatment plant utilises anaerobic digestion

The Valley Creek Waste Water Treatment Plant in Bessemer, Alabama, USA, has recently gone through a major upgrade and expansion of its facilities, increasing its water treatment capacity from 65 million gallons of water a day to 85 million. ITT Industries has been closely involved in the project from the start.

A holistic look at minimizing adverse environmental impact under Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act.

Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act (CWA) requires that “the location, design, construction, and capacity of cooling water intake structures reflect the best technology available for minimizing adverse environmental impact.” As the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) develops new regulations to implement Section 316(b), much of the debate has centered on adverse impingement and entrainment impacts of cooling-water intake structures. Depending on the specific location and intake layout, once-through cooling systems withdrawing many millions of gallons of water per day can, to a varying degree, harm fish and other aquatic organisms in the water bodies from which the cooling water is withdrawn. Therefore, opponents of once-through cooling systems have encouraged the EPA to require wet or dry cooling tower systems as the best technology available (BTA), without considering site-specific conditions.However, within the context of the broader scope of the CWA mandate, this focus seems too narrow. Therefore, this article examines the phrase “minimizing adverse environmental impact” in a holistic light. Emphasis is placed on the analysis of the terms “environmental” and “minimizing.” Congress chose “environmental” in lieu of other more narrowly focused terms like “impingement and entrainment,” “water quality,” or “aquatic life.” In this light, BTA for cooling-water intake structures must minimize the entire suite of environmental impacts, as opposed to just those associated with impingement and entrainment. Wet and dry cooling tower systems work well to minimize entrainment and impingement, but they introduce other equally important impacts because they impose an energy penalty on the power output of the generating unit. The energy penalty results from a reduction in plant operating efficiency and an increase in internal power consumption. As a consequence of the energy penalty, power companies must generate additional electricity to achieve the same net output. This added production leads to additional environmental impacts associated with extraction and processing of the fuel, air emissions from burning the fuel, and additional evaporation of freshwater supplies during the cooling process. Wet towers also require the use of toxic biocides that are subsequently discharged or disposed. The other term under consideration, “minimizing,” does not equal “eliminating.” Technologies may be available to minimize but not totally eliminate adverse environmental impacts.

Geophysical variables and behavior: XCVI. "Experiences" attributed to Christ and Mary at Marmora, Ontario, Canada may have been consequences of environmental electromagnetic stimulation: implications for religious movements.

Since the year 1992 individuals and groups of people have reported religious experiences near Marmora, Ontario, Canada. The experiences, attributed to Christ or Mary, have occurred near the top of a hill adjacent to an open pit magnetite mine that has been accumulating about 15 million gallons of water per month for more than a decade. During the period between 1992 and 1997 epicentres for local seismic events moved significantly closer to this site. Most of the messages attributed to spiritual beings by "sensitive" individuals occurred one or two days after increased global geomagnetic activity. We suggest that conditions produced by local geophysical and geological properties created the odd lights and induced physiological changes within the thousands of people who visited the area. Direct measurements indicated that weak (0.1 microTesla to 1 microTesla) complex magnetic fields, the temporal patterns of which were similar to the experimental fields we have employed to evoke the sensed presence and altered states within the laboratory, may have been generated within the area.

Vaba, Haiza, Kholera, Foklune or Cholera: in any language still the disease of seven pandemics.

1. SUMMARY Cholera is a disease which can strike in any community where sanitary conditions deteriorate or where it is possible for a few people to transport the organism from infected areas to new communities. The historical background of the seven major pandemics and the discovery of the causative organism are provided from 1800 to 1995. With the procedure of oral rehydration therapy few patients should succumb to the disease if clean water is available. The problem is that large-scale floods in many places often lead to a breakdown in clean water supplies and sewerage treatment so it will not pay to be complacent, cholera has not disappeared!.

GEOPHYSICAL VARIABLES AND BEHAVIOR: XCVI. 'EXPERIENCES' ATTRIBUTED TO CHRIST AND MARY AT MARMORA, ONTARIO, CANADA MAY HAVE BEEN CONSEQUENCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ELECTROMAGNETIC STIMULATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS

Since the year 1992 individuals and groups of people have reported religious experiences near Marmora, Ontario, Canada. The experiences, attributed to Christ or Mary, have occurred near the top of a hill adjacent to an open pit magnetite mine that has been accumulating about 15 million gallons of water per month for more than a decade. During the period between 1992 and 1997 epicentres for local seismic events moved significantly closer to this site. Most of the messages attributed to spiritual beings by “sensitive” individuals occurred one or two days after increased global geomagnetic activity. We suggest that conditions produced by local geophysical and geological properties created the odd lights and induced physiological changes within the thousands of people who visited the area. Direct measurements indicated that weak (0.1 microTesla to 1 microTesla) complex magnetic fields, the temporal patterns of which were similar to the experimental fields we have employed to evoke the sensed presence and altered states within the laboratory, may have been generated within the area.

News Briefs: By 2030, a new U.S. federal washing machine standard could save 4-5.5 quadrillion BTUs of energy and about 6 trillion gallons of water,

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTNews Briefs: By 2030, a new U.S. federal washing machine standard could save 4-5.5 quadrillion BTUs of energy and about 6 trillion gallons of water,Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 15, 337APublication Date (Web):August 1, 2000Publication History Published online1 August 2000Published inissue 1 August 2000https://doi.org/10.1021/es003350uCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views25Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Energy Get e-Alerts

3423 Pulsed irrigation evacuation: a better technique for colon cleansing?

Background: The first, and possible most critical, step in colonoscopy is to have an adequately prepared colon. Unfortunately, none of the currently used colon cleansing regimens are completely satisfactory both in terms of patient complaints of unpleasant side effects and in terms of failure to provide a clean colon. The failure rate with traditional preparation is typically 10 to 30%. We used the Pulsed Irrigation Evacuation (PIE) device for colon cleansing. This device administers warm tap water through a cuffed speculum with microprocessor timed pulses of inflow and outflow. The rehydrated fecal matter is collected in a closed system which is discarded. The PIE technique is FDA approved for the management of fecal impaction. We hypothesized that use of PIE should result in rapid colon cleansing for colonoscopy with minimal patient discomfort. Methods: Consecutive outpatients scheduled for colonoscopy were offered the opportunity to participate. Main exclusion criteria were suspected bowel obstruction, previous colon resection, and severe congestive heart failure. Patients were advised to take clear liquids after 1 PM on the day prior to examination, one bottle of magnesium citrate (165 mL) the evening prior to examination and were kept NPO after midnight. Upon arrival to endoscopy suite, PIE was performed until the return was clear, followed by colonoscopy. Endoscopic photographs were taken in each segment of the colon, and video recordings were made. Patient discomfort during colon cleansing was assessed by a questionnaire. The quality of colon cleansing was graded using a previously used scoring system during the procedure. Two endoscopists also independently graded the quality of colon cleansing based on the photographs/video. Results: 20 consecutive patients participated (mean age = 60 yr - range of 45-80 yr). PIE was well tolerated. The only side effect was mild abdominal cramps during large pulses. Colonoscopy was complete to the cecum or terminal ileum in all. Colon cleansing was graded as acceptable or better in all (100% success: excellent = 4 patients, good = 15 patients, acceptable = 1 patient). The average time for cleansing was 25 minutes (range 20 to 35) and typically, approximately 6 gallons of water was required. Five patients had previous colonoscopy with GoLYTELY preparation and all preferred PIE. Conclusions: PIE results in optimal and rapid colon cleansing while causing minimal patient discomfort. It could be used as a primary colon preparation or for same day cleansing of those with poor traditional preparation.

Biofouling prevention with pulsed electric fields

Temporary immobilization of aquatic nuisance species through application of short electric pulses has been explored as a method to prevent biofouling in cooling water systems where untreated lake, river, or sea water is used. In laboratory experiments, electrical pulses with amplitudes on the order of kilovolts/centimeter and submicrosecond duration were found to be most effective in stunning hydrazoans, a common aquatic nuisance species. Varying pulse amplitude and repetition rate allows us to control the stunning time in a temporal range from minutes to hours. The temporary immobilization is assumed to be caused by reversible membrane breakdown. This assumption is supported by results of measurements of the energy required for stunning. Based on the data obtained in laboratory experiments, field experiments in a tidal mater environment have been performed. The flow velocity was such that the residence time of the aquatic nuisance species in the system was approximately half a minute. The results showed that the pulsed electric field method provides full protection against biofouling when pulses of 0.77 /spl mu/s width and 6 kV/cm amplitude are applied to the water at the inlet of such a cooling water system. Even at amplitudes of 1 kV/cm, the protection is still in the 90% range, at an energy expenditure of 1 kWh for the treatment of 60 000 gallons of water.

Midnight in the Garden of Soggy and Damp: The Newyear's Eve Disaster at the Virginia Historical Society

On New Year's Eve 1993, a burst fire-suppression pipe flooded the Virginia Historical Society with 8,000 gallons of water. Unprocessed manuscripts, rare books, general collection materials, portraits, museum objects, and furniture were affected. The staff, assisted by the Virginia Conservation Association, Chubb Insurance personnel, and Servpro, responded quickly. The book collections were treated in various ways,including freeze-drying, air-drying, and rehousing. Some items were repaired at the historical society; others were sent to outside contractors for drying and conservation. The process of recovery and rehabilitation of the collection required 1,222.5 staff and volunteer hours and 10 months for completion. The final cost was 76,000. The article discusses recommendations and procedures learned from this experience that will benefit other institutions.