Fusarium Wilt Of Tomato Research Articles

Bacillus cereus MH778713 elicits tomato plant protection against Fusarium oxysporum.

AimThe genus Fusarium comprises plant pathogenic species with agricultural relevance. Fusarium oxysporum causes tomato wilt disease with significant production losses. The use of agrochemicals to control the Fusarium wilt of tomato is not environmentally friendly. Bacillus species, as biocontrol agents, provide a safe and sustainable means to control Fusarium‐induced plant diseases. In this study, the ability of Bacillus cereus MH778713, a strain isolated from root nodules of Prosopis laevigata, to protect tomato plants against Fusarium wilt was evaluated.Methods and results Bacillus cereus MH778713 and its volatiles inhibited the radial growth of F. oxysporum and stimulated tomato seedling growth in in vitro and in vivo tests. When tomato plants growing in the greenhouse were inoculated with B. cereus MH778713, the percentage of wilted plants decreased from 96% to 12%, indicating an effective crop protection against Fusarium wilt. Among the metabolites produced by B. cereus MH778713, hentriacontane and 2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol promoted tomato seedling growth and showed antifungal activity against the target pathogen.ConclusionThe inoculation of B. cereus MH778713 on tomato seedlings helped plants to manage Fusarium wilt, suggesting the potential of B. cereus MH778713 as a biocontrol agent.Significance and Impact of the StudyThese results complement our previous studies on chromium tolerance and bioremediation traits of B. cereus MH778713 by highlighting the potential of this metal‐resistant micro‐organism to boost crop growth and disease resistance.

XSP10 and SlSAMT, Fusarium wilt disease responsive genes of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) express tissue specifically and interact with each other at cytoplasm in vivo.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01025-y.

Evaluation of biocontrol agents for management of wilt disease of tomato incited by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici

Fusarium wilt of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L) incited by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici causes heavy yield loss due to the lack of a long term management options for this pathogen. The study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of biocontrol agents Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride and Aspergillus niger against wilt fungus. All biocontrol agents produced significant inhibitory effect on pathogen development. T. viride caused maximum reduction (83.56%) in growth and fresh (332.49 mg) and dry weight (52.19 mg) of the pathogen. In pot trial seed treatment with T. viride caused minimum disease severity (1.2) and maximum significant increase in plant fresh (60.23 g) and dry weight (23.82 g), plant length (63.91 cm) and yield/plant (258.05 g). T. harzianum seed treatment showed highest increase in chlorophyll (3.04 mg/g fresh weight) and lycopene content (75.43 mg/kg fresh weight) whereas T. viride seed treatment showed maximum total phenols (93.58 μg catechol/g fresh weight).

In Vitro Investigation of Trichoderma Strain Potential Against Fusarium Wilt of Tomato

Three modes of action of Trichoderma strain are evaluated, with in vitro tests, in order to verify the potential of this antagonistic against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici isolated from tomato plant in Oued Righ region, Algerian southeast. Inhibition rates of Fusarium wilt of the order of 56, 65 and 70% are respectively obtained with antibiosis, competition and mycoparasitism mechanisms. Results, analyzed by ANOVA, are confirmed that the biological agent showed significant fungistatic effect towards Fusarium wilt of tomato most importantly by mycoparasitism that constitutes the most effective mechanism among all the tests applied.

Glucanolytic rhizobacteria associated with wheat- maize cropping system suppress the Fusarium wilt of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L)

Tomato wilt caused by F. oxysporum (Fox) is one of the most destructive diseases, which causes qualitative and quantitative losses. In the present study, the bio-efficacy of glucanolytic bacteria was assessed on tomato against Fusarium wilt under net house conditions. A 178 rhizobacteria were isolated from the wheat-maize cropping system of arid and semi-arid regions. Only ten out of 178 rhizobacteria produced glucanases. The glucanolytic bacteria exhibited variable ability to produce β-1, 3/4-glucanases (0.11 – 0.30 U/mL). The glucanase production was higher at pH 7 (SZ =7.89 mm - 14.11 mm) followed by pH 9 (SZ=5.78 mm - 10.56 mm) and pH 5 (SZ=5.55 mm - 10.00 mm). The glucanolytic bacteria MAZ 10SR, 13, 18, 32, 48, 51, 73, 86, 117, 151 & 165 suppressed F. oxysporum (43–68%) causing tomato wilt and other phytopathogens viz F. moniliforme (44–63%), M. phaseolina (42–65%) and P. oryzae (42–67%). The glucanolytic bacteria also produced different antifungal metabolites/compounds viz siderophores, protease, and lipopeptide antibiotic surfactin. In planta assays indicated the ability of glucanolytic bacteria Bacillus subtilis MAZ 10SR, 51, 117 & 165 to colonize the tomato rhizosphere by 7.4 – 8.9 log CFU/g of soil. They decreased the Fusarium wilt incidence with disease severity of 22–31% as compared to that of control (disease severity = 56%). A significant quantity of glucanases (0.33–0.70 U/mg of soil) was recovered from the tomato rhizosphere inoculated with the effective glucanolytic bacteria. The glucanolytic rhizobacteria were identified as Achromobacter mucicolens, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, and Bacillus spp. by 16S rRNA gene analysis. The utilization of glucanolytic bacteria could be a worthy strategy in the biological control of soil-borne pathogens.

Multifaceted intervention of Bacillus spp. against salinity stress and Fusarium wilt in tomato.

This study aimed to screen halotolerant Bacillus strains able to promote growth and protect tomato plants against salt stress and Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici). We evaluated some halotolerant strains of Bacillus spp. (Bacillus velezensis (AP-3) and Bacillus spp. (AP-6, AP-85 and AP-100)) to promote growth of tomato plants grown under salinity stress conditions and to protect them against Fusarium wilt disease. Such strains had been previously selected among 154 bacterial strains through biochemical tests (siderophores and indoleacetic acid productions, cellulase and catalase activity, nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization) in the presence of 100-mmoll-1 NaCl. Besides the above-mentioned strains, B.subtilis QST-713 (SerenadeTM ) was also evaluated. Compared to control plants, aboveground dry weight increased in plants inoculated with AP-6, AP-85, AP-3, AP-100 and QST-713 strains developed in the absence of salt stress. The same tendency occurred for root dry weight; however, AP-3 strain was more effective, promoting an increase of 163%, when compared to control. Chlorophyll index and height increased >40 and 53%, respectively, for all Bacillus strains. Saline stress reduced plant growth regardless of the presence of Bacillus. Height, stem diameter, and aboveground and root dry weights increased in plants treated with Bacillus strains grown under saline conditions when compared to control. Bacillusvelezensis AP-3 reduced the severity of Fusarium wilt in tomato by 50% when compared to control. Halotolerant Bacillus strains controlled tomato Fusarium wilt, increased growth as well as tolerance to salt stress. We demonstrated the efficacy of halotolerant Bacillus strains to control Fusarium wilt and improve tomato growth. We also demonstrated that these Bacillus strains protect tomato plants against salt stress. Bacillus can be used in an eco-friendly way because they are considered Generally Recognized As Safe.

Evaluation of Trichoderma asperellum for inhibiting growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and enhancing growth of tomato and fruit quality

Fusarium wilt is a soil borne disease causing severe losses in tomato plants. The pathogen perseverance in the soil makes the disease difficult to control. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the efficacy of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma asperellum against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, causal agent of Fusarium wilt disease of tomato based on in vitro and in vivo conditions. Trichoderma asperellum B1092 inhibited mycelial growth of the pathogen under in vitro condition using poison agar method. As in vivo, formulation of Trichoderma asperellum-enriched oil palm empty fruit bunch was significantly enhanced the growth parameters of tomato seedlings as compared to the control and it also significantly reduced the wilt disease severity. As a conclusion, T. asperellum B1902 may offer the potential for biologically controlling Fusarium wilt of tomato, inducing the growth of tomato seedlings and improve its quality.

WITHDRAWN: Biocontrol of tomato Fusarium wilt disease by a new Moringa endophytic Aspergillus isolates

Endophytes fungi practical as promising safe antifungal agents by raising plant resistance. This benefit does not include host specificity, so it can be beneficial to many crops as alternative agent as promoters. Three endophytic fungi isolates were obtained from Moringa leaves and assessed their action against tomato Fusarium wilt under pot conditions and promotion activity of plant. Consequently, endophytic fungi were recognized as Aspergillus alabamensis, Aspergillus tubingensis and Aspergillus oryzae under gene bank accession numbers MW444552, MW444553 and MW444554 respectively. Combination of A. oryzae, A. tubingensis, and A. alabamensis resulted to 85.71% defense against Fusarium wilt and reduction of disease index to 12.5%. The beneficial stimulates of the used isolates were improved growth characters, Photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates, protein and phenols. For more, SDS-PAGE of tomato leaves revealed that tested inducers produced novel protein bands related to healthy or infected tomato plants. The variability analysis among (endophytic fungi appeared 17 bands by polymorphism (35.294%).

EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT FUNGICIDES AGAINST FUSARIUM WILT AND THEIR IMPACTS ON HEIGHT AND YIELD OF TOMATO CROP UNDER THE TUNNEL FARMING CONDITION

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is attacked by various disease causing micro-organisms. Amongthem Fusarium wilt is the major destructive diseases of tomato. This study was conducted to test theefficacy of different fungicides i.e. metalaxyl+mancozeb, copper oxychloride, benalaxyl+mancozeb,carbendazim and mancozeb at different concentrations (2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4 g/litre water) against the fusariumwilt of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and also to observe the impacts offungicides on plant height and yield under tunnel condition. The result revealed that copper oxychloridewas significantly effective in all its doses to control the Fusarium wilt of tomato, the most effective dose was 3 g/l where the disease severity was recorded 6.2 percent only, followed by metalaxyl+mancozeb (4g/l) in which the disease severity was recorded 9.6 percent, other fungicides also showed good result but mancozeb alone was not effective, however it had synergistic effect and could be used as basis with the other product to control the fusarium wilt. Two of the fungicides proved to be the most appropriate chemicals having no severe impacts on plant height and yield. The highest plant height was recorded 10.96 and 9.38 feet whereas the highest yield per plant was recorded 3.97 and 3.67 kg in case of copper oxychloride and metalaxyl+mancozeb respectively.

Rhizobacteria Associated with a Native Solanaceae Promote Plant Growth and Decrease the Effects of Fusariumoxysporum in Tomato

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria are often utilized to improve crop health and productivity. Nevertheless, their positive effects can be hindered if they fail to withstand the environmental and ecological conditions of the regions where they are applied. An alternative approach to circumvent this problem is a tailored selection of bacteria for specific agricultural systems. In this work, we evaluated the plant growth promoting and pathogen inhibition activity of rhizobacteria obtained from the rhizosphere of Mariola (Solanum hindsianum), an endemic shrub from Baja California. Eight strains were capable of inhibiting Fusarium oxysporum in vitro, and thirteen strains were found to possess three or more plant-growth-promotion traits. Molecular identification of these strains, using 16 s rRNA partial sequences, identified them as belonging to the genera Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas, and Streptomyces. Finally, the effect of selected plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains on the growth and suppression of Fusarium wilt in tomato was evaluated. Results showed that these strains improved tomato plants growth under greenhouse conditions and reduced Fusarium wilt effects, as reflected in several variables such as length and weight of roots and stem. This work highlights the potential of native plants related to regionally important crops as a valuable source of beneficial bacteria.

Use of anti-fungus Trichoderma viride and salicylic acid to Induce chemical controll to fight tomato fusarium wilt disease.

Tomatoes are among the most economical vegetable crops that can be affected by many diseases, for example Fusarium wilt disease, which is caused by the fungus “Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici,” which is considered one of the most common diseases affecting tomato plants. Biocontrol and chemical inducers represent an important strategy to stimulate the plant defense system, especially when applied together. In the current study, the efficacy of the following treatments, for example, “Trichoderma viride” and salicylic acid, alone or in combination, was evaluated compared to the effectiveness of the recommended fungicide Topsin-M 70%, which was used in the recommended dose as a new strategy to increase the defense efficiency of tomatoes to combat Fusarium wilt disease under greenhouse and field conditions. The various physiological defensive changes were studied in addition to estimating some enzymes associated with the chemical defense system of tomato plants such as polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase chitinase, and total dissolved phenols). The results obtained confirmed that all the treatments used led to the protection of tomato plants completely from infection, as the risk of disease decreased significantly, the level of all physiological estimates specified changed significantly as a result of the use of anti-fungi and chemical inducers, as many defense compounds were shown, which resulted in the activation of the chemical control in tomato plants against the attack of pathogens. These treatments also led to a significant increase in the growth variables and the total yield.

Differential expression of bio-active metabolites produced by chitosan polymers-based Bacillus amyloliquefaciens fermentation

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain PPL shows a potential for the control of phytopathogenic fungi. In the present study, upon growing the strain PPL on various forms of chitosan (0.5 % powder, 0.1 % soluble, and 0.15 % colloidal) as the carbon source, the antifungal activity on tomato Fusarium wilt correlated with the activity of chitosanase and β-1,3-glucanase. The colloidal substrate-based strain PPL fermentation displayed the highest degree of spore germination inhibition (79.5 %) and biocontrol efficiency (76.0 %) in tomato by increased biofilm formation. The colloidal culture upregulated the expression of chitosanase gene (5.9-fold), and the powder attributed to the expression of cyclic lipopeptides-genes (2.5–5.7 fold). Moreover, the three chitosan cultures induced the morphological changes of Fusarium oxysporum. These results suggest that the choice of growth substrate synergistically affects the production of secondary metabolites by PPL strain, and consequently its antifungal activity.

In vitro evaluation of the chemical fungicides against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici causal organism of fusarium wilt of tomato

Tomato is the third important vegetable crop grown in India, after potato and onion with an area of 0.78 M ha and production and productivity of 19,759 Mt and 25.04 Mt ha-1 respectively. Tomato crop is very often affected by several diseases incited by pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes. Among all the fungal diseases that infect tomato, Fusarium wilt of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol), is one of the most serious and destructive diseases across the world causing severe economic losses, wherever tomato is grown. Due to prolonged survival of Fol in the soil as saprophyte and overcoming the challenging conditions by producing resistant structures, it has become very difficult to manage the disease. The most feasible method for managing Fusarium wilt disease of tomato is by usage of effective fungicides. Ten fungicides viz., Copper oxychloride 50%WP, Mancozeb 75% WP, Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP, Metalaxyl 4% + Mancozeb 64% WP, Hexaconzole 5% + Captan 70% WP, Thiophanate Methyl 70% WP, Thiophanate Methyl 45% + Pyraclostrobin 5% FS, Tebuconazole 250 E.C, Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WP and Azoxystrobin 23% SC were evaluated against Fol under in vitro conditions at three concentrations i.e. 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm. Three replications were maintained for each treatment with control. Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WP was found to be the most effective fungicide followed by Tebuconazole 250 E.C with high fungitoxicity against Fol. Azoxystrobin 23% SC was the least effective. The results of this present investigation will be helpful for future research on fungicide management for Fusarium wilt of tomato.

Mechanical strengthening and metabolic re-modulations are involved in protection against Fusarium wilt of tomato by B. subtilis IAGS174

ABSTRACT Rhizospheric bacteria may induce resistance to plant diseases. However, the underlying plant resistance mechanisms are unclear. We demonstrated the potential ability of the rhizobacterial strain Bacillus subtilis IAGS174 to elicit systemic resistance in tomato plants against Fusarium wilt pathogens. Comparative biochemical, histological, and molecular analyses were conducted to screen the differential responses between non-inoculated and B. subtilis IAGS174-inoculated tomato plants followed by pathogen challenge. B. subtilis IAGS174 had a significant inhibitory effect on disease development and reduced the disease index. B. subtilis IAGS174-primed plants exhibited significantly improved synthesis of total phenolics, flavonoids, and plant defense enzymes. Furthermore, priming increased the production of physical defense barriers including lignin. Additionally, RT-qPCR analysis revealed that disease resistance in bacteria-treated tomato plants was associated with increased expression levels of lignin-related and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic genes. Our findings support a positive role of B. subtilis IAGS174 in triggering immunity of tomato plants against a soil-borne disease.

Reduce the severity of fusarium wilt in tomato by use natural plant produces

Reduce the severity of fusarium wilt in tomato by use natural plant produces

Are Trichoderma atroviride and Trichoderma harzianum Effective to Control Fusarium Associated with Tomato Wilt?

The pathogenic fungi, such as Fusarium in the rhizosphere of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) negatively affects the yield and quality of the plant. A number of biological control agents have been used for protecting tomato plants against wilt diseases including various fungal species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antagonism effects of Trichoderma atroviride and T. harzianum against the pathogen Fusarium sp. associated with tomato wilt. In this study, the antagonism of these Trichoderma spp. against the Fusarium sp. was tested in vitro by the dual culture technique, and the percentage inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) and the antagonism reaction (scale 1-5) were evaluated. The results showed that T. atroviride and T. harzianum led to 70.8% PIRG and scale 1 antagonism reaction, and 40.6% PIRG and scale 3 antagonism reaction against Fusarium sp. associated with tomato wilt after 7 days of incubation, respectively. These results indicate that application of T. atroviride and T. harzianum may be promising approach for biological control of Fusarium wilt of tomato and may play an important role in sustainable agriculture.

Calcineurin Regulates Conidiation, Chlamydospore Formation and Virulence in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.

Fusarium wilt of tomato caused by the ascomycetous fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) is widespread in most tomato planting areas. Calcineurin is a heterodimeric calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase comprised of catalytic (Cna1) and regulatory (Cnb1) subunits. Calcineurin has been studied extensively in human fungal pathogens, but less is known about its roles in plant fungal pathogens. It is known that calcineurin regulates fungal calcium signaling, growth, drug tolerance, and virulence. However, the roles of calcineurin in Fol have not yet been characterized. In this study, we deleted calcineurin CNA1 and CNB1 genes to characterize their roles in conidiation, chlamydospore formation and virulence in Fol. Our results revealed that both cna1 and cnb1 mutants show defects in calcineurin phosphatase activity, vegetative growth and conidiation as compared to the wild type. Furthermore, calcineurin mutants exhibited blunted and swollen hyphae as observed by scanning electron microscopy. Interestingly, we found that Fol calcineurin is critical for chlamydospore formation, a function of calcineurin previously undocumented in the fungal kingdom. According to transcriptome analysis, the expression of 323 and 414 genes was up- and down-regulated, respectively, in both cna1 and cnb1 mutants. Based on the pathogen infection assay, tomato plants inoculated with cna1 or cnb1 mutant have a dramatic reduction in disease severity, indicating that calcineurin has a vital role in Fol virulence. In conclusion, our findings suggest that Fol calcineurin is required, at least in part, for phosphatase activity, vegetative growth, conidiation, chlamydospore formation, and virulence.

Antifungal evaluation of fengycin isoforms isolated from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PPL against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PPL is known to have a broad spectrum antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi. We focused on the cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) extracted from the culture broth that are known to promote the ability and the efficiency of B. amyloliquefaciens PPL to control fungal diseases in pepper and tomato. In this study, the PPL strain exhibited enhanced culture yield and increased production of fengycin lipopeptides upon lecithin supplementation. The purified iturin A fraction from strain PPL exhibited higher antifungal activity (73 – 80%) against pepper anthracnose than fengycin fraction in vitro and in vivo. However, the control of tomato Fusarium wilt by the PPL strain was mainly attributed to fengycin lipopeptides. A comparison of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and LC-tandem MS analysis of the filtrate, we found that the antifungal compounds against Fusarium wilt present in the strain PPL culture filtrate were a series of isoforms of fengycin (type F1, F2, and F3). The purified fengycin F1 type showed better antifungal activity against Fusarium wilt compared the other isoforms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the antifungal activity of fengycin isoform types in the context of Fusarium wilt. The CLPs produced by the PPL strain are potential candidates for controlling fungal disease in tomato and pepper plants.

Biocontrol of Fusarium wilt of tomato by nano-extract of Trichoderma harzianum

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is an important disease of tomato worldwide. The pathogen was isolated and purified from infected plants in tomato-growing greenhouses in southwest Iran during 2017. The impact of colony’s extract of four Trichoderma harzianum isolates were tested on colony growth of the pathogen in-vitro. Premium isolate colony's extract of T. harzianum was converted to nano-product by mixing with silver-nitrate. The formation of nano-particles in this product was evaluated by dynamic light scattering, and scanning electron microscopy. The impact of nano-product was tested on colony growth of the pathogen and its EC50 was determined. Then the impact of this product and silver-nitrate was tested on the disease severity in two tomato varieties in-vivo. Colony’s extract of all four isolates of T. harzianum reduced the colony growth of the pathogen, but the effect of an isolate’s extract of T.harzianum 39 was more. Produced nano-extract had EC50441.9ppm for the pathogen. It also caused a significant reduction of the disease severity in-vivo, and its effect was more than silvernitrate alone. Potential of T. harzianum nano-extract for biological control of the disease is being reported for the first time as per our knowledge.

Fusarium wilt biocontrol and tomato growth stimulation, using endophytic bacteria naturally associated with Solanum sodomaeum and S. bonariense plants

BackgroundFusarium wilt biocontrol using endophytic microorganisms may represent a potentially attractive and environmentally safe alternative since endophytes could better limit disease incidence and severity through inhibition of the systemic fungus progress.Main body of the abstractTwenty-three endophytic bacterial isolates, naturally associated with Solanum sodomaeum and Solanum bonariense, were evaluated for their ability to control Fusarium wilt of tomato induced by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) and to promote plant growth. Selected endophytic isolates were screened in vivo, using the root dipping and the culture substrate drenching methods. The most bioactive isolates were subjected to morphological and biochemical characterization and subsequent identification through 16S rDNA sequencing genes. Seven isolates (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia S23, S24, S26 and S28; Bacillus sp. SV81; Azotobacter chroococcum S11; and Serratia marcescens S14) were found to be the most efficient in reducing disease severity by 82–96% over control. Treatments with these isolates led to a significant enhancement in growth parameters, estimated at 45.5–61 and 24.2–70.5% than the control, in tomato plants infected or not with FOL, respectively. Diffusible and volatile metabolites released from bacterial cultures had significantly limited FOL radial growth. All isolates were positive for indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production. S. marcescens S14, S. maltophilia S28, and Bacillus sp. SV81 exhibited a positive phosphate solubilization activity. Production of chitinase, protease, pectinase, and hydrogen cyanide were also investigated.Short conclusionThis study clearly demonstrated that endophytic bacteria recovered from these 2 Solanum species can be explored as promising biocontrol agents active against FOL and are able to enhance tomato growth.