Furosemide Drugs Research Articles

Furosemide drug as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid

Furosemide (4-chloro-2-furan-2-ylmethylamino-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid) was examined as an inhibitor for the corrosion of carbon steel (CS) in 1.0 M HCl. The investigation included mass loss (ML) and electrochemical techniques: potentiodynamic polarization (PP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM). The efficiency of inhibition rises with increasing Furosemide concentration and temperature. This compound follows the Temkin isotherm with good fit. The presence of varying quantities influences both anodic metal dissolution and cathodic hydrogen evolution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to detect the effect of the compound on the CS surface. The molecular inhibitory effect of Furosemide was demonstrated using quantum chemical calculations, and the molecular simulation results demonstrated the adsorption on the carbon steel surface.

Green nano-coated carbon electrodes for detecting furosemide drug

In this study, new coated carbon electrodes were created and utilized to estimate the furosemide (FUR) drug. Ion-pair preparation for the electrode construction involved a reaction of furosemide drug with silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) made from pomegranate peel extract, plasticizers that use dibutyl phthalate (DBP) without the use of any organic precipitant. Several techniques (AFM, XRD, FTIR, SEM) were used to characterize the characteristics. This electrode shows excellent sensitivity to furosemide (FUR) with a linear range of 10<sup>-6</sup> -10<sup>-1</sup> M and a correlation coefficient of 0.9798. The electrode has a lifetime of 45 days, ideal temperatures of 20-45 ºC, an optimum pH range of 3-6, a slope of 61.286 mv/decade, and a detection limit of 3.62×10<sup>-8</sup> M. The AFM was measured, the total height was 2.53 nm, and the shape was spherical or semi-spherical. The average crystal size measured by XRD was 43.52, 47, and 55.03 nm with an average size of 14.25067 nm; the particles were spherical or semi-spherical in shape, as seen using the SEM. The identification of functional aggregates was conducted by measuring them using FTIR. In conclusion, this method could be an efficient tool for determining the drug in pharmaceutical formulations.

A Novel Approach of CFIA Technique for Assaying of Furosemide (Sulfa Drug) as Antibacterial Agent in Pharmaceutical and Biological Samples Using Potassium Ferricyanide as Oxidizing Agent

Furosemide drug determination in pharmaceutical and biological urine samples using a novel continuous flow-injection analysis technique that is simple, rapid, sensitive and economical. The complex formed by the reaction of furosemide and O-phenylenediamine with oxidative agent K3[Fe(CN)6] to produce an orange-yellow colored product at 460 nm was the basis for the proposed method. The proposed method’s linearity ranges (3-100) μg.mL-1and (1-50) μg.mL-1 for CFIA/merging zone methods and batch .The detection limit and Limit of quantification values were 2.7502 μg.mL-1 and 9.1697 μg.mL-1 the relative standard deviation was 0.7143 %, and the average recovery is 98.80% with a verified sample throughput of 73 h-1 . The new approach was effectively employed to determination of furosemide the presence of in the pure, biological, and pharmaceutical samples.

Furosemide Determination in Pharmaceutical Samples Using Differential Pulse Polarographic method

The research includes the development of a simple, sensitive and accurate differential pulse polarography method for the quantitative determination of furosemide drugs in pharmaceutical preparations and in their pure and commercial forms, the electrochemical behavior using the dropping mercury electrode DME, as well as finding the values of the half-wave potential (E1/2) as a qualitative value, the number of electrons that were transferred and participating in the reduction process. The furosemide drug showed a clear reduction peak at a voltage of (-0.24) volts under optimal conditions. The correlation coefficient for furosemide at a concentration range of (2–24) µg.ml-1 was 0.9969, the LOD and LOQ of the drug were 2.139 and 7.129, respectively, and the average relative standard deviation (RSD) of the drug was 1.41%, with recovery of the f drug 97.58% and (n =5).

Highly efficient adsorption of furosemide drug by using a Ce0.8Sm0.15Nd0.05O2-δ compound immobilized on massively wasted single use packets

Single use packets are currently a huge source of plastic contamination, and their recycling is not still systematized worldwide. As an effort to reutilize them, we report in this research the performance of Ce0.8Sm0.15Nd0.05O2-δ (CSNO) powders immobilized on recycled single use packets for the removal of furosemide (FUR) drug by physical adsorption. Firstly, CSNO powders (50 mg) were dispersed in tap water contaminated with FUR and produced a maximum FUR adsorption of 95.1% after only 4 min of reaction. The maximum adsorption capacity of 38.2 mg/g was reached when 10 mg of CSNO powder is employed (Co=10 ppm, pH=7). Later, the CSNO composite (plastic-packet+CSNO-powder) was evaluated, and it produced a maximum FUR adsorption of 82.6% as well as an adsorption capacity of 20.7 mg/g. Furthermore, the experimental data of adsorption was fitted to the first and second order models and the kinetic parameters adjusted better to the second order model, indicating that the adsorption of FUR on the CSNO particles is achieved by chemisorption. The adsorption data also fitted the Freundlich model, suggesting a multilayer adsorption. XPS analysis of the CSNO powders before and after the FUR adsorption confirmed the reduction of the Ce4+, Sm3+ and Nd3+ species to Ce3+, Sm2+ and Nd0. Such reduction occurred after the electrostatic attraction between the negative FUR molecules and the positive surface of CSNO. Hence, the results presented here demonstrated that single use packets can be recycled for the fabrication of composites (floaters) which quickly remove pharmaceutical drugs from the tap water.

Potensi Interaksi Polifarmasi Pasien Jantung Koroner (PJK) di Rumah Sakit I.A. Moeis Samarinda

The condition of the heart experiencing changes is called Coronary Heart Disease namely, changes in body cells that encourage organ work. According to the 2018 Basic Health Research, coronary heart disease in Indonesia is 1.5% or is estimated to be 883,447 people and for East Kalimantan it is 1.9% or as many as 13,977 people. The use of a lot of drugs, often occurs in coronary heart patients with additional comorbiditiens that require doctors to prescribe more than one drug to overcome the complaints suffered by the patient. The purpose of this study was to determine the interaction of the use of drug in patients with coronary heart disease and additional comorbidities. The concept was carried out using a random sampling data collection method in the form of taking outpatient prescription data at the cardiac polyclinic for 1 year, from January to December 2021. There were 242 patients, 59.1% male and 40.9% female. The highest comorbidities, of the 7 comorbidities with the most patients being hypertension, amounted to 122 and followed by diabetes mellitus 40 patients. The highest drug interactions were found in 108 clopidogrel and lansoprazole drugs, 31 spironolactone and furosemide drugs, and 26 simvastatin and amlodipine. With the incidence of drug interactions as many as 218 of 242 samples.

Role of Kir4.1 Channels in Aminoglycoside-Induced Ototoxicity of Hair Cells.

The Kir4.1 channel, an inwardly rectifying potassium ion (K+) channel, is located in the hair cells of the organ of Corti as well as the intermediate cells of the stria vascularis. The Kir4.1 channel has a crucial role in the generation of endolymphatic potential and maintenance of the resting membrane potential. However, the role and functions of the Kir4.1 channel in the progenitor remain undescribed. To observe the role of Kir4.1 in the progenitor treated with the one-shot ototoxic drugs (kanamycin and furosemide), we set the proper condition in culturing Immortomouse-derived HEI-OC1 cells to express the potassium-related channels well. And also, that was reproduced in mice experiments to show the important role of Kir4.1 in the survival of hair cells after treating the ototoxicity drugs. In our results, when kanamycin and furosemide drugs were cotreated with HEI-OC1 cells, the Kir4.1 channel did not change, but the expression levels of the NKCC1 cotransporter and KCNQ4 channel are decreased. This shows that inward and outward channels were blocked by the two drugs (kanamycin and furosemide). However, noteworthy here is that the expression level of Kir4.1 channel increased when kanamycin was treated alone. This shows that Kir4.1, an inwardly rectifying potassium channel, acts as an outward channel in place of the corresponding channel when the KCNQ4 channel, an outward channel, is blocked. These results suggest that the Kir4.1 channel has a role in maintaining K+ homeostasis in supporting cells, with K+ concentration compensator when the NKCC1 cotransporter and Kv7.4 (KCNQ4) channels are deficient.

Study of Auditory Brainstem Evoked Response at Varying Frequencies in Subclinical Hypothyroid Subjects.

Hearing deterioration in hypothyroid subject was documented by Kemp. Cristiane et al. reported delayed waves latency in subclinical hypothyroid subjects. Recording of auditory brain stem evoked response in subclinical hypothyroid subjects at 80 dB and varying frequencies has been done. Case control study. Group 1, N = 30 control subjects, free T3, free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) within normal range. Group 2, N = 30 subclinical hypothyroid subjects, TSH was between 4.6-8 microIU/L. Student Unpaired t test was done. Those on epileptic, neuroleptics, depression, psychosis drugs, inflammatory, proliferative, traumatic ear disorder, smokers, on tobacco, COVID-19 positive subjects, altered sensorium, drug abuse, diabetes mellitus, neuropathy, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia, family history of hearing disorder, and furosemide drug were excluded. Auditory brainstem evoked response (ABER) done. Mean ± SD of Brainstem evoked response auditory (BERA) waves III, V, interpeak latencies at 80 dB, 2, 4,6 KHz reported delay and significant in subclinical hypothyroid group as compared to control. BERA study at 6 KHz and 80 dB detects central neuropathy earlier in subclinical hypothyroid patients.

Case report on the interaction between furosemide and digoxin that caused digoxin toxicity

Toxicity from digitalis is a typical clinical issue. In this case, the interaction of digoxin and furosemide is becoming more widely recognised as a major cause of digitalis toxicity. We present an abnormal ECG that demonstrates digoxin-induced cardiotoxicity. We report a case of a Digoxin toxicity in a 79-year-old male patient admitted with complains of nausea, increase frequency of micturition, decrease appetite, increase nocturia, shortness of breathing. The patient is taking furosemide and digoxin as past medication for Heart block and Chronic kidney disease treatment. In patient, Serum digoxin level is high due to hypokalemia because of digoxin and furosemide drug interaction. The Electrocardiogram interpretation shows sinus bradycardia, ST segment depression, and T wave inversion which mainly due to digoxin toxicity. So for the management digoxin is omitted from the current treatment. The patient needs to be constantly monitored since digitalis poisoning is deadly. A digoxin-binding antibody is the only treatment for digoxin overdose that can reverse its effects by its antidote but it’s not available. So, the most successful course of treatment is symptomatic or efficient methods of extracorporeal drug removal.
 Keywords: Digoxin toxicity, furosemide, hypokalemia, cardiotoxicity, complete heart block, ST segment depression.

Impact of Diuretics on Metabolic Activity of Urogenital Tract Microbiota in Women

Limited knowledge exists about the effects of commonly used diuretic medications on the human normal flora. Thus, we investigated potential stimulatory effects of diuretic drug furosemide on urogenital tract microbiota in women. Three strains of E. coli and C. albicans with different biofilm forming capacities were obtained from female patients diagnosed with urinary tract infections. All tested strains were treated with two different concentrations of furosemide drug, in comparison to non-treated strains as the negative control. At specific time intervals, samples were obtained from growing culture and analyzed for their proliferation rate, aspartyl proteinase excretion and biofilm formation ability. E. coli and C. albicans strains significantly increased their aspartyl proteinase excretion under furosemide treatment. This effect was frequently observed after 16 hours of incubation at 37oC. This drug has also increased the biofilm forming capacities of E. coli and C. albicans strains. Interestingly, both E. coli and C. albicans non-biofilm former strains, gained the capacity of biofilm formation when treated with furosemide at certain concentrations. E. coli control became a weak biofilm former after 48 hours of incubation, while non-biofilm former C. albicans strain became a weak biofilm former in dose-dependent fashion, after 48 hours incubation with furosemide in concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, and after 16 hours of incubation with furosemide in concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Loop diuretic drug furosemide is able to increase the microbial virulence and turn commensal microbes into opportunistic pathogens. Additionally, the results suggest that enzyme aspartyl proteinase might act as a signal molecule for the biofilm formation, leading to the increased microbial pathogenicity.

Study of Interactions of Furosemide with DNA Using Spectroscopic Techniques

İlaç-DNA etkileşiminin araştırılması, moleküler düzeyde ilaç etkisini anlamak ve spesifik DNA hedefli ilaç tasarlamak için önemlidir. Furosemid, diüretik adı verilen bir ilaç ailesindedir ve böbrek, kalp ve karaciğer hastalıkları dahil olmak üzere çeşitli tıbbi sorunların neden olduğu ödemin tedavisinde kullanılır. DNA'nın Furosemid ile etkileşimi absorpsiyon, emisyon ve Fourier dönüşümü kızılötesi spektroskopik (FTIR) teknikler ile analiz edilmiştir. FTIR sonuçları, Furosemid’in guanin ve sitozin nitrojen bazları ile bağlanmasının yanı sıra DNA şeker-fosfat omurgası ile zayıf teması gösterir. Furosemid’in DNA ile etkileşiminin UV ve floresans spektroskopi çalışmaları, DNA'ya bağlanabildiğini göstermiştir. Bu nedenle birçok tedavide kullanılan Furosemid ilaç molekülünün DNA ile etkileşimi araştırılmış ve DNA yapısına bağlanmasının DNA fonksiyonlarını engellediği tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, Furosemid ilaç molekülünün birçok DNA temelli hastalığı etkileyebileceğini göstermektedir.

Hybrid Phosphotungstic acid -Dopamine (PTA-DA) Like-flower Nanostructure Synthesis as a Furosemide Drug Delivery System and Kinetic Study of Drug Releasing

The work aimed to focus on the synthesis of the ratio 1:1 from phosphotungstic acid -dopamine nano-structure in tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (Tris)- HCl solution at pH ranged 8.5-9.5. That leads to prepared a light yellow colored nanostructure powder. The SEM analysis gave reasonable shapes for this prepared nanostructure such as flower-like nanostructure. These nano compounds were used as Furosemide drug delivery, which loaded on its surface at 12h at pH about 9.5. This pH value is suitable for loading drug inside the prepared nanostructure, that attitude to the phosphotungstic acid (POM) compound is semistable in basic media, hence it opens it to bond and perminented of loading drug in basic medium (pH 9.5). The kinetic study for relasing of this drug found to be pseudo first order

Synthesis of three-dimensional hydrogels based on poly(glycidyl methacrylate-alt-maleic anhydride): Characterization and study of furosemide drug release

In the present work, three-dimensional drug carriers were synthesized via chemical modification of poly (glycidyl methacrylate-alt-maleic anhydride) P(GMA-alt-MA) by isopropylamine (IPA) and ethylenediamine (EDA) with different molar ratios. Then furosemide drug (FR) was loaded on the hydrogels and studied for its slow release in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution (pH = 7.41) at 37 °C. According to the obtained results, the sample with the lowest amount of crosslinking agent (Sample A) showed the highest swelling ratio in comparison to the others. By increasing the rigidity of carrier in the result of increasing the crosslinker density, the amount of the released drug was decreased. However, the release rate for all of samples (slope of the profiles) were rather similar. All the synthesized carriers have shown pH dependent properties and the maximum release rate was shown in basic pH. Also, the drug release experiments in different temperatures showed almost thermal sensitivity properties for synthesized carriers and release rate become faster by increasing the medium temperature. The FT-IR, TGA, and FE-SEM analyses were carried out for characterization of prepared samples and the swelling behavior of prepared hydrogels were measured too. Investigation of the release data with different mathematical models showed the highest adaption with the Higuchi model for all samples.

Safe, swallowable and palatable paediatric mini-tablet formulations for a WHO model list of essential medicines for children compound – A promising starting point for future PUMA applications

More than 10 years after the Paediatric Regulation came into place there is still a strong need for paediatric medicines for off-patent drug substances. Numerous compounds for which a paediatric formulation does not exist can be found on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children and in the EMA Inventory of the Needs for Paediatric Medicines. Many of these compounds are off patent, which offers the opportunity for obtaining marketing authorisations for paediatric use.The present study focused on the development of paediatric immediate-release mini-tablet formulations for furosemide. Essential formulation criteria included the use of excipients that are regarded as safe for children, the ease of manufacturing, a high dose flexibility, fast disintegration, a robust drug release and a good acceptability.Only excipients regarded as safe for use in children were used in formulation screening. Compressibility, tablet hardness, disintegration and palatability were the main screening parameters. Formulations with a hardness of > 20 N, a disintegration time < 3 min (fast disintegration) and a good palatability were selected for mini-tablet production. Based on this pre-assessment two mini-tablet formulations with a furosemide drug load of 2.5 mg were developed. Both were easy to manufacture, had an appropriate hardness, a short disintegration time and met pharmacopoeial requirements with regard to content uniformity and physical testing. Biorelevant in vitro dissolution experiments mimicking different modes (with water or dosing vehicles) of administering age-appropriate furosemide doses to children of different age groups indicated a fast and robust drug release. Overall, the novel mini-tablet formulations present with an increased dose flexibility, excipient safety, swallowability and palatability and are thus a promising starting point for the development of solid oral dosage forms for drugs with paediatric therapeutic needs.

Synthesis and characterization of a cellulose‐based molecularly imprinted polymer in aqueous solution: The study of Furosemide slow release

In the present study, a green and biodegradable molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based on cellulose is introduced for Furosemide drug for the first time. Firstly sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was synthesized from microcrystalline cellulose. Then the prepared CMC underwent cross‐linking in the drug pre‐assembly solution using 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate as the comonomer and ammonium peroxydisulfate as the CMC activating agent. The pre‐assembly solution of the drug was also prepared using Furosemide as the template molecule and acrylamide as the functional monomer in aqueous medium. The obtained results from binding and selectivity studies indicated the successful preparation of the CMC‐based MIP (CMC‐MIP) in aqueous solution. Besides, structural, thermal, and morphological characterization of the prepared system was investigated. In the final step, the in vitro release study of Furosemide from the synthesized polymers was carried out in pH = 7.41 phosphate buffered saline solution at 37°C. According to the results, the CMC‐MIP had a larger drug loading capacity and a higher amount of drug release at its equilibrium state compared to the corresponding non‐imprinted polymer (CMC‐NIP). Moreover, the drug release profiles showed that the drug release rate of the CMC‐MIP is more controlled than that of the CMC‐NIP, especially at the early stages of release.

Preparation of metal ion-mediated Furosemide molecularly imprinted polymer: synthesis, characterization, and drug release studies

In the present study, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was prepared for Furosemide drug as template molecule in H2O/THF (1:1 v/v) medium using Fe3+ as metal ion mediator. Acrylic acid, acrylamide, and N,N′-methylenebis(acrylamide) were used as functional monomer, comonomer, and cross-linking agent, respectively. Different binding and selectivity parameters of the prepared system were studied and compared with the corresponding metal ion-free MIP and non-imprinted polymer (NIP). The presence of the metal ion during pre-assembly step showed a significant influence on the imprinting ability of the resulting polymeric network due to its strong interactions with the template molecule and the functional monomer. Besides, structural, thermal, and morphological characterizations of the prepared system were investigated. In the final step, the in vitro release study of Furosemide from the synthesized polymers was carried out in pH = 7.41 phosphate-buffered saline solution at 37 °C. Results indicated that the Fe3+-mediated MIP (Fe-MIP) has larger drug loading capacity and higher amount of drug release at its equilibrium state. Moreover, according to the drug release profiles, the drug release rate of the Fe-MIP is more controlled than that of the MIP and the NIP, especially at the early stages of release.

Modern kinetic spectrophotometric procedure for estimation of furosemide drug as bulk form and in pharmaceuticals preparations

AbstractA simple, rapid, sensitive, inexpensive and easy to perform kinetic spectrophotometric procedure for the investigation of trace quantities of the drug, furosemide (FRO), as bulk and in the pharmaceutical preparations, has been improved upon. The enhanced method was depended on the fashioning of the Schiff ‘s base by the reaction of the aldehyde group present in the 5-sulfo salicylaldehyde reagent, and the primary amino group present in furosemide. The latter acts as a ligand for the formation of an intense colored complex with Co(II) in an acidic medium, with maximum absorption at 608 nm. In the work, kinetic spectrophotometrics were established through the fixed time method. Moreover, Beer’s law was applied on the range of concentration between 5-100 ppm, while the molar absorptivity and the Sandell sensitivity were 3.9295×104 l.mol−1cm−1, 0.008 μg.cm−2, respectively. The detection limit (LOD) was 2.133 µg/ml−1, and LOQ was 1.105 µg/ml−1. Ideal circumstances for all colour improvement were seen, and the suggested procedure has been effectively employed in investigating amounts of furosemide (FRO) in bulk forms and in pharmaceutical preparations (tablets, injection sample). Additives and general excipient materials did not affect the studied method. A statistical comparison between the results that were obtained from the reference method gave good agreement.

Evaluation of the diuretic and urinary electrolyte effects of methanolic extract of Peganum harmala L. in Wistar albino rats.

The use of traditional medicines as a diuretic agent has been increasing in recent years. The diuretic activity of a number of plant extracts used as diuretic agents in ethnomedicine has been confirmed in experimental animals. However, despite the widespread use of Peganum harmala in traditional medicine, there is a paucity of data supporting its use as a diuretic agent. Therefore, the present study aimed to envisage the true effect and magnitude of diuresis of methanolic extract of P. harmala (MEPH) in comparison with a well-known diuretic drug furosemide using Wistar albino rats. MEPH was administered orally in three different doses (150, 300 and 450 mg/kg) to experimentally dehydrated rats. Furosemide (10 mg/kg orally) was used as a reference drug. The diuretic effect of the MEPH was evaluated by measuring urine volume, urine pH, urinary electrolyte levels, natriuretic and saliuretic effects. The urine volume (in mL) measured at 5 h and 24 h and electrolyte excretion (Na+, K+, and Cl−) at 24 h duration were measured. The urine output and urinary electrolyte excretion were found to be significantly higher in rats treated with MEPH as compared to normal rats in a dose dependent manner (P < 0.05). The results of our study were comparable to furosemide drug. Based on observed results, we can recommend that P. harmala may be an effective diuretic, however, toxicity studies should be conducted before administration.

Torsemide and Furosemide as Green Inhibitors for the Corrosion of Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Medium

The performance of torsemide and furosemide drugs as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in 1 N HCl was thoroughly investigated by weight loss and electrochemical methods. The inhibition efficiencies of drugs obtained by all methods were in good agreement with each other. Torsemide exhibited higher inhibition efficiencies than furosemide in all the experimental studies. Polarization studies revealed that the inhibiting action of the compounds is under mixed control. The free energy of adsorption and the influence of temperature on the adsorption of inhibitors onto a mild steel surface have been reported. The adsorption of the compounds was found to obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The mechanism of inhibition and formation of the Fe–inhibitor complex were confirmed by FT-IR and UV–visible absorption spectral analysis. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) results established the formation of a protective layer on the mild steel surface. Quantum chemical calculations...

Genetic polymorphisms in the glucuronosyltransferases 1A1, 1A8 and 1A9 in relation to pharmacokinetics of furosemide

Background/Aims About 30% of the loop diuretic furosemide is eliminated via glucuronidation. According to in vitro data, uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A8 may catalyze in this reaction but the quantitatively relevant isoenzyme in humans has not been unambiguously identified. We analyzed whether polymorphisms in UGT1A1, 1A8 and 1A9 are associated with the pharmacokinetics of furosemide. Methods In an open-label single dose study 93 healthy male volunteers got 80 mg furosemide and pharmacokinetics were measured over 24 hours after dosing. Polymorphisms in the UGT1A1, -1A8, and -1A9 genes were analyzed by pyrosequencing. Results Seven polymorphisms distributed over the UGT1A1 gene and 2 polymorphisms in the UGT1A8 and UGT1A9 genes were analyzed in correlation with furosemide total oral clearance. One C/T polymorphism in the intron 3 of the UGT1A1 gene was associated with furosemide clearance (p= 0.024) with a mean of 16.7, 17.2, and 22.3 L/h in CC, CT, and TT carriers, respectively. One A/T polymorphism at position −276 in the UGT1A9 promotor was also associated (p=0.049) with mean clearance of 18.0, 14.1, and 13.0 L/h in A/A, A/T, and T/T carriers. Significant associations with furosemide drug actions were not found. Conclusions There was a large interindividual kinetic and dynamic variability of furosemide in healthy volunteers and genetic polymorphisms in UGT enzymes may partially explain this variability. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P34–P34; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.021