Fundamental Operation Research Articles

Q‐Rung double hierarchy linguistic term set fuzzy AHP; applications in the security system threats features of social media platforms

In this modern age, information technology has developed tremendously. This development becomes very fast as it is the best way to share information. Social media users' concerns about their privacy have spiked in recent years. Incidents of data breaches have alarmed many users and forced them to rethink their relationships to social media and the security of their personal information. There can be many risks to information sharing, which is considered an attack on software and information hacking. Today, the password has a threat to any security system. Hackers steal people's passwords and misuse them. Peoples are worried about hacking their information and data. In this paper, we present the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach under the environment of q-rung orthopair double hierarchy linguistic term set (q-RODHLTS) and its some fundamental operations. For this purpose, we use the q-RODHLAHP in the multi-attribute decision-making process. Examples of security systems are demonstrated to illustrate the validity of the proposed approach. Security has become a significant issue as information technology is spreading rapidly in our daily lives. Finally, numerical applications of the security system have been presented to show the validity of our proposed method.

Page Layout and Braiding in Hergé’s Seven Crystal Balls

In the last years of the 20th century, the Belgian scholar Thierry Groensteen developed a new way of analyzing comics in his book Système de la bande dessinée. The starting point is the notion of “iconic solidarity”, by which separate but interrelated images form a significant unity. The relations that rule this iconic solidarity are called the “arthrology”, governed by three fundamental operations: (a) Page layout as a result of gridding, or the distribution of the physical space; (b) Breakdown, or the division of the narrative content in panels; and (c) Braiding, or the interrelation of panels from a distance and not by narrative principles. All these operations create a delicate network in comics and any manipulation can alter it with negative results. A clear example can be found in Hergé’s The Seven Crystal Balls. It had a very eventful publication process: first as daily strips, then as album pages, and last as double pages à l’italienne, occupying the whole width of the two pages. The pages prepared for the album suffered notable alterations in the braiding of the panels with the change of page layout from single page to double page. In this paper we will analyze the paradigmatic and syntagmatic consequences of changes in the conception of the page.

“What the One Thing Shows Me in the Case of Two Things”: Comparison as Essential to a Proper Academic Study of Religion

Abstract Comparison is a fundamental operation in the milieu of the remarkable abilities of human beings to transcend themselves in acts of perception and the accumulation of knowledge. Comparison is holding together things that are at once the same and different. The very possibility of the copresence of same and different, of is and is not, is a gift of human biology and evolution. Humans compare because it is our distinctive nature to do so. Academics have the added responsibility of being self-aware, self-reflective, and articulate when comparing. This article develops a rich theory of comparison in conjunction with detailed reflections on late nineteenth century encounters of European-Australians and Aborigines in Central Australia. The intent is to advance our understanding of comparison and also to articulate in the practical terms of method what is involved in comparison, arguing most generally that comparison is of the fabric of any proper study of religion.

Elementary Functions

Summary The definition of elementary functions was never given proper attention historically and continues to be neglected in contemporary calculus textbooks and courses. Eight fundamental elementary functions and three fundamental elementary operations are defined. Then, an elementary function is defined using these. Several powerful results are given for elementary functions. Algorithms and formulas may be made allowing students to solve complicated problems easily if they recognize and understand elementary functions. Examples of these algorithms and their usage are provided.

Energy-Efficient Logarithmic Square Rooter for Error-Resilient Applications

Approximate computing is an emerging computing technique for designing energy- and resource-efficient arithmetic circuits for error-resilient applications. Square root (SQR) computation is a fundamental and complex operation in various signal/image processing tasks. It demands high resource and energy consumption, making the square-rooter a crucial design element. This brief proposes a low-complexity logarithmic-based energy-efficient approximate square rooter (LESQ) for computing integer SQR using simple addition and shift operations. A partial error compensation scheme is also suggested for improved accuracy. The proposed approximate square rooter also enables various accuracy configurable modes to tradeoff error with hardware efficiency for targeted application requirements. LESQ achieves energy- and area-delay savings of up to 80% and 60%, respectively, compared to an accurate array-based square-rooter design. The proposed approximate design is tested on error-tolerant applications, such as image processing and amplitude modulation (AM) communication system.

EMI Performance of Active Neutral Point Clamped Phase Leg for Dual Active Bridge DC–DC Converter

This article evaluates the electromagnetic interference (EMI) caused by active neutral point clamped (ANPC) phase leg undergoing zero voltage switching (ZVS). ZVS, together with a high fundamental frequency operation is encountered in dual active bridge (DAB) converters. This allows ANPC phase leg to be operated in a different manner than its inverter counterpart. A comprehensive evaluation of four switching schemes for NPC/ANPC-DAB with regard to their EMI performance, voltage overshoot, and losses have been done. Switching state redundancies have been used to reduce the EMI of the ANPC phase leg. To further help in reduction of high frequency EMI and voltage overshoot, a low inductance busbar design has been presented for through-hole discrete devices. Finite element simulation and measurement results show a busbar inductance of 7.7 nH for long commutation loops. Finally, EMI performance (conducted and radiated) together with the busbar design has been experimentally validated for two of the most useful switching schemes. The switching schemes and the busbar design can boost adoption of NPC/ANPC-DAB by ensuring EMI compliance and improved efficiency without affecting the normal DAB operation or using additional hardware.

DC–DC Topology for Interfacing a Wireless Power Transfer System to an On-Board Conductive Charger for Plug-In Electric Vehicles

This article proposes a novel dc–dc topology, enabling a plug-in electric vehicle to charge its high-voltage battery using a wireless power transfer system. By interfacing the wireless power transfer system's receiver coil to the electric vehicle's on-board bidirectional conductive charger, a common rectifier and secondary matching capacitors are shared between the two subsystems. The bidirectional dc–dc converter within the on-board charger is optimized to operate over two frequency bands; thus, guaranteeing compliance with the working frequency and interoperability requirements proposed by the SAE J2954 for a wireless power transfer system without degrading the power density requirement of a bidirectional on-board charger. Through component sharing between the two subsystems, a reduction in the overall size and cost of the on-board electronics is achieved. Simulation results are provided to validate the fundamental operation of the proposed circuit. Finally, a prototype is built to validate the assumptions.

Supervised Multisensory Calibration Signals Are Evident in VIP But Not MSTd.

Multisensory plasticity enables our senses to dynamically adapt to each other and the external environment, a fundamental operation that our brain performs continuously. We searched for neural correlates of adult multisensory plasticity in the dorsal medial superior temporal area (MSTd) and the ventral intraparietal area (VIP) in 2 male rhesus macaques using a paradigm of supervised calibration. We report little plasticity in neural responses in the relatively low-level multisensory cortical area MSTd. In contrast, neural correlates of plasticity are found in higher-level multisensory VIP, an area with strong decision-related activity. Accordingly, we observed systematic shifts of VIP tuning curves, which were reflected in the choice-related component of the population response. This is the first demonstration of neuronal calibration, together with behavioral calibration, in single sessions. These results lay the foundation for understanding multisensory neural plasticity, applicable broadly to maintaining accuracy for sensorimotor tasks.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Multisensory plasticity is a fundamental and continual function of the brain that enables our senses to adapt dynamically to each other and to the external environment. Yet, very little is known about the neuronal mechanisms of multisensory plasticity. In this study, we searched for neural correlates of adult multisensory plasticity in the dorsal medial superior temporal area (MSTd) and the ventral intraparietal area (VIP) using a paradigm of supervised calibration. We found little plasticity in neural responses in the relatively low-level multisensory cortical area MSTd. By contrast, neural correlates of plasticity were found in VIP, a higher-level multisensory area with strong decision-related activity. This is the first demonstration of neuronal calibration, together with behavioral calibration, in single sessions.

Gamification Analysis in Ui And Ux for Parking Spot Apps

Advances in personal computing and information technology have been updated and published online or via mobile devices. Consequently, we must consider interaction as a fundamental complement of representation in cartography and visualization. The user interface (UI) / UX (user experience) describes a series of concepts, guidelines and workflows to critically reflect on the design and use of an interactive, map- based or other product. This entry presents the basic concepts of UI / UX design that is important for cartography and visualization, focusing on issues related to visual design. First, a fundamental distinction is made between the use of an interface as a tool and the broader experience of an interaction, a distinction that separates UI design and UX design. The phases of the Norman interaction framework are not a different form of interaction structure. Finally, three dimensions of the user interface design are described: the fundamental interaction operators that form the basic blocks of the interfaces, the interface styles that these primitive operators implement and the recommendations for the visual design of an interface.

Infrared drying of pear slices: Drying kinetics, energy, and exergy analysis

AbstractOver the last few decades, the drying process has proven to be a fundamental operation within the food industry, as it prolongs the shelf life and reduces the levels of deterioration of the product. Infrared drying has gained great attention in recent years as it promotes more uniform and energy‐efficient drying. Given the above, this study aimed to perform infrared drying of pear slices at different temperatures, evaluating the drying kinetics, and the thermodynamic analysis. The pear slices 3‐mm thick were dried in an infrared dryer at temperatures between 50 and 100°C until constant mass. Different mathematical models were fitted to the experimental data to represent drying as a function of time. Energy and exergy analysis were performed by applying the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The Henderson and Pabis modified model satisfactorily represented the drying of pear slices. The effective diffusion coefficient increased linearly with increasing temperature, ranging from 1.15 × 10−9 and 5.08 × 10−9 m2/s. From Arrhenius's relations, the activation energy of the drying process of pear slices was 29.87 kJ/mol. The lowest specific energy consumption (10.28 kWh/kg) was observed for higher drying temperature. The drying temperature positively influenced the energy and exergy efficiencies of the process. The efficiency of the first law of thermodynamics varied between 40 and 99%. The increase in the energy required in the dryer, overcomes the destruction of exergy in the equipment.Practical ApplicationsInfrared radiation drying is a promising high‐efficiency technology. One of the main advantages of this method is the significant reduction in drying time compared with convective drying. For a complete evaluation of the drying system, analysis of the first and second laws of thermodynamics must be applied. Few studies on energy and exergy analysis of infrared dryers are found. A detailed literature review showed that there is no information on energy and exergy analysis of the infrared drying process of pear slices. It is believed that this study will contribute to the pear food industry by providing results from the best drying process in terms of kinetics, energy, and exergy.

A Novel Fundamental Frequency Switching Operation for Conventional VSI to Enable Single-Stage High-Gain Boost Inversion with ANN Tuned QWS Controller

Single-stage high-gain inverters have recently gained much research focus as interfaces for inherent low voltage DC sources such as fuel cells, storage batteries, and solar panels. Many impedance-assisted inverters with different input stage configurations have been presented. To decrease passive component sizes, these inverters operate at high-frequency switching. The high-frequency switching optimizes the passive component sizes but introduces many challenges in the form of high-frequency inductor design, control complexity, high-frequency gate driver requirements, high semiconductor losses, and electromagnetic interferences. This article proposes a novel fundamental frequency switching operation for the conventional voltage source inverters (VSI) to operate as a single-stage high-gain inverter. As the novel operational strategy changes the behavior of conventional VSI from buck inverter to a boost inverter, it is hereafter termed as a novel inverter. By virtue of the operation strategy, switches withstand peak inverse voltage (PIV) equal to DC link voltage, unlike other impedance assisted boost inverters where PIV across switches is the amplified DC voltage. The proposed inverter can invert low-level DC voltage to high voltage AC with low total harmonic distortion (THD) in a single stage without the help of any external filter. A novel quarter-wave symmetric phase-shift controller is proposed for variable voltage and frequency control of proposed inverters tuned by a back-propagation thin-plate-spline neural network (BPTPSNN). Mathematical analysis with experimental validation is presented. Experimentation is carried out on a prototype of 2 kW for single-phase resistive load, induction motor, and non-linear loads.

All-fiber saturable absorber based on nonlinear multimode interference with enhanced modulation depth.

We experimentally demonstrate a passively mode-locked fiber ring laser using a small-core fiber-graded index multimode fiber-single-mode fiber (SCF-GIMMF-SMF) structure as an effective saturable absorber based on the nonlinear multimode interference (NL-MMI) effect. A small-core fiber is used as an input single-mode fiber to improve the coupling of power into higher-order modes in a multimode fiber and to enhance the modulation depth of the structure. Stable fundamental mode-locked operation is obtained at a pump threshold of 166 mW and the output soliton pulses have a 647 fs duration at 1557.96 nm with a 5.2 nm spectral width at a repetition rate of 19.37 MHz. This NL-MMI SA can be applied to high-power mode-locked fiber lasers owing to its inherent high damage threshold, compact size, wavelength independent operation, and fabrication simplicity.

Three-dimensional sensing of the magnetic-field vector by a compact planar-type Hall device

Smart society is forthcoming with a rapid development in the automation of electric appliances requiring abundant sensors. One of the key sensors is a three-dimensional magnetometer for detecting the motion of objects, which is usually driven by cooperative multiple sensors on three orthogonal planes. Here, we demonstrate the fundamental operation of a three-dimensional magnetometer based on a simple Fe-Sn heterostructure Hall device in a planar geometry. Polar coordinates of the magnetic-field vector are uniquely determined by the combination of the sizable anomalous Hall effect, the anisotropic magnetoresistance, and the unidirectional magnetoresistance. Thanks to the ferromagnetic topological features in the Fe-Sn heterostructure, the above-mentioned device overcomes the limitation of conventional semiconductor devices and is highly sensitive even at room temperature. The compact planar geometry will be particularly useful in versatile electrical applications requiring a low-cost three-dimensional magnetometer with space- and energy-saving features.

Part-to-full shape matching of different human subjects

Shape matching is a fundamental operation in digital geometry processing and computer graphics. Challenges in shape matching include finding correspondences of partial shapes with deformations, as well as topological noise and ambiguities. This paper presents a partial shape correspondence algorithm based on the concept of the functional map. An iterative dense matching algorithm, incorporating sparse and guided dense matching, is proposed along with a new objective function including both descriptor matching error and transformation error. Rank estimation with the rank direction is proposed to achieve more accurate slope approximation of the functional map. The slope is beneficial because it directly influences the matching efficiency. The experimental results obtained using FAUST and SHREC′16 datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm for matching the shapes of different human subjects and shapes with large missing parts compared with state-of-the art algorithms. The proposed algorithm provides an average geodesic distance of <0.033 even when the missing part is up to 80% of the area.

Pilot demonstration of correlation-domain LiDAR for high-speed vibration detection

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology has recently been attracting considerable attention, but it is still difficult to achieve distributed reflectivity sensing and vibration detection simultaneously at high speed. To tackle this issue, we develop a new LiDAR configuration by extending fiber-optic correlation-domain reflectometry to the spatial system and demonstrate its fundamental operations. We experimentally show that the random accessibility unique to this configuration enables high-speed measurement of the vibration frequency and the position of a mirror oscillating at up to 100 kHz. This LiDAR may be applicable to visualization of flow velocity distributions, especially to distributed detection of turbulence, which induces vibration of dust particles in air.

Answering regular path queries through exemplars

Regular simple path query (RPQ) is one of the fundamental operators in graph analytics. In an RPQ, the input is a graph, a source node and a regular expression. The goal is to identify all nodes that are connected to the source through a simple path whose label sequence satisfies the given regular expression. The regular expression acts as a formal specification of the search space that is of interest to the user. Although regular expressions have high expressive power, they act as barrier to non-technical users. Furthermore, to fully realize the power of regular expressions, the user must be familiar with the domain of the graph dataset. In this study, we address this bottleneck by bridging RPQs with the query-by-example paradigm. More specifically, we ask the user for an exemplar pair that characterizes the paths of interest, and the regular expression is automatically inferred from this exemplar. This novel problem introduces several new challenges. How do we infer the regex? Given that answering RPQs is NP-hard, how do we scale to large graphs? We address these challenges through a unique combination of Biermann and Feldman's algorithm with NFA-guided random walks with restarts. Extensive experiments on multiple real, million-scale datasets establish that RQuBE is at least 3 orders of magnitude faster than baseline strategies with an average accuracy in excess of 90%.

Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative 1,2‐Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Glyoxylic Acid Esters

AbstractThe formation of C−C‐bonds constitutes one of the most fundamental synthetic operations in organic chemistry. The nucleophilic addition of preformed organometallic reagents to an electrophilic carbonyl functionality represents a classical method for the selective construction of a C−C‐bond. However, the synthesis and utilization of an organometallic reagent is associated with an unfavorable environmental profile. Herein, we disclose a Palladium‐catalyzed decarboxylative 1,2‐addition of carboxylic acids to glyoxylic acid esters. This novel method provides access to the mandelic acid scaffold in good yields. Easy‐to‐handle and readily available benzoic acids are utilized as more sustainable alternative to preformed organometallic nucleophiles.

Halide perovskite for low‐power consumption neuromorphic devices

AbstractThe rapid emergency of data science, information technology, and artificial intelligence (AI) relies on massive data processing with high computing efficiency and low power consumption. However, the current von‐Neumann architecture system requires high‐energy budget to process data computing and storage between central computing unit and memory. To overcome this problem, neuromorphic computing system which mimics the operation of human brain has been proposed to perform computing in an energy‐efficient manner. Recently, organic–inorganic halide perovskite compounds have been demonstrated as promising components for neuromorphic devices owing to their strong light absorption, solution processability, and unique properties such as ion migration, carrier trapping effects and phase transition. In this review paper, we report recent advances of neuromorphic devices which employed organic–inorganic halide perovskite compounds by analyzing their fundamental operating mechanisms, device architectures, applications and future prospective.image

Fair Top-k Ranking with multiple protected groups

Ranking items or people is a fundamental operation at the basis of several processes and services, not all of them happening online. Ranking is required for different tasks, including search, personalization, recommendation, and filtering. While traditionally ranking has been aimed solely at maximizing some global utility function, recently the awareness of potential discrimination for some of the elements to rank, has captured the attention of researchers, which have thus started devising ranking systems which are non-discriminatory or fair for the items being ranked. So far, researchers have mostly focused on group fairness, which is usually expressed in the form of constraints on the fraction of elements from some protected groups that should be included in the top-k positions, for any relevant k. These constraints are needed in order to correct implicit societal biases existing in the input data and reflected in the relevance or fitness score computed.In this article, we tackle the problem of selecting a subset of k individuals from a pool of n≫k candidates, maximizing global utility (i.e., selecting the “best” candidates) while respecting given group-fairness criteria. In particular, to tackle this Fair Top-kRanking problem, we adopt a ranked group-fairness definition which extends the standard notion of group fairness based on protected groups, by ensuring that the proportion of protected candidates in every prefix of the top-k ranking remains statistically above, or indistinguishable from, a given minimum threshold. Our notion of utility requires, intuitively, that every individual included in the top-k should be more qualified than every candidate not included; and that for every pair of candidates in the top-k, the more qualified candidate should be ranked above.The main contribution of this paper is an algorithm for producing a fair top-k ranking that can be used when more than one protected group is present, which means that a statistical test based on a multinomial distribution needs to be used instead of one for a binomial distribution, as the original FA*IR algorithms does. This poses important technical challenges and increases both the space and time complexity of the re-ranking algorithm. Our experimental assessment on real-world datasets shows that our approach yields small distortions with respect to rankings that maximize utility without considering our fairness criteria.

Cost-effective crowdsourced join queries for entity resolution without prior knowledge

The join query, which finds matching pairs from two object sets, is a fundamental operation in computer systems and helps to solve many real problems, e.g., entity resolution. In this paper, we address the problem of join queries by leveraging crowdsourcing to obtain matching relationships. The goal is to minimize the monetary cost while maintaining high quality of query results. However, existing approaches focused on finding matching pairs from a single object set and assumed the existence of prior knowledge, which is not applicable in real applications. We propose a cost-effective crowdsourced join query framework that minimizes the overall monetary cost by reducing the monetary cost of labeling single pairs and the amount of comparison pairs. Specifically, we first propose a novel two-level confidence-based labeling model that minimizes the cost for labeling a single pair with confidence guarantee. This model crowdsources easy-judging pairs to ordinary workers, and asks for skilled workers who may charge more than ordinary workers to compare only hard-judging pairs. Statistical estimations are used to aggregate crowdsourcing results with 1−α confidence. Then, we propose a transitivity-based query scheme that minimizes the number of comparison pairs on the basis of transitive relations. Guided by the principle of eagerly identifying matching pairs, especially matching pairs from a single set, our scheme carefully designs the processing order of pairs in order to make full use of transitivities to infer new labels. The results of our extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed framework can save much more monetary cost while assuring the accuracy of results.